Unwanted Elements Research Articles

Critique of European Christianity and Modernity in the Writings of Sanaullah Makti Tangal, a 19th Century Islamic Scholar from Kerala

Abstract This article explores Christian-Muslim debate in 19th-century South India through the writings of the reformist Islamic scholar Sanaullah Makti Tangal (1847–1912). Tangal spent most of his time critiquing the blurred boundaries of Western conceptions of religion, modernity, and secularism, in ways not unlike much later scholars such as Talal Asad and Saba Mahmoud. The distinctiveness of Tangal’s approach was the construction of an alternative Islamic modernity that could take the place of Western Christian norms. Modernity, in Tangal’s eyes, was not a token of rationalism or secularism, but a tool for purifying Islam in Kerala from unwanted elements adopted from local cultures. This article also places Tangal’s thought against the backdrop of the theological and philosophical debate introduced to Kerala by the colonial administration between scholars who endorsed or rejected the European reconstruction of religion.

Teaching English with Chinese characteristics: a corpus analysis of changes in university curricula

Abstract English language teaching has had a chequered history in China, reflecting an increasing desire to modernise and participate on the world stage combined with a watchful caution against importing unwanted cultural elements. Change, however, has proceeded rapidly in the last 35 years, and China now provides around 700,000 postgraduate students annually to Western universities. Given this importance to western universities and the concerns surrounding the nature and perceived purposes of English-medium instruction, we believe a better understanding of Chinese ELT is crucial. This article tracks the changing role and importance of English in China through its language policy for university non-English majors. We do this using a corpus approach to analyse the keywords in the 1986, 1999, 2007 and 2020 iterations of the national curriculum documents. Our results show a focus on language skills has been replaced by employer-friendly communicative requirements, followed by greater student awareness of learning strategies, and most recently, a more culturally sensitive and critical orientation. We offer a study of an EFL curriculum development outside a more familiar Western context, suggesting the value of discourse analyses to understanding key changes in curricula, and revealing that choices regarding language instruction are rarely ‘neutral’ pedagogical decisions.

Speech recognition in videos using features of different enhancement filters

Video Speech Recognition (VSR) is the ability of software to extract spoken text from input sources, such as offline videos and YouTube. It achieves a good recognition accuracy rate for videos with clean environments. However, with unwanted noisy elements in speech, this presents a major challenge. Depending on where the noise originates from, there are considerable differences in the impact of various noise kinds on video speech recognition, including background music, multiple speakers, microphone quality, and dialects. It is not possible to create a filter for every kind of noise because the sources of noise might differ greatly and the speech environment’s circumstances can change over time. Hence, instead of using a single filter for each type of noise, this study proposed to combine features from a small number of noise removal filters applied to the same video speech signal, resulting in a better VSR output. According to experimental results, using the proposed framework increases the accuracy of video speech recognition when evaluated on YouTube videos with different noise levels. In test experiments, the proposed framework was evaluated against state-of-the-art approaches. The accuracy mean of the relevant current approaches was improved by 16.67% and against the best accuracy of them by 7.78%. This research contributes to the video speech recognition topic as the proposed framework can facilitate the extraction of spoken phrases in millions of hours of video available online, indexing them, and then searching for them through their index.

Radiological impact of hydrocarbon waste release on drinking water of ughievwen and udu communities, delta state Nigeria

Well water quality has been characterized with constant and continuous changes via the interaction of rock, soil and natural nano-filters which terminates at the aquiferous layer for clean well-water collection. The continuous exploration and production of crude oil has resulted significant increase of unwanted elements such as naturally occurring radionuclides in the water-bed which necessitates this study. The study determines the radionuclides based health impact or hazards associated with drinking water from crude oil exploration/production release in Ughievwen and Udu communities of Delta State, Nigeria. Sixty well water samples (three samples from each community) were collected and analyzed using sodium iodide (Nal (Tl)) detector. The obtained mean values of 238U, 232Th and 40K are 6.91 ± 1.62BqL−1, 4.39 ± 1.47 BqL−1 and 24.54 ± 1.59 BqL−1 respectively. The 238U, 232Th and 40K results showed that the measured values are higher than the world standard (UNSCEAR; WHO) and the control values The mean values of total annual effective dose of different age groups are: 11.08 mSvy−1, 2.54 mSvy−1, 1.93 mSvy−1, 2.52 mSvy−1, 7.03 mSvy−1 and 1.12 mSvy−1 respectively. While the mean committed effective dose of adult is 55.94 mSvy−1. The total annual effective dose, committed effective dose, cancer risks and hereditary effects are all lower than recommended limit (WHO; ICRP; USEPA) and reported scientific values except 11.08 mSvy−1 and 7.03 mSvy−1 that are higher than limit. It is evident from obtained results that the drinking water may not be radiologically safe for use by the public, which necessitates routine monitoring and caution to circumvent increase in radiation and the radiological of the studied communities’ drinking water. This is to avoid long term radiological risk arising from accumulation of such release in the studied communities.

