Unweighed Pair Group Method Research Articles

FiFo: Fishbone Forwarding in Massive IoT Networks

Massive Internet of Things (IoT) networks have a wide range of applications, including but not limited to the rapid delivery of emergency and disaster messages. Although various benchmark algorithms have been developed to date for message delivery in such applications, they pose several practical challenges, such as insufficient network coverage and/or highly redundant transmissions to expand the coverage area, resulting in considerable energy consumption for each IoT device. To overcome this problem, we first characterize a new performance metric, forwarding efficiency, which is defined as the ratio of the coverage probability to the average number of transmissions per device, to evaluate the data dissemination performance more appropriately. Then, we propose a novel and effective forwarding method, fishbone forwarding (FiFo), which aims to improve the forwarding efficiency with acceptable computational complexity. Our <monospace xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">FiFo</monospace> method completes two tasks: 1) it clusters devices based on the unweighed pair group method with the arithmetic average and 2) it creates the main axis and subaxes of each cluster using both the expectation-maximization algorithm for the Gaussian mixture model and principal component analysis. We demonstrate the superiority of <monospace xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">FiFo</monospace> by using a real-world data set. Through intensive and comprehensive simulations, we show that the proposed <monospace xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">FiFo</monospace> method outperforms benchmark algorithms in terms of the forwarding efficiency.

Population structure and genetic diversity characterization of soybean for seed longevity.

Seed longevity is an important trait in the context of germplasm conservation and economics of seed production. The identification of populations with high level of genetic variability for seed longevity and associated traits will become a valuable resource for superior alleles for seed longevity. In this study, Genotyping-by-sequencing (GBS)-single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) approach, simple sequence repeats (SSR) markers and agro-morphological traits have been explored to investigate the diversity and population structure of assembled 96 genotypes. The GBS technique performed on 96 genotypes of soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merrill) resulted in 37,897 SNPs on sequences aligned to the reference genome sequence. The average genome coverage was 6.81X with a mapping rate of 99.56% covering the entire genome. Totally, 29,955 high quality SNPs were identified after stringent filtering and most of them were detected in non-coding regions. The 96 genotypes were phenotyped for eight quantitative and ten qualitative traits by growing in field by following augmented design. The STRUCTURE (Bayesian-model based algorithm), UPGMA (Un-weighed Pair Group Method with Arithmetic mean) and principal component analysis (PCA) approaches using SSR, SNP as well as quantitative and qualitative traits revealed population structure and diversity in assembled population. The Bayesian-model based STRUCTURE using SNP markers could effectively identify clusters with higher seed longevity associated with seed coat colour and size which were subsequently validated by UPGMA and PCA based on SSR and agro-morphological traits. The results of STRUCTURE, PCA and UPGMA cluster analysis showed high degree of similarity and provided complementary data that helped to identify genotypes with higher longevity. Six black colour genotypes, viz., Local black soybean, Kalitur, ACC Nos. 39, 109, 101 and 37 showed higher seed longevity during accelerated ageing. Higher coefficient of variability observed for plant height, number of pods per plant, seed yield per plant, 100 seed weight and seed longevity confirms the diversity in assembled population and its suitability for quantitative trait loci (QTL) mapping.

Molecular Profiling of Chilli Germplasm By Using SSR Marker

The molecular characterization of chilli germplasm was done based on estimation of genetic diversity among the germplasm by using SSR markers. Forty chilli germplasms were analyzed using eight SSR primers. The SSR primers produced 30 SSR loci with an average value of 3.75 alleles per SSR locus. The similarity index matrix ranged from zero to 2.74. Polymorphic information content (PIC) of the SSR primers ranged from 0.543 to 0.735 with an average value of 0.658. The highest number (five) of allele was observed in primer CAMS-647, whereas the primers CAMS-864, CAMS-880 and CAMS-885 showed lowest number (three) of allele. The smallest allele was found in case of primer CAMS- 236 (176 bp), while the longest allele was detected for the primer CAMS- 864 (288 bp). Based on similarity matrix using the un-weighed Pair Group Method of Arithmetic Means (UPGMA) dendrogram, chilli germplasms were grouped into four main clusters. SSR markers showed genetic variability in the studied chilli germplasm. SAARC J. Agric., 19(1): 1-13 (2021)

