Untrained Respondents Research Articles

Deglutologist Practices and Perceptions of the Penetration-Aspiration Scale: A Survey Study.

Successful dysphagia management requires accurate, succinct diagnosis and characterization of swallowing safety impairments. However, the Penetration-Aspiration Scale (PAS) remains the only available tool developed exclusively for assessment of airway protection. To best support efforts to advance the field's understanding of swallowing safety, it is crucial to understand current clinician practice patterns, perceptions, and accuracy regarding the PAS. A 46-item survey was developed and distributed to deglutologists internationally examining: (1) Demographics; (2) Scale Practices; (3) Swallowing Safety Priorities; (4) Scale Perceptions; and (5) Accuracy. The first four sections consisted of questionnaires. In the optional fifth section, respondents were asked to score five videos of swallows collected via videofluoroscopy and previously PAS-scored by two trained raters. In total, 335 responses were analyzed. The majority of respondents self-reported PAS training (84%); 90% of untrained respondents were receptive to training. Respondents reported using the PAS "always" (40%) or "frequently" (29%), and that the PAS carries "a great deal of" weight in assessment (40%). Reported application of the PAS was heterogeneous, with the most common approach being "single worst score per unique presentation" (45%). Most respondents (64%) prioritized a parameter not captured by the PAS. Untrained respondents were significantly more confident with PAS ratings than trained respondents (X2 = 7.47; p = 0.006). Of 1460 PAS ratings provided, 364 of them were accurate (25%) when compared to ratings by trained lab members. Results of this survey reflect ubiquitous use of the PAS, unmet needs for assessment of swallowing safety, low accuracy despite generally high confidence, and heterogenous training that does not correspond to confidence. This emphasizes the need for additional training in clinical application of the PAS as well as development of novel metrics to optimize assessments of swallowing safety.

Experiment on UI evaluation using automated test

Learnability is one important aspect of user interaction that measures how long a user needs to familiarize themselves with the software. The evaluation method using expert analysis or user questionnaire cannot fully capture the learnability aspect of a software. Automated testing can record the user performance data and provide an objective evaluation of learnability. However, embedding recording code to conduct automated test can be expensive. This work proposes a novel method of automatic testing to evaluate the learnability of an existing software. By using Figma and Maze apps, a replica of evaluated software is made and injected with users’ performance recording module with much ease. The result of the experiment shows that learnability data can be acquired objectively. In the experiment, the user of evaluated software requires an average learning rate of 3 iterations. While the average completion time is around 2.37 seconds per action for trained respondents and 1.86 seconds for untrained respondents.

Selection of Norwegian police drone operators: an evaluation of selected cognitive tests from “The Vienna Test System”

ABSTRACT A nationwide sample of 129 police officers participated in a study aimed at validating and presenting practical implications of a selection procedure for applicants to an educational program for Norwegian police drone pilots. The subjects were part of a selection program for a training and qualification course for police drone pilots. The selection program consisted of tests of spatial orientation, logical reasoning, attentional selection, sustained attention, and visual short-term memory, in addition to a performance test in a drone flight simulator. The aim of the study was to evaluate the cognitive tests used in the selection program and their relation to performance during the simulated flight. The results from the untrained applicants revealed low-to-moderate intercorrelations of the cognitive tests. Only spatial orientation, logical reasoning, and attentional selection were correlated to the performance measures of skills and proficiency. Stepwise regression analysis showed that only spatial orientation and attentional selection had unique contributions in explaining the variance in both measures of performance. Implications are discussed on both practical and scientific levels. The positive implications of using untrained respondents, the use of proficiency measures in addition to skills, the building of a clearinghouse for drone selection data, and considering both the job-analyzes and the total test-performance when interpreting the applicant’s test-scores are discussed.

Acceptability Study of Banana Blossom (Banana Musa) Cupcake Fortified with Honey: A Bread Innovation


 
 
 
 Purpose: The province of Quirino, Philippines, is a good source of the different varieties of banana. The purpose of this research is to determine the organoleptic assessment and acceptability of Banana blossom Cupcake fortified with Honey.
 Methodology: The study utilized a descriptive survey method. Data were gathered through structured questionnaires and were assessed using a Likert scale. The questionnaires were distributed to 50 trained and untrained respondents who were faculty and students at Quirino State University. Sensory evaluation was employed on the Honey Banana Blossom Cupcake in terms of the following parameters: taste, texture, appearance, color, aroma, and presentation.
 Main Findings: Generally, Honey Banana Blossom Cupcake is highly acceptable among the taster respondents particularly on its appearance, color, texture, and aroma where it was rated as moderately high while its flavor was rated as highly acceptable.
 Implications of study: This study specifically addresses the use of banana blossoms to exploit its potential and to support local farmers and growers to maximize their profit
 
 
 
 
 Novelty of study: This research aimed to produced policy to support local products in the province of Quirino.