An Optimized Intelligent Deep Network for Herbal Leaf Classification

In recent times, a variety of industries have made extensive use of image processing techniques for tasks including segmentation and classification. However, the traditional image processing and ensemble learning approaches face challenges in feature selection and classification. To overcome the demerits of the conventional image processing and boosting algorithm, a novel hybrid Chimp-based Boltzmann Prediction Network (CbBPN) was developed in this article. The presented work was designed and verified in MATLAB software with the herbal leaf dataset. In the model development, the pre-processing and feature extraction module is responsible for extracting valuable features that are pertinent to the classification process. Furthermore, the chimp fitness function increases the classification rate by removing unwanted elements during the classification stage. Additionally, the developed model uses the matching operation to specify the types of the leaf. Furthermore, a case study was created to explain the ways the suggested approach operates. Moreover, a comparison of the projected findings with the existing categorization approaches validates the effectiveness of the constructed model. The comparative analysis shows that the new methods outperformed previously available ones in terms of output.

Topology optimization and 3D printing of a unibody quadcopter airframe

The performance of any unmanned aerial vehicle largely depends upon its weight as this characteristic dictates its payload capacity and flight duration. This paper presents a multiphysics simulation method for designing a unibody quadcopter airframe with optimum weight in SolidWorks. By adopting the computer-aided topology optimization concept, the mass of the frame is decreased by 91% (from 1558.44 to 134.738 grams) after getting rid of the unwanted elements, while not compromising its structural rigidity. The efficacy of the model is assessed by finite element analysis and it is found that the stress would remain within the acceptable limit. The optimized structure shows an operating life of 1.6×105 cycles in the fatigue analysis and experiences significantly less drag force in the computational fluid dynamics test than the original airframe for several angles of attack, thus proving the superiority of the optimized frame over the initial model. Finally, additive manufacturing is performed to fabricate the optimized structure using PLA material. 3D printing through the fused deposition modeling technique is chosen since it is ideal for fabricating intricate engineering prototypes compared to orthodox manufacturing processes. While creating the frame, a 45° overhang angle is maintained to ensure the usage of less support material.

Video Inpainting with Local and Global Refinement

Video inpainting is a crucial task in computer vision and video editing, involving in removing unnecessary objects and restoration of missing or corrupted regions within a video sequence. One approach that has gained prominence in recent years is the combination of local and global refinement techniques. This innovative strategy leverages the strengths of both local and global information to produce high-quality inpainted videos. In the context of video inpainting, local refinement focuses on accurately restoring missing or damaged regions by considering nearby pixels or frames. Encoder-decoder network can be employed to fill in gaps with content that seamlessly blends with the surrounding context. On the other hand, global refinement seeks to ensure temporal consistency and smooth transitions between frames, preventing noticeable artifacts or jittering in the inpainted video. In conclusion, by seamlessly blending local and global inpainting strategies, these methods can effectively remove unwanted elements from videos while preserving both spatial and temporal coherence. This technology finds applications in video editing, restoration of damaged archival footage, and even in the entertainment industry for special effects and scene corrections, ultimately contributing to the improvement of video quality and aesthetics. Keywords: Video Inpainting, Local and Global Refinement, Encoder-Decoder network, Recurrent Flow Completion, mask-guided sparse video Transformer, dual-domain propagation.