English

To analyze genetic variability of 48 brinjal genotypes by Simple Sequence Repeat (SSR) markers, four primers named smSSR01, smSSR03, smSSR11 and smSSR14 were selected for analyze the data. Four primers generated clear bands and a total of 44 alleles were detected among the 48 brinjal genotypes (9.0 to 14.0 alleles per locus with a mean of 11.0 alleles per locus). According to Nei’s (1973), the highest level of gene diversity value 0.8672 was observed in loci smSSR11 and the lowest level of gene diversity value 0.6580 was observed in the loci smSSR14 with a mean diversity of 0.7847. As a measure of the informativeness of microsatellites, the PIC value ranges from a low of 0.6413 (smSSR14) to a high of 0.8536 (smSSR11) and averaged 0.7660. The genetic distance (GD) between genotypes was computed from combined data for the four primers, ranging from 0.250 to 1.000. The highest genetic distance (1.000) was observed between Morich Begun (Small) vs. Laffa (Long, Violet), Morich Begun (Small) vs. BARI Begun -1 and many other genotype pairs and also the lowest genetic distance (0.250) was found in Morich Begun (Small) vs. Pahoza-2, Morich Begun (Small) vs. BAU Begun-1, Singnath (Long, Violet) vs. Laffa BAU (Long, Violet), Borka (Long, Green) vs. Purple Long and many other genotype pairs. The Unweighed Pair Group Method with Arithmetic Means (UPGMA) cluster tree analysis lead to the grouping of the 48 genotypes into seven major clusters and the genotypes that are derivatives of genetically similar type form cluster together. Maximum brinjal genotypes include cluster IV. The SSR markers used in the present study were able to differentiate forty eight brinjal genotypes genetically. The results of the study suggested that SSR can be used as a suitable genetic marker to identify the brinjal genotypes. However, further studies involving large number of genotypes and primers need to be conducted to get more precise information and help enhance the knowledge of students and researchers relating to molecular characterization of other solanaceious crops. Key words: Brinjal, SSR, Genetic Diversity

Mucormycosis outbreak due to Rhizopus microsporus after arthroscopic anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction surgery evaluated by RAPD and MALDI-TOF Mass spectrometry

BackgroundRhizopus microsporus is one of the main causative agents of mucormycosis. These mycoses are mostly described as isolated cases involving uncontrolled diabetes mellitus or immunosuppressed patients. In this work we report a nosocomial outbreak of mucormycosis due to R. microsporum involving three young immunocompetent patients whom underwent arthroscopic anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction surgery in a seven-month time span. ProceduresDuring the outbreak period, a total of 32 surgeries of this type were performed in the clinic (mucormycosis prevalence of 9.375%). The three patients presented healthcare-associated Mucormycosis comprising the bone surrounding one of the fixation screws (femoral or tibial). In addition to these three strains, another three R. microsporus strains isolated in the medical center during the same period of time were included in the study. One of these fungi was isolated from a skin lesion of a kidney transplant patient while the other two strains were isolated from environmental sources. Classical, mass spectrometry-based (MALDI-TOFF) and molecular identification were performed. Genetic relatedness was established by Rep-PCR (RAPD variant) and by single-linkage cluster analysis mass spectra. Cluster analysis was performed by unweighed pair group method with arithmetic mean (UPGMA). Main findingsAll the strains were identified as R. microsporum by the used phenotypic and genetic tools. Clinical strains fell into 2 different clusters separating the renal transplant recipient strain from the three strains isolated post ACLR surgery, which clustered together. ConclusionsThe established genetic/mass spectra relatedness between the three post-surgery isolates suggests that these cases may be considered a healthcare-associated mucormycosis outbreak.

Application of Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA Markers for Genetic Diversity Assessment of Pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) Cultivars in Duhok Governorate – Kurdistan of Iraq

Random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers were used to investigate the genetic diversity among 13 cultivars of pomegranate cultivated in Duhok governorate, Kurdistan region/Iraq. Unweighed pairgroup method average clustering divided the 13 cultivars into three main groups. In RAPD analysis, 12 out of 30 employed random primers showed good amplification and polymorphism on pomegranate samples with a total of 107 bands. The percentage of polymorphic DNA bands ranged from 66.6% (OPX-17) to 100% (OPO-07, OPS-17, and OPE-18, OPP-02, OPK-08, OPL-17, and OPR-01) with an average of polymorphic rate of 94.39. According to matrix coefficient, the lowest genetic similarity was observed between Soormiz and Rash Dendikheer (0.1065). The Dereger and Kapepan populations were most similar ones with coefficient of 0.9374.

