Unused Containers Research Articles

Level of Adoption of Innovation in Terrarium Cultivation among the Zoomer Generation

The increasingly rapid development of technology provides changes in several aspects. Technological advances in this era apart from providing many benefits also provide challenges. One project that can accommodate the zoomer generation in following technological developments is the use of terrarium cultivation. Terrariums fulfill the 3 R principles, namely Reduce, Reuse, Recycle. By planting a terrarium, it means saving water, saving land, and reducing air pollution (Reduce), also reusing unused containers such as used jars (Reuse), and using animal waste as compost (Recycle). The facts in the field are that students as the zoomer generation have received training and socialization on terrarium cultivation, but the level of adoption (acceptance) of students regarding socialization and training on terrarium cultivation varies, therefore a study was carried out to what extent the level of adoption of the results of training and socialization in the application of cultivation terrarium for the zoomer generation. The data collection method used was a survey method with research subjects of the zoomer generation, namely 54 active students. The data collected is categorized tabulatedly and then analyzed descriptively qualitatively. This data analysis uses measurements of observation indicators using a "rating scale". The results of the research show that the level of adoption of zoomer generation innovations in terrarium cultivation, if seen from the latest average, the adoption level is in the very high category. Differences in the level of adoption of terrarium cultivation innovations in the zoomer generation with a very high level of knowledge, a very high level of persuasion/interest, a very high level of decision, a very high level of implementation and a very high level of confirmation. If you look at the overall score, it is in the very high category.

Efficacy of household Aedes larval control practices in a peri-urban township, Yangon, Myanmar: Implication for entomological surveillance

Dengue is a major public health concern in Myanmar. We carried out a cross-sectional study to investigate the efficacy of larval control practices in household water containers, such as the use of the larvicide, temephos, covering the containers with lids and weekly cleaning. We surveyed 300 households in Kaw Hmu Township, a peri-urban community in the Yangon region. We inspected 1,892 water storage containers and 342 non-water storage/household waste containers during the rainy season and 1,866 water storage containers and 287 non-water storage/household waste containers during the dry season. The presence of Aedes larvae and larval control measures were recorded for each container. Results revealed that larval indices were higher than World Health Organization standard indices, and infestations in water storage containers were more common in the rainy season (6.6%) than in the dry season (5.7%). Infestations were also more likely in containers of non-potable water (9.1%–9.9%) than in containers of potable water (0.1%–0.7%). Two thirds of water storage containers were treated with temephos. Containers most likely to contain Aedes larvae were cement basins and barrels. Temephos was effective in controlling infestations in cement basins, while weekly cleaning was effective in controlling infestations in barrels. Combinations of control methods were more effective at larval control than the use of a single method. Larval infestations were high (18.4% in the rainy season) in unused containers and in containers which were household waste. Overall, we found a complex interaction between household water use, container characteristics, and larval control practices. Larval control strategies in Myanmar will require ongoing entomological surveillance and the identification of key breeding sources and optimal control methods.

Optimisation of containerised air cargo forwarding plans considering a hub consolidation process with cargo loading

Air cargo plays an important role in supporting global supply chains; this becomes more vital when facing uncertainties in a crisis such as the COVID-19 pandemic. This motivates our study on air cargo forwarding plans, considering demand uncertainties and economic conditions. Cargos are placed into air containers based on weights and volumes, and then flown from regional collection points into a hub, for consolidation before transporting to onward destinations. Decisions are made in advance by cargo forwarders as to the containers to book, both in regions and in the hub, since airlines offer discounts on containers booked in advance; however, cargo quantities are uncertain when advance bookings are made. We develop a two-stage stochastic programming model, where the first stage determines both the quantities and types of air containers to book; the second stage deals with ordering any extra containers, at higher cost, or returning unused containers, as well as making loading and consolidation plans. The objective is to minimise the total expected costs. We then extend it into a multistage case and design a genetic algorithm as the solution method. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed approaches provide a cost-efficient plan and responsive to demand as it arises.

