Unusual Images Research Articles

Corporeal Representations of Lenin in Post‑Soviet Ideological Games

This article discusses the significance of the study of Lenin's corporeality in the context of mass and elite culture of the post-Soviet space. The author highlights the importance of understanding the role of Lenin's images in the ideological and political context and suggests analyzing them using theoretical tools. The article also shows that interest in Lenin's images persists in contemporary mass and elite culture, being realized in such strategies of representation of Lenin's bodily aspects as phantasmagoric mystification, “skomoroshchestvo”, annihilation and dehumanization.
 The phantasmagoric strategy of representing the leader of the world proletariat includes attempts to depict Lenin in unusual and paradoxical bodily images, often with elements of fantasy and mystification. The strategy of “skomoroshchestvo” allows researchers and artists to play with Lenin's image and reinterpret it in a comical and absurd way. The strategy of annihilation emphasizes the contrasting views and emotions associated with Lenin's image in the contemporary world and provokes discussions about the boundaries of art, symbolism and respect for historical figures. The strategy of dehumanizing Lenin in the representation of his corporeal image is expressed in transformations that take him away from his human historical context and reduce him to an object of irony, satire and symbolic associations.

The Intentional Alteration of Jewish Manuscripts and the Houston Mahzor

Abstract Books are living forms that must be understood not simply as they were at the moment and place of their creation, but also as they changed through time and space. This article focuses on a little-known medieval mahzor from the Rhineland, currently in Houston, which has been published in only three catalogue entries. It begins by introducing the manuscript and then goes on to focus on what is perhaps its most remarkable aspect: its extensive mutilation. After examining how and why other medieval Jewish manuscripts were intentionally altered, this essay explores the various campaigns that modified the Houston Mahzor and what can be known about the manuscript’s missing texts and images. Reimagining the Mahzor as it once was reveals a richly illuminated manuscript with strikingly unusual images. Studying how it was intentionally altered over time uncovers a range of reactions from its varied audience, Jewish and Christian, German and Italian, medieval and modern.

Room-temperature phosphorescence and fluorescence nanocomposites as a ratiometric chemosensor for high-contrast and selective detection of 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene

Reports on using complementary colours for high-contrast ratiometric assays are limited to date. In this work, graphitized carbon nitride (g-C3N4) nanosheets and mercaptoethylamine (MEA) capped Mn-doped ZnS QDs were fabricated by liquid exfoliation of bulk g-C3N4, and by a coprecipitation and postmodification strategies, respectively. Mn-doped ZnS quantum dots were deposited onto g-C3N4 nanosheets through an electrostatic self-assembly to form new nanocomposites (denoted as Mn–ZnS QDs@g-C3N4). Mn–ZnS QDs@g-C3N4 can emit a pair of complementary colour light, namely, orange room-temperature phosphorescence (RTP) at 582 nm and blue fluorescence at 450 nm. After 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) dosing into Mn–ZnS QDs@g-C3N4 aqueous solution, and pairing with MEA to generate TNT anions capable of quenching the emission of Mn-doped ZnS QDs, the fluorescence colours of the solution changed from orange to blue across white, exhibiting unusual high-contrast fluorescence images. The developed ratiometric chemosensor showed very good linearity in the range of 0–12 μM TNT with a limit of detection of 0.56 μM and an RSD of 6.4 % (n = 5). Also, the ratiometric probe had an excellent selectivity for TNT over other nitroaromatic compounds, which was applied in the ratiometric test paper to image TNT in water, and TNT sensing under phosphorescence mode to efficiently avoid background interference. A high-contrast dual-emission platform for selective ratiometric detection of TNT was therefore established.

Clinical prior Knowledge-Based One-Shot Learning for Automatic Delineation of Clinical Target Volumes in Adaptation Radiotherapy of Cervical Cancer