Closed-loop purification process of industrial phosphoric acid: Selective recovery of heavy metals and rare earth elements via solvent extraction

Phosphate fertilizers are produced using phosphoric acid as a vital chemical component. This essential ingredient is typically derived from phosphate rock, through a wet process phosphoric acid (WPPA). However, the WPPA contains impurities, including heavy metals (HMs) like cadmium (Cd), zinc (Zn) and copper (Cu), as well as unwanted elements like iron, and other valuables elements, notably rare earth elements (REEs) such as yttrium (Y), holmium (Ho) and ytterbium (Yb). The current study aims to develop a novel process for a simultaneous and selective recovery of HMs and REEs through solvent extraction from WPPA. Single-stage extraction, cascade extraction and synergistic extraction were explored to gain a deeper understanding of the mechanisms and identify the most efficient process. 90, 80 and 99 % for Y, Ho and Yb, respectively, were extracted using D2EHPA. While 89 % for Zn, 99 % for Cu and Cd were removed using Cyanex 301. On the other hand, 60 % of Yb, 74 % of Y and 78 % of Ho were stripped using H2SO4, while 98 % of Cd and 99 % of Zn were stripped using HCl. The organic phase can be successfully reused with an effective extraction and stripping. Oxalic acid (C2H2O4) was employed to precipitate REEs. However, sodium carbonate (Na2CO3) was used to precipitate HMs. Finally, solvent extraction was carried out on WPPA solution to ensure the extraction performance under industrial conditions.

High performance triboelectric nanogenerator based on purified chitin nanopaper for the applications of self-powered humidity sensing, gait monitoring, and hyperhidrosis sensor

Pollution caused by electronic wastes (E-wastes) is a global problem due to the use of haordous materials and chemicals in electronic devices therefore, green materials should be used to reduce the burden on our ecological system. Triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) are among those electronic devices that have a huge scope of replacing currently used hazardous materials with green materials as their triboelectric layers and substrates. Herein, we used king mushroom powder as an electropositive layer of a TENG, but its output performance was compromised due to the presence of unwanted elements in it. Chitin was the most desirable element in mushroom powder for achieving triboelectricity therefore, we isolated it via non-acidic approach to fabricate a transparent thin film (234.5 μm) of chitin nanopaper (CN). A significant increase of 287% in the output performance was shown by isolated CN based TENG including higher voltage (151 V) and current (11.4 μA) with a maximum power density of 1.78 Wm−2. The fabricated CN-TENG was used to power micro electronic devices including (50 red LEDs) and charging/discharging 6 different capacitors ranging from 9.5 nF to 47 μF. Furthermore, the potential use of CN as a self-powered humidity sensor was explored by observing its response towards variations in relative humidity (RH). Analysis of obtained results verified the implication of isolated CN as the self-powered humidity sensor with a fast reaction/recovery time (7/10 s) and wide operating range (21–95 %RH). The fabricated device was successfully used for the practical applications of hyperhidrosis sensing and gait monitoring. Electronic devices like CN-TENG proved to be a substantial step-forward in contributing towards reduction of cost and global pollution caused by E-wastes.

Examination of surface contamination and impurities in tinplate samples, both passivated and non-passivated

This study examined the surfaces of non-passivated and passivated tinplate samples, as well as the impurities present on them, using SEM, EDS, and GDOES. Additionally, solutions were analyzed using ICP in order to identify any correlations between the elements present in the solutions and on the strip surfaces. The results from GDOES indicated the presence of unwanted elements, such as Sn, S, Cr, N, P, Zn, Fe, Mn, C, and Si, on both the passivated and non-passivated sample surfaces. SEM analysis of the passivated sample revealed light and dark regions in parallel lines, which were observed ahead of the rolling direction. EDS analysis indicated that the light areas were rich in Sn while the dark areas were rich in Fe, and C was identified as an unwanted element in both areas. O and Cr were only found in the dark areas. EDS analysis of the impurities revealed Na, S, Cl, Ca, Mg, Si, N, and Al as unwanted elements. The results suggest that unwanted elements are transferred from the steel strip surface to different solutions in the tinplate line, causing pollution in various solutions.

Complement-pentraxins synergy: Navigating the immune battlefield and beyond

The complement is a crucial immune defense system that triggers rapid immune responses and offers efficient protection against foreign invaders and unwanted host elements, acting as a sentinel. Activation of the complement system occurs upon the recognition of pathogenic microorganisms or altered self-cells by pattern-recognition molecules (PRMs) such as C1q, collectins, ficolins, and pentraxins. Recent accumulating evidence shows that pentraxins establish a cooperative network with different classes of effector PRMs, resulting in synergistic effects in complement activation. This review describes the complex interaction of pentraxins with the complement system and the implications of this cooperative network for effective host defense during pathogen invasion.