Phylogenetic relationship and time of divergence of Mus terricolor with reference to other Mus species.

Mitochondrial DNA control region of Mus terricolor, three aboriginal species M. spretus, M. macedonicus, M. spicilegus; the Asian lineage M. caroli, M. cervicolor, M. cookii; and the two house mice, M. musculus domesticus and M. m. castaneus were analysed to estimate the substitution rate, phylogenetic relationship and the probable time of divergence. Results showed that M. spretus, M. caroli and M. terricolor are highly diverged from each other (caroli/terricolor = 0.146, caroli/spretus = 0.147 and terricolor/spretus = 0.122), whereas M. spretus showed less divergence with two house mice species (0.070 and 0.071). Sequence divergence between M. terricolor and the Palearctic group were found to be ranging from 0.121 to 0.134. Phylogenetic analysis by minimum evolution, neighbour-joining, unweighed pair group method with arithmetic mean and maximum parsimony showed almost similar topology. Two major clusters were found, one included the Asian lineage, M. caroli, M. cookii and M. cervicolor and the other included the house mice M. m. domesticus, M. m. castaneus and the aboriginal mice M. macedonicus and M. spicilegus along with M. spretus, forming the Palearctic clade. M. terricolor was positioned between the Palearctic and Asian clades. Results showed that Palearctic-terricolor and the Asian lineages diverged 5.47 million years ago (Mya), while M. terricolor had split around 4.63 Mya from their ancestor. M. cervicolor, M. cookii and M. caroli diverged between 4.70 and 3.36 Mya, which indicates that M. terricolor and the Asian lineages evolved simultaneously. M. spretus is expected to have diverged nearly 2.9 Mya from their most recent common ancestor.

Genetic diversity of Guangxi chicken breeds assessed with microsatellites and the mitochondrial DNA D-loop region

The domestic chicken (Gallus gallus domesticus) is an excellent model for genetic studies of phenotypic diversity. The Guangxi Region of China possesses several native chicken breeds displaying a broad range of phenotypes well adapted to the extreme hot-and-wet environments in the region. We thus evaluated the genetic diversity and relationships among six native chicken populations of the Guangxi region and also evaluated two commercial breeds (Arbor Acres and Roman chickens). We analyzed the sequences of the D-loop region of the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) and 18 microsatellite loci of 280 blood samples from six Guangxi native chicken breeds and from Arbor Acres and Roman chickens, and used the neighbor-joining method to construct the phylogenetic tree of these eight breeds. Our results showed that the genetic diversity of Guangxi native breeds was relatively rich. The phylogenetic tree using the unweighed pair-group method with arithmetic means (UPGAM) on microsatellite marks revealed two main clusters. Arbor Acres chicken and Roman chicken were in one cluster, while the Guangxi breeds were in the other cluster. Moreover, the UPGAM tree of Guangxi native breeds based on microsatellite loci was more consistent with the genesis, breeding history, differentiation and location than the mtDNA D-loop region. STRUCTURE analysis further confirmed the genetic structure of Guangxi native breeds in the Neighbor-Net dendrogram. The nomenclature of mtDNA sequence polymorphisms suggests that the Guangxi native chickens are distributed across four clades, but most of them are clustered in two main clades (B and E), with the other haplotypes within the clades A and C. The Guangxi native breeds revealed abundant genetic diversity not only on microsatellite loci but also on mtDNA D-loop region, and contained multiple maternal lineages, including one from China and another from Europe or the Middle East.

Seed Protein Profiling of Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) Genotypes using SDS-PAGE

A quantitative categorization of seed storage proteins profiles of 13 genotypes of Solanum lycopersicum L. was performed by Sodium Dodecyl Sulphate Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). The banding patterns were characterized by 3 clear distinct zones viz., A, B and C. The unweighed pair group method using arithmetic average (UPGMA) analysis of 13 tomato genotypes was done and two major clusters obtained through seed protein analysis expressed better grouping of genotypes. The dendrogram showed that the genotype EC-519724 was most dissimilar from other genotypes.