Rapid and accurate delineation of clinical target volumes (CTV) of cervical cancer is the crux to ensure the efficiency and benefits of adaptation radiotherapy (ART). However, contour propagation using deformation image registration (DIR) is difficult to ensure the accuracy of CTV contours due to the significant tumor recession in next fraction, and the tumor progress in each fraction is not considered by conventional automatic delineation methods based on deep learning (DL). Currently, one-shot learning (OSL) is feasible to learn the tumor progress from former fractions to improve the accuracy of automatically delineating CTV. We retrospectively collected 45 patients with cervical cancer from January 2021 to May 2022 in our department. All patients consist of a pair of planning CT and daily CT in ART. A personalized automatic delineation method based on one-shot learning was developed to delineate CTV in daily CT by learning the clinical prior knowledge from the CTV contours and images of planning CT. The performance of our proposed method was evaluated by dice similarity coefficient (DSC), 95% Harsdorff distance (95HD) and average surface distance (ASD) with human experts, and its automatic delineation performance were compared with DIR and DL in daily CT. Our automatic delineation method OSL performed the best results in all evaluation metrics (denoted by mean ± standard deviation) as shown in Table 1, it is superior to method DL: 0.92 & 0.90 of DSC, 2.33 mm & 2.68 mm of HD95, 0.68 mm & 0.82 mm of ASD, P < 0.05 for DSC and ASD. Specifically, our method is significantly superior to the automatic delineation results by method DIR: 0.92 & 0.84 of DSC, 2.33 mm & 4.11 mm of HD95, 0.68 mm & 1.52 mm of ASD, P < 0.05 for all. In addition, OSL can significantly overcome the delineation problems in fuzzy boundary and delineation missing and perform better generalization for some unusual images, compared with DIR and DL. We proposed an automatic delineation method based on one-shot learning for CTV of cervical cancer in ART, the results demonstrated that the proposed method could improve the precision and generalization of automatically delineating CTV compared against current popular methods. Therefore, it is potential to improve the quality and efficiency of ART for personalized patients and have a positive impact on tumor control and patient survival.

Defamiliarizing Reality for Mental and Physical Subjection: Rereading Harold Pinter’s The Room and The Dumb Waiter as Political Comedies

While Pinter's earliest plays have been recognized in the modernist history of theatre as comedies of menace and his later plays as political comedies, this article argues that his earliest plays are equally very liable to be interpreted as political comedies. Regardless of their absurdist dramatization of people's helpless exposure to external, unidentifiable threats, a common post-WWII characteristic feature of human experience, I claim that The Room and The Dumb Waiter (both written 1957, staged 1960), two model examples of Pinter's earliest oeuvres, do not simply follow the aesthetic of absurdist theatre to express human futility. The audience's experience of viewing the theatrical performances of both plays in terms of discursive cyclicality or character normality is subverted into one of changeability, strangeness, and contradiction. To foreground the political implications of such revolutionary theatrical experience, Pinter's plays are examined in the light of his unique use of defamiliarization, relying not on Brecht’s traditional techniques of singing, dancing, image-projecting, or captioning, but on a simple, dual technique of image destruction and creation. It consists of divesting characters of their normality and portraying them instead as individuals who identify only with unusual images of place, time, body, and consciousness. Using this special technique of defamiliarization, both plays are examined to reveal Pinter's central political theme of undermining reality for purposes of mental and physical subjections.

Difficult glottis: Diagnostic dilemma in viewof the clinical presentation.

&lt;br&gt;&lt;b&gt;Introduction:&lt;/b&gt; The taxonomy of vocal fold lesions has been refined, and it serves as a common descriptive language for diagnosis, treatment algorithms, and reporting of outcomes. However, we observe rare cases when numerous pathologies overlap, resulting in an unclear and complicated clinical presentation of the glottis.&lt;/br&gt; &lt;br&gt;&lt;b&gt;Aim:&lt;/b&gt; The aim of this paper is to present cases of overlapping etiopathological factors which poses a challenge when making a diagnosis and referring a patient for adequate treatment.&lt;/br&gt; &lt;br&gt;&lt;b&gt;Material and method:&lt;/b&gt; The study presents different photographs of the glottis, including some unique and unusual images in which overlapping pathologies were captured. The photographs are accompanied by case descriptions, comments, and pathological analyses.&lt;/br&gt; &lt;br&gt;&lt;b&gt;Results:&lt;/b&gt; Four selected photographs showed a bunch of exophytic growth lesions with foci of whitish plaques, covered by yellowish crusts, with thinned, reddened vocal folds presenting foci of leukoplakia. The study discussed possible causes of vocal folds edema, diffuse erythema, presence of crusts or exudate, whitish debris/plaques or development of leukoplakia, non-neoplastic ulceration, as well as injected and reddened mucous membrane. Chronic infectious laryngitis, idiopathic ulcerative laryngitis, and drug-induced laryngitis were also mentioned. The study also raised the issues concerning diabetics and patients treated with inhaled corticosteroids, including candidiasis and primary aspergillosis of the larynx.&lt;/br&gt; &lt;br&gt;&lt;b&gt;Conclusions:&lt;/b&gt; To conclude, everyday clinical practice involves encountering cases of unclear onset and course, with complicated presentation of the glottis. Therefore, comprehensive history-taking and thorough investigation of systemic causes are of immense importance. Recommended management includes conducting the most meticulous differential diagnosis, implementing treatment for the most likely cause, and, whenever possible, refraining from biopsy in order to avoid permanent damage to vocal cords.&lt;/br&gt.