Extreme exposure of fluoride and arsenic contamination in shallow coastal aquifers of the Ganges delta, transboundary of the Indo-Bangladesh region

Globally, shallow aquifer groundwater (GW) has been severely affected in recent decades for both geogenic and anthropogenic reasons. The hydro-geochemical characteristics of the GW change inconsistently with the addition of unwanted inorganic trace elements into the GW aquifer of the Indo-Bangladesh delta region (IBDR), such as arsenic (As) along with fluoride (F−) contamination. Contaminated GW can have a negative impact on drinking water supplies and agricultural output. GW pollution can have serious adverse effects on the environment and human health. Thus, the GW quality of this region is deteriorating progressively, and human health threatening by various life-threatening disorders. Hence, the current study concentrated on the GW quality evaluation and prediction of possible health issues in the IBDR due to elevated contamination of As along with F− within GW aquifers by considering sixteen causative. Field survey-based statistical methods such as entropy quality index (EWQI) combined with health risk index (HRI) was implemented for evaluating the As and F− sensitivity with the help of correlation testing and principal component analysis. The study's outcome explains that a substantial portion of the IBDR has been vastly experiencing inferior GW quality, environmental issues, and health-related problems in dry and wet seasons, correspondingly for As and F− exposure. Piper diagram verified the suitability of water that almost 55% of GW across the study area’s aquifers are unfit for drinking as well as cultivation of crops. Sensitivity analysis and the Monte Carlo simulation method were also applied to assess the contaminant's concentration level and probable health risk appraisal. The present study concludes that the elevated exposure of As and F− pollution has to be monitored regularly and prevent unwanted GW contamination through implementing sustainable approaches and policies to fulfil the sustainable development goal 6 (SDG-6) till 2030, ensuring the most basic human right of clean, safe, and hygienic water.

Understanding First: A Psychoanalytic Take on Self-Constitution

Abstract: In this paper, we criticize what we dub the “pruning view” of self-constitution, championed widely by philosophers, mainly though not exclusively in the Kantian tradition, and instead defend an alternative view inspired by psychoanalysis. We argue that normative assessment comes much too early on the pruning view, so early that it interferes with achieving deeper self-understanding that can produce lasting change. On the proposal we advocate, self-constitution must begin with a non-moralizing attempt to truly understand why one has undesirable and unwanted propensities. We call this the “understanding first” principle. Only after deeper self-understanding has been achieved are attempts to liberate oneself from unwanted elements likely to succeed.

Implementation of a Butterworth digital filter using Python libraries

Formulation of the problem. In digital signal processing, noise refers to unwanted or random elements of a signal that can distort or corrupt its information content. Such noise can arise from various sources, including electromagnetic interference, thermal noise, quantization errors, and degradation of the transmission channel. It is necessary to deal with noise in a digital signal, as it can degrade the quality and reliability of the signal, lead to errors, distortions and loss of information. Moreover, noise can limit the performance of many digital signal processing systems, such as communications and audio processing systems. Therefore, various methods and algorithms have been developed to reduce noise and improve the quality of digital signals, the main of which is filtering. Target. Increasing the efficiency of digital signal processing systems using filters that allow you to programmatically change the signal filtering parameters. Development of a signal processing system in the Python programming language that implements the Butterworth digital filter algorithm. Results. The architectures of filters with infinite impulse response (IIR filters), features of the Butterworth filter are considered. A software model of a Butterworth digital filter in the Python programming language has been developed, and its verification has been carried out in relation to an audio file. The work of the model is based on the use of Python libraries such as Matplotlib, SciPy and Librosa, which allow you to implement the required algorithm and get the visualization of the signal. Practical significance. The results obtained can later be used as a module of a programmable universal digital signal processing system.

High quality products from microwave catalytic pyrolysis of heavy oil and polyethylene