An Analysis of Success Rate of Entrepreneurship Development Programme of Entrepreneurs of RUDSETI of North Karnataka

Entrepreneurial activities are not only a means for social empowerment but also, empowering them economically and enable them to contribute more to overall development. The present study was investigated in the year 2014-2015 in Bagalkot, Vijayapur and Uttar Kannada districts of North Karnataka of India. A sample of 50 trained and 50 untrained respondents were selected from each of the three districts making a total sample of 300 with ex-post facto research design. Majority of the trained (58.67 %) and untrained (66.67 %) entrepreneurs belonged to middle age group, educated upto middle school, married and are from rural background with low-income level. As per RUDSETI guidelines the enterprises have been classifi ed as agriculture, product, process and general enterprises. Majority of the trained (50.66%) and untrained (62.00%) entrepreneurs had taken up product based enterprises. Maximum number (70.00 %) of trained entrepreneurs availed loan from banks while, maximum number of untrained entrepreneurs (63.34 %) borrowed money from money lenders. The highest success rate was for Bagalkot (76.45 %) followed by Vijayapur (64.64 %) and Uttar Kannada (53.80 %). Thirty-two per cent of trained entrepreneurs had started their enterprise between four to six months after taking the training from the institute.

Differential Effects of Entrepreneurship Development Programme on Dimensions of Entrepreneurship

The study was conducted during the year 2014-2015 in three districts namely Bagalkot, Vijayapur and Uttar Kannada districts of North Karnataka. A sample of 50 trained and 50 untrained respondents were selected from each of the three districts making a total sample of 300 with an ex-post facto research design. The majority of the trained (58.67%) and untrained (66.67%) entrepreneurs belonged to middle age, seventy per cent of trained and untrained entrepreneurs belonged to the nuclear type of families. The study was conducted to know the diff erential eff ect of entrepreneurship development programmes on dimensions of entrepreneurship. Six main dimensions viz, leadership ability, decision making, confi dence level, management orientation, the establishment of enterprise and growth/expansion of enterprise were selected by consulting the experts and review of the literature. The component growth/expansion of enterprise got the highest mean score 84.05 for trained entrepreneurs whereas, the establishment of enterprise got the highest mean score 68.57 for untrained entrepreneurs and the highest index value was found in confi dence level 72.93 for trained and decision index 67.53 for untrained. The total impact index values were 70.15 for trained and 58.60 for untrained entrepreneurs. The ‘t’ value for the trained and untrained entrepreneurs was signifi cant and higher than the untrained entrepreneurs. This shows there is a diff erence in entrepreneurial qualities of trained and untrained entrepreneurs.

Turning strawberry jam into slice: a new way of consuming strawberry fruits preservation products

The goal of this article is to discover an acceptance and preference of consumer towards innovative products of slice strawberry jam. While an ordinary fruit preserves often made as a jam. Sliced jam is a new way of fruit preservation to consume. Through an organoleptic study, the paper starts to examine and compare between an original product of strawberry jam to sliced jam. A quantitative tradition of research employs an experimental approach to eighty untrained respondents. Data analysis and validity were generated from SPSS statistic software to measure the result of questionnaires towards a favorite between the two and its characteristics such as texture, taste, smell, and color. The findings reveal that the new form of strawberry jam slices is favored among the major respondents. The strawberry jam slice’s texture, taste, smell, and color also attract the consumerism. Despite the limitation of the study, the article introduces a new way of consuming strawberry fruits preservation products. Thus, the research discussion would take forward business development idea, particularly on fruit preserves preparation.

School based Educational Program - An Effective Approach to Health Care Among Female Adolescents

Health is a natural facet of liveliness - both by definition and realization. The Indian rishis (sages and scientists of yore) had attributed the secret of “jivem shardah shatam” - hundred years of vigorous, healthy, happy and creative life - to the total harmony of the mode of living with the Nature and the spiritual inheritance of life. The lifestyle plays an important role in remaining healthy as we recognize the important elements of all health maintenance when it comes to our diet; consuming fresh, whole food and dedication to eliminating high fat and oil food products. In particular, for adolescents who are the future generation, need to be examine their significant aspects of health and healthy lifestyles. Hence, the present study aimed to assess the knowledge and awareness level of the female adolescents studying in Govt Schools of Dharwad city Karnataka who have under gone Kishori Awareness Program training an initiative of Sarva Shikshan Abhiyan implemented from 2005 to 2013, and also including non-participant to measure the effectiveness of programme. Findings have revealed that an average of 88.71 per cent is aware of the importance and sources of nutrients as compared to the untrained respondents (an average of 28.82%). Besides, both the groups of respondents are well aware of the contents of food timings and good healthy eating practices. The overall awareness of the health and nutrition issues in both the groups of respondents is equally high. However, when classified in to High, Average and Low levels of awareness, high percentage of both respondents have figured in the High level awareness level. As health and nutrition are part of their life from birth till death, even the untrained respondents seem to have acquired information from the family and the school curriculum.