The Phenomenon of Freakishness in Russian Popular Music: Concerning the Study of the Problem

The article is devoted to the phenomenon of freakishness in popular music in Russia — as a rule, a conscious modeling of eccentric behavior in popular music on the part of various types of performers (starting from the late 1980s). The interest towards freaks in popular music is stipulated by the artistic manifestation of a number of colorful and provocative characters, the perception of whom is conducive towards the cognition of profound processes taking place in Russian culture (as a part of world culture). A positive perception of freakishness proves the total legalization and emancipation of what was previously perceived as unhealthy, eccentric, or ugly, which is presently taking place not only in Russia, but also in other countries. At the same time, freakishness in popular music may serve as a solution of the important social aims of the loosening-up of personality, the departure from the conditions of supra-civilization, supra-glossiness, as well as the pressure of social morality and social standards. The highlight of the movement of freaks in Russian popular music in the 1990s became a sign of the post-perestroika era and the values of the disorientation of Russian society. The emergence of abnormal, marginal phenomena, the violation of previous prohibitions, the wish to feel the edge, the limit manifested itself in the work of pseudo-freakish characters (Zhanna Aguzarova, Vitas, Shura). The demand of originality, the popularity of the new heroes — the representatives of creative industries, has provoked the generation of yet more unusual images and manners of performance. Total freakishness, the promotion of abnormality, non-standard behavior and even pathologies, the aspiration towards provocative behavior and the search for continuously new forms of artistic “shocking” of broad auditorium testifies of the transformation of many aesthetic norms, of the fatigue, the loss of faith in culture and progress, of the yearning for further searches for the “boundaries” of the normal. The author observes in conclusion that the intensifying or abating presence of freakish heroes, the expansion or, on the other hand, the narrowing of the zone of their influence and involvement into the cultural space of contemporaneity bears witness of processes the comprehension of which makes it possible to catch hold of certain tendencies in the social, spiritual life of society, which, obviously, merits further research.

Стиль Набокова, «искателя словесных приключений»

Nabokov’s phrase is mostly clear and not necessarily unusual but full of unusual images. Unlike Andrei Bely, J. Joyce, A. P. Platonov and even N. V. Gogol, he does not create his own other-lingua; what makes him unique is other-vision, i. e. the gift of discerning what is invisible for the rest. A special feature thereof is transformation of one kind of phenomena into another (human, animal’s, things’s, natural). Nabokov plays with words, syllables, letters, signs in a language game of his own.

Anthropomorphic Figurines with Hunched Backs and Deformed Breasts in Kodjadermen–Gumelniţa–Karanovo VI Culture

A number of unusual anthropomorphic figurines featuring hunched backs and conical protrusions on their chests have been unearthed in several settlements that belong to the area of the Kodjadermen–Gumelniţa–Karanovo VI culture. The figurines have not been subject to a special study in scholarly literature so far and hence, no attempt at their interpretation has ever been made.The study discusses the possibility that these unusual images reflect a physical disability caused by Pott’s disease. Anthropologic research on skeletal remains of the Eneolithic population of Europe has established pathological changes that are consistent with this disease. Its cause, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, has been identified also through biomolecular study of human bones, which confirms the spread of tuberculosis in this period. The author furthermore argues about the possible use of this type of figurines in magic rituals. In addition, some ethnographic data is supplied for the use of clay anthropomorphic images in health-bringing and healing rites.