GENETIC DIVERSITY OF ASIAN AND EUROPEAN PEAR USING SIMPLE SEQUENCED REPEATS MARKERS ANALYSIS

Twenty-six European pears (P. amygdaliformis, P. communis, P. elaeagrifolia, P. nivalis), 18 Asian pears (P. pyrifolia, P. serotine), and 4 hybrids (P. communis A— P. pyrifolia) were classified and identified using seven simple sequenced repeats (SSR) markers. Seven markers in this study displayed informative polymorphisms, of which six were obtained from ‘Whangkeumbae’ (P. pyrifolia) using fosmid library sequences. Pair-wise genetic distances based of the F statistics of Nei and Li revealed an average distance of 34.4% among European pear cultivars and 44.2% among Asian pear cultivars. Unweighed pair-group method of arithmetic averages cluster analysis results were classified into two main groups. The first group included Asian pear (P. pyrifolia) including P. serotine and some hybrids. The second group contained European pear (P. communis) and also P. nivalis. P. amygdaliformis was on the outside of it. The genetic distance of P. elaeagrifolia was closer to P. communis. Four hybrid cultivars were divided in two groups. ‘Oharabenni’ and ‘Kiyomaru’ were clustered with P. communis and ‘Greensis’, ‘OH A— Nijisseiki’ were P. pyrifolia. In conclusion, genetic analysis using these 7 SSR markers seemed to be make it possible to distinguish European and Asian pear (P. pyrifolia).

Genetic diversity of Faidherbia albida (Del.) A. Chev accessions held at the World Agroforestry Centre

This study assessed the extent and distribution of genetic diversity of 29 Faidherbia albida provenances from 10 African countries by employing amplified fragment length polymorphism with an aim of providing crucial genetic diversity information for in situ and ex situ management and utilization of the collections. Plant materials consisted of F. albida accessions held at World Agroforestry Centre [International Center for Research in Agroforestry (ICRAF)] seed bank. A total of 676 bands ranging from 50 to 499 base pairs were scored using five primer sets. The average percentage of polymorphic loci over all populations was 31.7. The collection from the Taveta (Kenya) provenance had the highest percentage of polymorphic loci (69.5%), while those from Manapools (Zimbabwe) had the lowest (13.5). The average heterozygosity ranged from 0.05 to 0.28 with a mean of 0.16 across all the provenances. There was high and quite significant population differentiation among the populations (PhipT = 0.64, p = 0.001). Analysis of molecular variance revealed that 64% of the total variation was partitioned among the populations and 36% within the populations. Unweighed pair-group method with arithmetic averaging clustering generally reflected the geographical origins and similarity of the germplasm except West African provenances indicating complex evolutionary trends that have shaped the population structure and distribution of the species. The results show that the germplasm held at ICRAF seed bank is of low genetic variability with the western and some of the eastern Africa provenances having the highest diversity. More collections need to be done to cover the entire distribution range of this species to capture more diversity and enrich this gene pool.

Genetic Variation of Safflower (Carthamus Tinctorius L.) and Related Species Revealed by ISSR Analysis

Abstract Genetic diversity of eight genotypes of Carthamus tinctorius L., two populations of C. oxyacanthus, and one population of C. lanatus was investigated using inter-simple sequence repeat (ISSR) markers. All samples were uniquely distinguished by 10 ISSR primers with 144 bands which generated 100% polymorphism. Furthermore, the ISSR markers could separate three safflower species properly, that highlights the effectiveness of this marker system for phylogenetic studies. The most and least informative primers were ISSR9 (PIC=0.367) and ISSR2 (PIC=0.254), and some primers were more efficient in detecting polymorphism in one species than for the others. Unweighed pair-group method with arithmetical averages (UPGMA) cluster analysis enabled construction of a dendrogram for estimating genetic distances among different populations. The result of cluster analysis suggested that cultivated and wild populations of C. oxyacanthus had close relationship with each other and far relationship with C. lanatus. The extreme genetic dissimilarity was observed between genotypes of C. tinctorius and C. lanatus populations. Based on the results, C. oxyacanthus could introduce favorable genes to cultivated safflower via inter-specific hybridization in breeding programs. Nei’s gene diversity index, Shannon’s index and percent of polymorphic loci showed that Isfahan ecotype of C. oxyacanthus had the highest variation at DNA level in relation to populations of other species. The ISSRs developed in this research along with those recently studied by other researchers will contribute to construct genetic map with a density sufficient for safflower molecular breeding.

Karyotypic analysis of parents and F1 hybrids of intra-specific crosses in Momordica charantia L.