USING SHIPPING CONTAINERS IN EGYPT FROM AN ARCHITECTURAL PERSPECTIVE (AN ANALYTICAL STUDY)

The trend towards recycling of unused or poorly used materials is a major challenge to society as it contributes to reducing resource and energy consumption. In terms of architecture, the use of these materials as alternative elements of construction is one of the objectives of green architecture. The use of shipping containers for construction works is a global approach. It is an economic and environmental solution that transforms unused containers into low-cost and fast-processing structures that can be assembled in different styles; used for residential, commercial or administrative purposes; The use of shipping containers in architectural terms in Egypt is very limited and represents only individual efforts in limited trials. He also does not find a high demand in Egypt for several reasons, some respect to technical reasons and others regard to humanitarian reasons. The study aims to identify the reasons for the lack of expansion in the use of shipping containers in the construction of buildings in Egypt, although there are a number of factors supporting this trend. This is done by studying the current state of container usage in Egypt and the obstacles and challenges facing the expansion of its use. It also presents a number of suggestions that contribute to supporting the idea; in addition to some secondary objectives of studying the advantages and disadvantages of using containers in architecture in general, and universal experiences in this direction The study follows the analytical approach that is carried out through the analysis of studies conducted in this direction and the study and evaluation of the current situation through available sources of information and related references.

Zinc migration into liver pâté and pâté with ham packaged in black colored polypropylene containers

The European food contact legislation requires verification of compliance for migration of substances from plastics food contact materials with both overall and specific migration limits. To do so in this study, migration tests were carried out using food simulant and food under well specified time and temperature conditions. A total of 28 samples of liver pâté or pâté with ham packaged in black polypropylene containers were examined for the presence of Zn according to Serbian regulation after 14 months’ storage from their production dates, and data were compared to results obtained by testing empty, unused containers according to EU legislation. Elevated Zn concentrations of 161.27-327.54 mg/kg (above the maximum prescribed limit of 100 mg/kg) were registered in pâté from zones in contact with the polypropylene packaging, while pâté in zones not in contact with packaging had lower Zn levels (9.98-15.08 mg/kg).

Distribusi dan Karakteristik Tempat Perkembangbiakan Aedes aegypti serta Perilaku Masyarakat di Daerah Endemis Demam Berdarah Dengue di Salatiga

Human behavior in form of less awareness about the environment will cause the increase of mosquito breeding places and lead to increase the dengue vector’s population rising. This research’s purpose was to describe distribution and characteristics of the dengue vector’s breeding place and people behavior in dengue endemic areas in Salatiga. The data collection was done by monitoring larvae and pupa on water container and interviewing community about related behavior. Results showed that larvae tend to be found in water storage containers, household appliances and open unused goods which was located inside the house. Based on the analysis, there is no significant difference between the indoor and outdoor container, the container is closed or open, and sprinkled with temephos or not. Significant differences were found in different types of containers, containers with fish and drained in the last one week. People in DHF endemic area tend to conduct 3M (Menguras/drain and Menutup/close the lid of Water Reservoirs and Mengubur/bury unused container that have potential as breeding places) and do not use fish nor larvacide for dengue vector control. Based on the result of the research, it is necessary to evaluate the community behavior in closing container and also evaluate the resistance of DHF vector mosquito to temephos.