Metaphor as Tool for Implementation of Recreational Function in Information Television Discourse

The features of the implementation of the recreational function through metaphorical vocabulary in the information television discourse are analyzed. The means of nomination of several metaphors associated with art and culture. The metaphor of magic is also considered, since its use in informational discourse is based on an indispensable emotional contact with the viewer, designed to evoke an impression. The author argues that such metaphors realize a recreational function, which is reduced to a complex of functions: hedonistic, creating a certain emotional and psychological tone, relaxation, escapist. It was revealed that metaphors with source spheres “Artistic and figurative forms of mastering the world”, due to the brightness and emotional potential of the images they create, construct significant events or phenomena for a certain moment by fixing the addressee’s attention on their spectacular characteristics. Frame-slot structures, representing events of social significance, from the life of the city as a performance; breathtaking, full of various colors spectacle, etc. are established. It is noted that the skill of professionals in various fields in unusual images is designed to simulate an impression, a distraction (escapism) from everyday life, filled with difficulties and not always successful overcoming obstacles. The key units with the analyzed spheres-sources, which form the space of television information texts, are identified.

Magical Aspects in Chandra Shyam Dangol's Stone Sculptures

Chandra Shyam Dangol's stone sculptures are magical and mystical suggesting supernatural and spiritual aspects related to wisdom and enlightenment. Unusual images and symbols have been put together. On the surface level, the combination appears strange and contrary but as we go through the myths related to the artworks, we find the underlined logic and coherent composition. The recurrent icons, images and symbols are the figures of deities, lotus, mudras (gestures) and asanas (postures) of meditating characters that are combined in an unusual manner. They provide a sense of miraculous and thrilling spiritual experience. Breaking the monotony of mundane material existence, the works renew our perception. The aesthetic experience leads toward the awareness of the self and the universe and inspires for the harmonious existence of the individual in the world. Because of the mythical and spiritual contents, the sculptures appear to be mystical. The research area covers the stone sculptures of Chandra Shyam Dangol. About a dozen sculptures have been observed for the research but only four works have been interpreted in this paper. The paper attempts to trace the magical elements in his compositions and throw light on their significance. The study follows the qualitative research method to support the thesis statement since the interpretation of artworks may be multiple depending on viewers, time and place.

Unusual Sculptures of Buddhist Deities in Japan in the Halo of Legends and Historical Facts

Diverse, unusual images of Buddhist deities are ubiquitous in Japan. In a number of ways, they differ from traditional temple images, demonstrating a deviation from the canon, which dictates certain, centuries-old norms and rules regarding postures, position of feet, fingers, gestures, symbols. Simplification of expressive means, a stylized image become the predominant features in the image of extraordinary images. The appearance of unusual Buddhist sculptures in the plastic field of the country is often associated with the existence of legends, traditions, and also facts that took place throughout the history of Japan among the population. The iconography of unusual Buddhas is very diverse and encompasses both the Buddhas themselves and the bodhisattvas, Kings of Light, Heavenly Kings, and so on. Six-armed Jizō, Rope-tied Jizō, Yata Jizō, Child-giving Jizō are added to the familiar images of the Bodhisattva Jizō. Amida Buddha, who is habitually portrayed as sitting frontally, appears in a new form – standing and in profile or with his head bowed. A very colourful group is represented by deities sitting on zoomorphic thrones – lions, elephants, riding birds – knocked out of the canonical image. The traditional images of the Eleven-headed, Thousand-armed Bodhisattva Kannon always seemed unusual, although they became familiar. However, placing the bodhisattva on a mount bird – a four-legged, eight-headed raven gives reason to consider this sculpture unusual. In unusual sculptures, there is a deviation from the norm, an abstraction from the traditional image. Aesthetic ideals are not realized through a complex of canons, rather through a new figurative language, not yet fixed by tradition.

P.T. Barnum's activities in the context of the American show business development of the XIX century

The purpose of the article is to analyze the main milestones of the activity and reveal the cultural and artistic features of the figure of Phineas Taylor Barnum as a representative of show business and professional art of the showman. The methodology combines methodological tools of culturological, historical, art history, bibliographic, socio-cultural approaches. Also used general scientific research methods - analysis, synthesis - to detail the subject of research; generalization - to conceptualize the conclusions. Scientific novelty. For the first time in Ukrainian culturology and art history, an attempt was made to briefly analyze the activities of FT Barnum and its significance for show business. Conclusions. Thus, the popularity of F. Barnum's show was based on the exploitation of unusual images and the image of his "star" artists. He also proved that show business is not only a part of mass culture, but also entrepreneurship, which should bring financial benefits. Any offer in the show business market is just a product, no matter what wrapper it is packaged to be in demand. It is the financial gain and tastes of the mass public that dictate the rules of the game in the show business market. That is, at the end of the XIX century, the showman understood and substantiated the main components that contribute to success in show business: finance, advertising, image. Thus, F. Barnum actually became the first image-maker, publicist and producer in one person. A man who may have been intuitive at first, but understood not only all these things, but also the subtleties of the psychology of the mass consumer of products in the show business sphere.