A detailed karyotypic study of the most commonly cultivated and the medicinally important species Momordica charantia var. charantia along with its wild variety M. charantia var. muricata (two accessions) and their F1 hybrids were analysed to find out the interrelationships of the taxa. It has been observed that the somatic chromosome number of the parents and hybrids was 2n=22, and they can be differentiated by their karyotype formula and quantitative parameters. The parents involved in the cross combinations belonged to the karyotpic category 4A whereas the F1 hybrids were grouped under the karyotype 3A. The TF% and intra chromosomal asymmetry indices along with the asymmetrical karyotype pointed out the advanced nature of the cultivated variety. Chromosome polymorphism was observed both at the intra- specific and intravarietal level. The Principal Component Analysis suggested that the TF%, total chromosome length and short arm length were the karyotypic features that distin- guished the parents and the hybrids. Unweighed Pair Group Method with Arithmetic Mean (UPGMA) dendrogram differ- entiated the wild accessions at the intra varietal level. Close relationship of the F1 hybrids with the wild accession W2 was also evident. UPGMA clustering indicates that the wild acces- sion W1 may be the immediate ancestor of the cultivated variety. The karyotypic data can be utilized to differentiate the wild and the two cultivated varieties of Momordica charantia and to clarify their intra specific relationships. The findings may provide useful information on the systematics of Momordica charantia.

Phylogenetic Relationship of Cultured and Wild Labeo rohita and Cirrhinus mrigala Based on Muscles Proteins Profile in Different Weight Groups: A New Tool in Phylogenetic Analysis

Genetic heterogeneity and polymorphism in muscle proteins present in the meat of wild and cultured Labeo rohita and Cirrhinus mrigala was performed using SDS–PAGE. Cultured L. rohita and C. mrigala possessed more proteins than those in the wild ones and were dependent on their weight. Un-weighed pair group method with arithmetic average cluster analysis delineated a 50% linkage distance. Fish weight dissimilarity coefficient ranged from 1.73 to 3.87 in eight clusters at 75% linkage distance. The overall grouping pattern of clusters corresponded well with principal co-ordinate analysis and confirmed overall patterns of genetic variability among these species. These results provide useful guidelines for conservation and characterization of fish genetic resources for mass rearing or marker assisted breeding.

DNA fingerprinting of eucalyptus clones using microsatellite markers

Microsatellite marker was used to verify eucalyptus clones. Thirty nine primer pairs were selected. Twenty eight primer pairs could amplify DNA in which 18 of them showed polymorphic band pattern among 25 eucalyptus clones. One hundred and fifty-two distinct DNA bands were scored and calculated for the genetic similarity and cluster analysis using simple matching and unweighed pair group method using arithmetic average (UPGMA). From the phylogenetic tree, these eucalyptus clones were divided into four clusters. Two sets of primer pairs, namely EMBRA 2 and EMBRA 22, EMBRA 2 and EMBRA 63, EMBRA 22 and EMBRA 69 or EMBRA 63 and EMBRA 69 were combined and able to simultaneously amplify DNA in a duplex PCR reaction which made fingerprinting of eucalyptus clones easier and less expensive.

Genetic diversity of some Saudi barley (Hordeum Vulgare L.) landraces based on microsatellite markers

Assessment of the genetic variability within barley landraces is fundamental for barley breeding. In this study, 16 simple sequence repeats (SSRs) markers were used to characterize selected six barley landraces from different cultivated regions in Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) (Gizan, Bahah, Taif, Asser, Qassem and Hail). Amplification of SSRs loci were obtained for 15 primer pairs and only seven among them showed clear polymorphic patterns. These seven primers produce total of 16 alleles with scorable fragment size ranging from approximately 100 to 275 bp. The number of alleles per marker ranged from 1 to 3 with an average of 2.29 alleles per locus. The data generated by these seven primers were sufficient to discriminate the analyzed barley genotypes. Using the unweighed pair-group method using arithmetic averages (UPGMA) cluster analysis, barley landraces were clustered together with respect to their geographical location. These results could be used for barley germplasm management in terms of biodiversity protection and design of new crosses. The present results demonstrate that SSR markers were highly informative and were useful in generating a meaningful classification of barley germplasm.