PENGUKURAN OVITRAP INDEX (OI) SEBAGAI GAMBARAN KEPADATAN NYAMUK DI DAERAH ENDEMIS DEMAM BERDARAH DENGUE (DBD) KABUPATEN BANYUMAS

Mosquito density could predict the risk of Dengue Virus (DENV) transmission in certain area. Ovitrap Index (OI) is one of the methods to measure the mosquito density beside other methods such as Stegomyia Indices and free larvae index. Ovitrap index is cheaper, more appliacable and sensitive to detect Aedes sp activity to lay their eggs on the wall of container. The aims of this research were to measure ovitrap index in endemic DENV areas, to find out the preferences of female Aedes sp to lay their eggs, and find out the correlation between OI and dengue cases in endemic DENV areas. Type of this study was decriptive with cross sectional design. The area of study was in Community Health center Purwokerto Timur II in Kranji, Sokanegara and Purwokerto Lor. Ovitrap were installed at 50 houses of each vilagges (one indoor, one outdoor), with total ovitrap 100 in each villages. After 6 days of installation, ovistrips were collected and the eggs were counted. The Ovitrap index in three villages were observed at percentage more than 50%, with the highest OI detected in Kranji Village (97.56%). Female Aedes sp were monitored to lay their eggs outdoor than indoor. The OI is not always relevant to predict the dengue cases but could inform the risk of DENV tranmission in certain area. The community should do efforts to minimize potential breeding sites, mainly unused container outdoor to reduce the mosquito density.

PENGUKURAN OVITRAP INDEX (OI) SEBAGAI GAMBARAN KEPADATAN NYAMUK DI DAERAH ENDEMIS DEMAM BERDARAH DENGUE (DBD) KABUPATEN BANYUMAS

Mosquito density could predict the risk of Dengue Virus (DENV) transmission in certain area. Ovitrap Index (OI) is one of the methods to measure the mosquito density beside other methods such as Stegomyia Indices and free larvae index. Ovitrap index is cheaper, more appliacable and sensitive to detect Aedes sp activity to lay their eggs on the wall of container. The aims of this research were to measure ovitrap index in endemic DENV areas, to find out the preferences of female Aedes sp to lay their eggs, and find out the correlation between OI and dengue cases in endemic DENV areas. Type of this study was decriptive with cross sectional design. The area of study was in Community Health center Purwokerto Timur II in Kranji, Sokanegara and Purwokerto Lor. Ovitrap were installed at 50 houses of each vilagges (one indoor, one outdoor), with total ovitrap 100 in each villages. After 6 days of installation, ovistrips were collected and the eggs were counted. The Ovitrap index in three villages were observed at percentage more than 50%, with the highest OI detected in Kranji Village (97.56%). Female Aedes sp were monitored to lay their eggs outdoor than indoor. The OI is not always relevant to predict the dengue cases but could inform the risk of DENV tranmission in certain area. The community should do efforts to minimize potential breeding sites, mainly unused container outdoor to reduce the mosquito density.

Microbial Quality of Locally Prepared Hibiscus Tea in Accra Metropolis, Ghana

Background Hibiscus tea is a tisane from the magenta coloured leaves of Roselle. It is widely known for its nutritional and therapeutic benefits. Food borne diseases are transmissible through consumption of contaminated food, drink and water. Locally prepared drinks may be potential sources of pathogenic bacteria, fungi and their toxins. The microbial safety of locally prepared Hibiscus tea Accra awaits investigation and documentation. This study was conducted to assess the microbial quality of locally prepared Hibiscus tea sold at the bus stations in Accra Metropolis, Ghana. Method A total of 40 Samples of Hibiscus tea sold in either previously used or unused containers were collected, further processed and cultured on Plate Count Agar for Total Viable Count; then on Sabouraud Dextrose Agar for filamentous fungi; and on McConkey and Blood Agars for bacteria identification after 24-48 hours of incubation. Results The microbial quality of Hibiscus tea packaged and sold in Used and Unused bottles was assessed in the Accra metropolis. The results did not find statistically significant evidence of health hazard from the Hibiscus tea samples analysed and therefore presents as acceptable for consumption. Conclusion Findings show locally prepared Hibiscus tea as a potential source of microbial transmission due to the presence of various microbial contaminants found. Regular monitoring of the microbial quality and possible regulation by the appropriate authorities to safeguard public health is important.