Botulinum Neurotoxin-A Injection in Adult Cervical Dystonia and Spastic Paresis: Results From the INPUT (INjection Practice, Usage and Training) Survey.

Botulinum toxin-A (BoNT-A) is an effective treatment for cervical dystonia (CD) and spastic paresis (SP), but it requires in-depth knowledge of anatomy and injection techniques. The Ixcellence Network® is an educational programme to provide neurology, neuropaediatrics, and physical medicine and rehabilitation (PMR) specialists with access to best clinical practices and innovations regarding SP and CD management with BoNT-A. To assess the benefits of such educational programmes and identify unmet needs, a multidisciplinary scientific committee designed INPUT (INjection Practice, Usage & Training), an international multicentric survey describing training and practices among this trained and experienced population. A self-completed questionnaire was sent online to 553 trainees and 14 trainers from the Ixcellence Network®. Among the 131 respondents, 92% specialized in PMR (48%) or neurology (44%), with a mean experience of 15.5 years in their clinical fields and 10.9 years of BoNT-A injection. Most of them (98%) reported having received training before performing their first BoNT-A injection and attending specific courses on how to perform it without any instrumental guidance (76%), and with ultrasound (73%), electrical stimulation (44%) or electromyography (41%). In terms of practices, 92% of respondents reported using at least one guidance technique while injecting, with ultrasound being the most used technique (48%). Attending specific courses was significantly associated with greater self-confidence and use, e.g. for injection with ultrasound, mean self-confidence, on a scale from 1 (not confident) to 10 (fully confident), was 7.9 for trained respondents (vs 4.0 for untrained respondents, p < 0.001) of whom 70% stated that they used this technique regularly or systematically (vs. 11% of untrained healthcare professionals (HCPs), p < 0.0001). Moreover, 84% of respondents reported having trained colleagues, residents or fellows through theoretical (70%) or practical teaching in individuals (80%) or in small groups (65%). Overall, 86% of respondents reported a notable increase over the past 5 years of the number of patients treated with BoNT-A. INPUT is the first international survey describing training and practices in SP and CD management of physicians who attended a dedicated educational programme. The results highlighted the importance of training for self-confidence, and the use of specific techniques and new approaches.

Impact of vanilla origins on sensory characteristics of chocolate

The sensory characteristics of white and milk chocolate with three origins of vanilla (Madagascar, Indonesia, Papua New Guinea) were investigated using a multi-analytical approach. The sensory tests included profiling using Quantitative Descriptive Analysis with a trained panel; Temporal Dominance of Sensations test with untrained respondents from various countries currently residing in Belgium, and the consumers sensory preference test with consumers in Belgium, France, Sweden and Canada. The vanilla extracts were also analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC–MS) in combination with olfactometry (GC–MS-O) to identify the key aroma compounds in the different vanilla origins.This research shows that sensory profile of Papua New Guinea (PNG) samples is different from Madagascan and Indonesian extracts. The flavor signature was correlated with almondy and anisic descriptors. The perceived difference between Madagascan and Indonesian origins was reduced when assessed within complex matrices such as chocolate. In sugared water, Madagascan vanilla has balsamic, phenolic notes while Indonesian has woodier notes. In a chocolate base, the Indonesian sample lost its woody characteristic for a dairy enhanced characteristic. The botanical variety has more impact on difference in sensory profile of a chocolate than the vanilla origin itself.The sensory data correlates with volatile components identified in this study. Guaiacol and vanillin were identified as the main key aroma compounds in all three vanilla origins using GC–MS-O. Additional key aroma compounds were responsible for the differences in sensory characteristics between the three vanilla origins: anisaldehyde for anisic note in the PNG samples and ethyl 2-methylbutanoate and 3/2-methylbutanoic acid in the Indonesian sample. Sensory profiles of vanillas from various origins were more visible and pronounced in white chocolate compared to milk chocolate.This study gives novel insights to the chocolate, as well as the vanilla sectors, indicating possibilities of vanilla replacement and consumer preferences across Europe and Canada. The consumer study shows that, on average, people do not indicate which chocolate is significantly more liked.