Identification of superior varieties of tea (Camellia sinensis (l.) o. kuntze) in the selected UPASI germplasm using biomarkers

Biomarkers are used as a vital tool in cultivar improvement programme for woody perennial tree crops such as (Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Kuntze). Commercially important fifteen accessions were selected and investigated for total polyphenol oxidase (PPO) activity (U/mg of protein), based on the PPO activity range, the accessions were further separated into three groups, namely high (P/11/10, UPASI-16, UPASI-18, UPASI-14, I/30/17), moderate (UPASI-3, UPASI-17, UPASI-13, UPASI-1, UPASI-21) and low (I/30/9, p/11/15, I/30/30,MGL-16, MGL- 8) PPO activity. To study the pattern of genetic diversity, random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis was performed using twenty decamer primers. The RAPD amplification results revealed that genetic similarity (GS) among the accessions tested ranged 0.64 to 0.918 with an average of 0.28%. RAPD dendogram showed three distinct clusters of high, moderate and low using un-weighed pair-group method for arithmetic averages analysis (UPGMA) method. This genetic diversity studies on tea showed effectively for the initial assessment of partitioning the intra specific level of genetic variation correlated to the total PPO enzyme activity. Key words: Camellia sinensis, random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD), polyphenol oxidase, genetic diversity.

Investigation of simple sequence repeats (SSR) marker-assisted genetic diversity among upland Bt- and non Bt-cotton varieties

Genetically modified with insect resistance gene (Cry1AC) and hybrid Bt-cotton genotypes were developed to redress cotton leaf curl virus epidemic. In this study, genetic diversity of 6 Bt- and 14 nonBt upland cotton genotypes was detected using simple sequence repeats (SSR) or micro-satellite markers. Out of 31 primer pairs, only 7 (22.6%) yielded polymorphic amplicons of 80 to 340 bp. The average loci per primer were 3.16 and 78.6% of them were informative. The unweighed pair-group method with arithmetic averages (UPGMA) dendrogram placed Bt- and non-Bt cotton varieties into four major groups. With the exception of 4 accessions (being similar), genetic dissimilarity coefficient among all other genotypes ranged from 0.50 to 0.98 suggesting a wide genetic heterogeneity among the selected collection. The lowest similarity was found between BH-160 and CIM-482, CIM-496 and MNH554, BH-160 and CIM-473, SARMAST and BH-160 (non-Bt cultivars), respectively as were some Btcultivars. In contrast to previous reports, these results show that some Bt- and non-Bt-cotton cultivars form a genetically diverse population. They could be used in future breeding programmes to develop new elite cotton cultivars.

English

Sequence-related amplified polymorphism (SRAP) and morphological markers were employed to determine the genetic diversity and relations among 11 population of taraxacum in northeast of China. Data on 34 morphological traits were collected and analyzed. A total of 795 polymorphic SRAP&rsquo;s bands were scored with 20 combinations of primers. The genetic relationships analyzed with un-weighed pair-group method with arithmetic mean (UPMGA) showed that 11 population of taraxacum were grouped into three clusters. The results reveal by SRAP molecular markers were consistent with those based on the agronomic traits, suggesting that SRAP markers could be used in the taxonomic analysis of taraxacum germplasm. &nbsp; Key words:&nbsp;Taraxacum, sequence-related amplified polymorphism (SRAP), genetic diversity, un-weighed pair-group method with arithmetic mean (UPMGA).

The Correlation of Genetic Diversity and Geographic Distribution of Fusarium graminearum in North Part of Iran

Fusarium Head Blight (FHB), caused mainly by Fusarium graminearum, is one of the most notorious diseases in North part of Iran. Due to lack of sufficient information regarding genetic diversity of FHB, the correlation between genetic diversity and geographic distribution of 52 isolates that collected from infected wheat kernels from four main grown region of North part of Iran were analyzed with 10 simple Sequence Repeat (SSR) primers and 15 Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) primers. The un-weighed pair group method using arithmetic means (UPGMA) was used and a dendrogram was constructed based on Jaccard's similarity coefficient. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) of SSR and RAPD markers revealed that the first two factors accounted for 51 and 41% of the total variance, respectively. SSR and RAPD data classified isolates into four and seven groups, respectively. SSR analysis showed that there was a correlation between genetic clusters of isolates and geographical origin in F. graminearum. However, results of cluster analysis using RAPD data didn't show any relation with geographical distribution but the results of this analysis confirmed a genetic variation among all isolates.