First record of Ae. albopictus (Skuse 1894), in Central African Republic

SUMMARY METHODS: Mosquito aquatic stages were collected in domestic and peri-domestic areas, and epidemic risk indexes (Breteau, Container) were calculated for each prospected location. Adult female mosquitoes were captured by human landing catches, while larvae were sampled by inspecting artificial and natural breeding sites in randomly selected premises. Seventy-eight adults Aedes albopictus were collected in Bangui and Bayanga. Mosquito biting rate and abundance were, respectively, 0.33-1.70 bites/human/hour and 14.6% in Bangui and 0.04-0.16 and 0.4% in Bayanga. Larval sampling revealed a large diversity of water container harbouring the species in Bangui, Bayanga, Nola and Salo including unused containers, old tires, vehicle carcasses, buckets, barrels and stem of bamboo. The epidemic risk indices were erratic according to the location, ranging between 1.5-27.6 for Breteau and 1.3-47.1 for Container. This is the first record of Ae. albopictus in two bioclimatic zones of CAR This observation emphasizes the need to further investigate its potential impact on dengue and chikungunya viruses transmission regarding their recent emergencies in Africa (Côte d'Ivoire, Senegal, Mali, Somalia, Gabon, Cape Verde Islands).

Effect of common salt on laboratory reared immature stages of Aedes aegypti (L)

Objective To observe the effect of common salt (NaCl) on immature stages of laboratory reared Aedes aegypti (L). Methods A laboratory colony of Aedes aegypti mosquitoes of Rajahmundry strain was established in the laboratory of National Institute for Communicable Disease (NICD), Rajahmundry unit at (26 ± 2) °C with relative humidity of (70 ± 10)%. 1.00%, 1.25% and 1.50% solutions of common salt (NaCl) were selected to observe the susceptibility status of immature stages of Aedes aegypti in laboratory. Results Fifty percent larvae of Aedes aegypti died within 19, 31 and 48 hours when exposed to 1.50%, 1.25% and 1.00% common salt solution, respectively. Ninety percent of the larvae died within 29, 57 and 108 hours when exposed to the same salt solutions, respectively. Very high pupal mortality was observed varying from 81.8% to 40.0%. Formation of pupae was found inversely proportional in the presence of concentration of common salt in breeding water. Conclusions With easy availability, less toxicity and long lasting nature, common salt may be applied in unused containers, especially in junkyards where surveillance mechanism is poor along with other conventional vector control methods in order to control breeding of Aedes aegypti, the vector of dengue/dengue hemorrhagic fever and chikungunya.

Environmental pollutants from the Scott and Shackleton expeditions during the ‘Heroic Age’ of Antarctic exploration

Early explorers to Antarctica built wooden huts and brought huge quantities of supplies and equipment to support their geographical and scientific studies for several years. When the expeditions ended and relief ships arrived, a rapid exodus frequently allowed only essential items to be taken north. The huts and thousands of items were left behind. Fuel depots with unused containers of petroleum products, asbestos materials, and diverse chemicals were also left at the huts. This investigation found high concentrations of polyaromatic hydrocarbons in soils under and around the historic fuel depots, including anthracene, benzo[b]fluoranthene, benzo[k]fluoranthene, chrysene, fluorene, and pyrene, as well as benzo[a]anthracene, benzo[a]pyrene, and fluoranthene, which are recognized carcinogens. Asbestos materials within the huts have been identified and extensive amounts of fragmented asbestos were found littering the ground around the Cape Evans hut. These materials are continually abraded and fragmented as tourists walk over them and the coarse scoria breaks and grinds down the materials. A chemical spill, within the Cape Evans hut, apparently from caustic substances from one of the scientific experiments, has caused an unusual deterioration and defibration on affected woods. Although these areas are important historic sites protected by international treaties, the hazardous waste materials left by the early explorers should be removed and remedial action taken to restore the site to as pristine a condition as possible. Recommendations are discussed for international efforts to study and clean up these areas, where the earliest environmental pollution in Antarctica was produced.