Heavy hydrocarbon residue management has always been an environmental issue; thus, it is essential to find a method for upgrading heavy oils and plastic waste to high quality products as an alternative source of chemicals and fuels. In this study, the microwave catalytic pyrolysis (MCP) of heavy oil (HO) and LDPE (as plastic source) was proposed by employing a unique design of the catalyst, SiC foam@HZSM-5. This special catalyst design provided sufficient mass and heat transfer and enhanced the available catalyst surface area during the pyrolysis process. The effect of microwave power and the HO:LDPE ratio were investigated to optimize the product yield and quality. The results showed that the hazardous and unwanted elements of HO were eliminated by adding LDPE to the feedstock. More importantly, it was observed that the secondary and side reactions were accelerated due to a positive synergistic effect (ΔY), which occurred because of hydrogen donors from the LDPE degradation and the non-thermal effect of microwave heating. The HO:LDPE ratio of 1:1 with a microwave power of 800 W and 10 min heating time were the optimum conditions; the liquid yield was about 42 wt% with around 90% of aromatics (mono- and polycyclic) relative concentration. Furthermore, the proportion of BTX was about 82% of the liquid oil, while the concentration of oxygenated and nitrogenated compounds was less than 2%. Under the above conditions, the proportion of collected non-condensable gases was around 46 wt%, which comprised light olefins (C1-C6) at about 37%, and a considerable proportion of H2 as well. Additionally, adding more LDPE to the feedstock decreased solid residue by promoting the conversion of HO, which improved catalyst efficiency.

Involving supermarkets in health promotion interventions in the Danish Project SoL. A practice-oriented qualitative study on the engagement of supermarket staff and managers

BackgroundSupermarkets have been suggested as relevant settings for environmental and educational initiatives encouraging healthier shopping and eating decisions, but in the literature, limited attention has been paid to the context, perspectives, and everyday practices of supermarket staff. The aim of this study was to examine the engagement of supermarket staff in a health promotion project from a practice-oriented perspective.MethodsThe study was based on qualitative data collected in the supermarket setting of Project SoL; a community-based health promotion project in Denmark. We conducted 26 in-depth interviews with store managers and other key staff members in seven participating supermarkets. In addition, we collected data on planning, implementation, and perceptions of supermarket staff of in-store interventions and other project-related activities. These field data included short telephone interviews, observational notes, photos, and audiotapes of meetings. Data were analysed from the perspective of practice theory.ResultsAlthough supermarket staff found community-based health promotion meaningful to engage in, the study observed that their engagement was challenged by a business mindset, practical routines and structural requirements favouring sales promotion over health promotion. Nevertheless, there were also examples of how health promotion activities and ways of thinking were successfully incorporated in everyday staff practices during and after Project SoL.ConclusionsOur findings point to both potentials and challenges for using supermarkets as settings for health promotion. The voluntary engagement of supermarket staff in community-based health projects cannot stand alone but should be supplemented by more long-lasting strategies and policies regulating this and other food environments. Context-sensitive and practice-oriented analyses in local food environments could inform such strategies and policies to make sure they target unwanted elements and practices and not just individual behavior.

Closing the gap – producing black soldier fly larvae on aquaculture side streams

The aim of the study was to investigate if black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) larvae can be grown on sludge from a salmonid fresh-water recirculating aquaculture system facility in a small pilot-scale trial. The growth and transfer of both nutrients and unwanted components from the sludge to the insect larvae was analysed. A commercial chicken feed was used as a control growth substrate and up to 100% of the chicken feed was replaced with aquaculture sludge. Replacing 40% of the chicken feed with aquaculture sludge did not influence the growth of the larvae. A gradual decrease in growth was, however seen at a sludge inclusion of higher than 40%. Proximate (crude protein and fat, dry matter) and amino acid composition of the larvae stayed stable across treatments, while ash content increased with higher sludge inclusion. An accumulation of elements such as Zn, Fe and Se was observed in the larvae with increasing amount of sludge in the growth substrate. The larvae also accumulated unwanted elements regulated by EU feed legislation such as As, Hg and Cd. Both As and Hg in the larvae exceeded the legal EU limits for feed ingredients, but only in the two highest levels of sludge inclusion (80 and 100% sludge). Fatty acid composition reflected the substrate, with the sludge-fed larvae being enriched in marine n-3 poly unsaturated fatty acids. No salmon pathogens were detected in the larvae. The trial showed that it is possible to grow black soldier fly larvae on aquaculture sludge but points at a few feed safety risk factors which need to be further elucidated before a use of sludge as growth material for insects can be considered.

Mobilisation of Cd, Mn, and Zn in floodplains by action of plants and its consequences for spreading historical contamination and fluvial geochemistry.