La Télé-Expertise asynchrone (TEAS) en échographie obstétricale : est-ce équivalent à la consultation en présentiel ?

IntroductionThe demand for remote advice has expanded since the advent of information and communication technology. This study aims to evaluate the use of asynchronous tele-expertise (ASTE) in providing a quality expert opinion in the field of obstetric ultrasound. Materials and methodsRequests for expert opinions on pregnant patients were considered retrospectively over a 24-month period (01/09/2018 to 01/21/2020). All patients were initially seen in consultation with a midwife sonographer, located in Hyères, 82km from the expert's centre. In the event of unusual images, including one or more malformations on ultrasound screening, a second opinion was necessary. Responses were characterized as follows : possible or impossible to analyse images; ASTE alone or combined with a face-to-face consultation; and absence or presence of unusual images. Unusual images were classified as normal variants or recognised malformations. We analysed the outcomes of these pregnancies and assessed concordance between prenatal advice and postnatal outcome. ResultsDuring the study period, we identified 174 referrals from 141 patients. Requests for advice were made by 3/174 (1.7%), 69/174 (39.7%), and 102/174 (58.6%) in the first, second, and third trimester of pregnancy, respectively. Overall, 115/141 (81.6%), 21/141 (14.9%), 4/141 (2.8%), and 1/141 (0.7%) patients were provided with one, two, three, and five opinions, respectively. In total, 37/141 (26.2%) patients required a face-to-face consultation, resulting in 38/174 (21.8%) opinions (one patient was seen twice). At least one unusual image was found for 27/141 (19.2%) patients and no unusual images were reported for 114/141 (80.8%) patients. Analysis of the pregnancy outcomes revealed a perfect correlation between prenatal advice and postnatal data, both for cases with unusual images and those without. ConclusionThe preliminary results of our study reveal that ASTE is safe in terms of enabling an expert to answer a precise question formulated by a screener when confronted with images deemed to be unusual. Using this mode of communication, a tailored healthcare pathway may be defined for the mother and her foetus. This new type of practice cannot exist without establishing a genuine relationship of trust between the person requesting the opinion and the person who is asked to provide the opinion.

Pueblo ethnography, Sopris archaeology, and the sacred geography of sopris rock art

ABSTRACT The Sopris archaeological culture in southeastern Colorado was first identified as Puebloan and then later as local hunter-gatherers influenced by trade with the Northern Rio Grande area. By applying Eastern Pueblo ethnography, we show that the earlier interpretation is better. Physical emphases on such profound cultural features as dualism, cardinal directions, and kiva equivalents cannot be explained by trade, but instead point to Eastern Pueblo origins. Furthermore, a Tanoan model, incorporating a Tewa origin myth as well as Tiwa ethnography, provides a framework for understanding associated rock art. Concentric activity zones essential to a Tanoan worldview help to explain an agricultural shrine near fields (zone 2), hunting shrines in surrounding hills (zone 3), and a rain shrine in the headwaters of the Purgatoire valley (zone 4). The rain shrine included unusual and unique images.

Unusual radiologic presentations of malignant peritoneal mesothelioma.