Cadmium, Mn, and Zn are mobilised by plants commonly growing in floodplains, most notably willows (Salix) and alder (Alnus). These plants accumulate unwanted elements (Cd) or excessive element concentrations (Mn, Zn) in their foliage, thus introducing them into the food web and enriching them in floodplain surface by litterfall. In floodplain of the Litavka River in Czechia, contaminated by historical mining activities, up to 100mgkg-1Cd and up to several thousand mgkg-1Mn and Zn are present in willow leaves in autumn, probably close maxima for sustainable plant growth. Willows and alders show seasonal growth of their foliar Mn and Zn. The willow leaves showed Cd/Zn larger than contaminated fluvisol of the Litavka River. Senesced willow leaves thus contribute to spread of risk elements from historically contaminated floodplains back to river water even without the bank erosion. Alders and willows alter geochemical cycles of Cd, Mn, and Zn in fluvial systems and increase Cd/Zn and Mn/Fe concentration ratios and Cd and Mn concentrations in fluvially transported particles relative to global geochemical averages as well as relative to floodplain sediments. Willows, in particular Salix fragilis L., S. aurita L, and S. cinerea L are particularly important "plant pumps". Other common floodplain plants, such as bird cherry (Prunus padus L.) and herbaceous plants (common nettle, Urtica dioica L. and grasses, Poaceae) do not contribute to those phenomena.

Autophagy in Disease Onset and Progression.

Autophagy is a biological phenomenon whereby components of cells can self-degrade using autophagosomes. During this process, cells can clear dysfunctional organelles or unwanted elements. Autophagy can recycle unnecessary biomolecules into new components or sometimes, even destroy the cells themselves. This cellular process was first observed in 1962 by Keith R. Porter et al. Since then, autophagy has been studied for over 60 years, and much has been learned on the topic. Nevertheless, the process is still not fully understood. It has been proven, for example, that autophagy can be a positive force for maintaining good health by removing older or damaged cells. By contrast, autophagy is also involved in the onset and progression of various conditions caused by pathogenic infections. These diseases generally involve several important organs in the human body, including the liver, kidney, heart, and central nervous system. The regulation of the defects of autophagy defects may potentially be used to treat some diseases. This review comprehensively discusses recent research frontiers and topics of interest regarding autophagy-related diseases.

SnO2: Investigation of optical, structural, and electrical properties of transparent conductive oxide thin films prepared by nebulized spray pyrolysis for photovoltaic applications

• Tin based conducting oxide material is prepared using the starting material Tin (II)Chloride. • The molar ratio of the material varies from 0.1 M to 0.5 M by dissolving in isoproponal and a few drops of Hydrochloric Acid (HCl) for fine dissolution. • The material crystallinity and grain size has been improved while the prepared SnO 2 substrates were annealed. • The morphological study reveals that the grain size and stoichiometric of the prepared material increases when the molar concentration increases with annealing temperature. EDX studies authenticate the presence of required elements (Sn = 85.75 % & O = 11.31 %) and after annealing it shows the elimination of unwanted elements. The optical band gap values are increased from 3.71 eV to 3.75 eV for with and without samples due to quantum confinement effect. Hall Effect studies shows that after annealing the resistivity will be decreased in the order of 10 -3 Ω cm. • FTIR analysis was used to compare the bending and stretching vibrations of the functional groups associated with the O-sn-O bond for both annealed and non-annealed samples. In the present investigation, we are focused on the preparation of Tin based conducting oxide material. The starting material used is Tin (II)Chloride. The molar ratio of the material varies from 0.1 M to 0.5 M by dissolving in isoproponal and a few drops of Hydrochloric Acid (HCl) for fine dissolution. The well-clean Micro slides were coated using the Nebulizer Spray Pyrolysis (NSP) process at a deposition temperature of 350 °C ± 10 °C and annealed at 300 °C for three hours. The structural, optical, electrical, thickness, functional, and morphological studies are validated with and without annealing. The material crystallinity and grain size has been improved while the prepared SnO 2 substrates were annealed. The morphological study reveals that the grain size and stoichiometric of the prepared material increases when the molar concentration increases with annealing temperature. EDX studies authenticate the presence of required elements (Sn = 85.75 %& O = 11.31 %) and after annealing it shows the elimination of unwanted elements. FTIR analysis was used to compare the bending and stretching vibrations of the functional groups associated with the O-sn-O bond for both annealed and non-annealed samples. The optical band gap values are increased from 3.71 eV to 3.75 eV for with and without samples due to quantum confinement effect. Hall Effect studies shows that after annealing the resistivity will be decreased in the order of 10 -3 Ω cm.