BACKGROUNDMalignant peritoneal mesothelioma is an unusual disease process characterized radiologically by ascites and infiltration of the peritoneum by multiple small tumor nodules. Both parietal and visceral peritoneum are involved by the multiple malignant tumor nodules. Computed tomography (CT) has been used to identify the anatomic pathology induced by the progression of this malignant process. AIMTo identify and then describe unusual CT images in patients with malignant peritoneal mesothelioma. Recognition of these unusual radiologic findings can cause the radiologist to be suspicious of this rare malignant process.METHODSIn 100 patients who were to undergo definitive treatment of malignant peritoneal mesothelioma, the findings on preoperative CT scans were catalogued. Many of these changes were repeatedly noted on the CT scans. Other pathologic CT images were less common. These unusual radiologic presentations were specially studied in this manuscript. RESULTSEight unusual radiologic presentations of malignant peritoneal mesothelioma were selected for study. These unusual findings included a mass occurring within a Spigelian hernia, infiltration of the splenic parenchyma by spherical mesothelioma masses, infiltration of the lower mediastinum by tumor, a mesothelioma mass within a left inguinal canal, enlarged cardiophrenic angle lymph nodes, pleural plaques associated with the progression of malignant peritoneal mesothelioma, splenic notches caused by disease surrounding the spleen, and a mass greater than 5 cm associated with the proximal jejunum and directly adjacent to the anatomic location of the Treitz ligament.CONCLUSIONThere are unusual radiologic presentations of malignant peritoneal mesothelioma that are important to recognize in order to accurately diagnose this disease by CT.

Enhancement Sushisen algorithms in Images analysis Technologies to increase computerized tomography images

Contrary to one of the major problems in computer tomography image analysis, Image enhancement can be used to improve the clarity and quality of the picture or to provide better conversion presentation for further processing. Contrast growth of one of the acceptable methods for image enhancement in various applications in the medical field is increased. It will help to show and remove brain myocardial infarction, cancer and cancer related details from CT images. In contrast to CT images, a comparison learning of five contrasting techniques has been presented in this paper. Types of technology include electric law conversion, logarithmic change, histogram equations, contrast pulling and lap less changes, all of these techniques are compared to each other, so that it can be achieved that a better CT image is in contrast. To compare technical parameters, peak signals are used for noise ratio (PSNR) and mean class error. Logarithmic result provides an image with clear and Sushisen algorithms better quality than all other techniques and has the highest PSNR value. Comparative findings are a better way for future studies, especially for unusual images of CT images due to brain damage.

Global-Scale Archaeological Prospection using CORONA Satellite Imagery: Automated, Crowd-Sourced, and Expert-led Approaches

ABSTRACTDeclassified CORONA satellite imagery, collected from 1960–1972 as part of the world’s first intelligence satellite program, provides nearly global, high-resolution, stereo imagery that predates many of the land-use changes seen in recent decades, and thus has proven to be an immensely valuable resource for archaeological research. While challenges involved in spatially correcting these unusual panoramic film images has long served as a stumbling block to researchers, an online tool called “Sunspot” now offers a straightforward process for efficient and accurate orthorectification of CORONA, helping to unlock the potential of this historical imagery for global-scale archaeological prospection. With these new opportunities come significant new challenges in how best to search through large imagery datasets like that offered by CORONA. In contrast to currently popular trends in archaeological remote sensing that seek to employ either automated, machine learning-based approaches, or alternatively, crowd-sourced approaches to assist in the identification of ancient sites and features, this paper argues for systematic, intensive, and expert-led “brute force” methods. Results from a project that has sought to map all sites and related features across a large study in the northern Fertile Crescent illustrate how an expert-led analysis may be the best means of generating nuanced, contextual understandings of complex archaeological landscapes.

Mythological basis of unusual images in turkish peoples

Mythological basis of unusual images in turkish peoples

Reconsolidation or interference? Aging effects and the reactivation of novel and familiar episodic memories

ABSTRACT We examined aging effects in reconsolidation and interference in episodic memory by reactivating memories for well-learned items in young and healthy older adults while controlling memory strength and the degree semantic processes contributed to memory. In Experiment 1, young and old adults learned pairs of real words and images to a strict criterion. After 24-hours, half of the images were reactivated and new words were paired with the images and learned to criterion. Following a 1-week delay, recognition and source monitoring were measured for both sets of pairings. Experiment 2 was a replication of Experiment 1, but using previously unknown novel words and unusual images. As predicted, older adults needed more trials to learn both the A-B and A-C pairings. Older adults required more trials to learn the new associations for reactivated than the not reactivated pairs, although there was no main effect of reactivation and no Age x Reactivation interaction for measures of recognition one-week later. These results are inconsistent with previous findings concerning age differences in reactivation effects in episodic memory. Instead, they suggest that once memory strength and input from semantic memory are better controlled, young and old adults perform similarly on tests of long-term recognition memory.