Preliminary study: the use of sugarcane juice to replace white sugar in an effort to overcome diabetes mellitus

The prevalence of diabetes mellitus, especially type 2 diabetes mellitus, continues to increase. One of the characteristic type 2 diabetes mellitus is insulin resistance, which caused by lack of trivalent chromium. This is occurred because the habits of the people, who consume white sugar more than brown sugar or sugarcane juice. Refining process will eliminate the mineral content in white sugar. Mineral content in white sugar is assumed to be lower than brown sugar or sugarcane juice. Consuming sugarcane juice as a substitute for white sugar is also thought to be able to increase the level of chromium in the body’s cells. It will be publicly accepted in organoleptic. The purpose of this study are to compare the levels of chromium in sugar and sugarcane juice, to know level of chromium in the blood and urine of healthy and diabetes mellitus patients before and after consuming sugarcane juice and to know the level of consumers’ preference to the flavour of white sugar compared to sugarcane juice. Samples of sugarcane juice and white sugar products were obtained from a sugar factory in Java. Determination of chromium content was carried out by dry destruction using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer. Organoleptic test was performed using a preference test of 30 untrained respondents. The results had shown that the chromium levels in sugarcane juice were 35 times higher than in white sugar has; sugarcane juice consumption for one month apparently can increase the levels of chromium (both in the blood and in the urine of people) but increased level in diabetes mellitus patients higher than healthy people; and in the terms of the taste, the average respondents’ preferences for sugarcane juice and white sugar is the same. This preliminary study showed that sugarcane juice is potential to overcome diabetes mellitus type 2.

Survey on knowledge of acute trauma care among trainee anesthesiologists

Background: Trauma is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in India. A trauma-related death occurs every 1.9 min, and the mortality in serious injuries is six times worse compared to a developed country.Methods: The postgraduates were given a questionnaire with three sections. The first and second sections had questions pertaining to the participants' demographic data, their training, and their perceptions on training in trauma care. The third section contained ten multiple-choice questions designed to check their factual knowledge on basic trauma care. Their scores were rated as follows: poor (0–6), satisfactory (7–8), and excellent (9–10).Results: All 146 participants were postgraduates. Fifty-five (37.7%) of them claimed to have undergone a formal training in the initial trauma management. The scores obtained by both trained and untrained respondents were very low. Only 30.9% of the trained postgraduates managed a score of ≥7. 87%, whereas the untrained ones had a score of <7. While nearly 19% of the specifically trained postgraduates scored 9–10, only 2.63% of the untrained ones did so. Two trained students and no untrained student got a score of 10.Conclusion: The knowledge of trauma care among postgraduates is grossly inadequate to provide trauma care in acute trauma scenarios. Since training has shown to have better outcomes, such programs need to be incorporated in the postgraduate curriculum.

Sensory Evaluation and Acceptability of Bambusa blumeana as Bamboo Shoot Polvoron

The Bamboo shoots of the grassy Poacaea family have fibre, potassium and lignans, which are believed to hold anti-cancer, antibacterial, anti-fungal and anti-viral properties, according to agsyt.wsu.edu. There is already a legion of studies, pertaining to the use of bamboo shoots as the main ingredients in baked goods. An example is the Polvoron. This is one of the popular Filipino desserts, especially among young ones. This study presents a new polvoron flavor derived from the bamboo shoot (bayog) powder. The product also underwent nutritional analysis which was conducted by the Food and Nutrition Research Institute Service Laboratory. This study aimed to develop processed bamboo shoot into polvoron along with its sensory evaluation and acceptability among consumers. The researchers used an experimental design for the four treatments with different proportion of bamboo shoot powder for every treatment employed during the evaluation. There were 50 untrained respondents. Respondents were able to select and evaluate the products using the Semantic scale for the colour, taste, texture and odour and hedonic scale and facial hedonic scale for the general acceptability of the product. Results showed that Treatment 3 had the most acceptable treatment with a mean value of 7.95, interpreted as Like Very Much with light brown, pronounced bamboo shoot flavour, moderately smooth texture and moderately detected bamboo odour. Hence the incorporation of powdered bamboo shoots into polvoron is widely acceptable among its consumers.

Towards Modelling Trust in Voice at Zero Acquaintance

Trust is essential in many human relationships, especially where there is an element of inter-dependency. However, humans tend to make quick judgements about trusting other individuals, even those met at zero acquaintance. Past studies have shown the significance of voice in perceived trustworthiness, but research associating trustworthiness and different vocal features such as speech rate and fundamental frequency (f0) has yet to yield consistent results. Therefore, this paper proposes a method to investigate 1) the association between trustworthiness and different vocal features, 2) the vocal characteristics that Malaysian ethnic groups base their judgement of trustworthiness on and 3) building a neural network model that predicts the degree of trustworthiness in a human voice. In the method proposed, a reliable set of audio clips will be obtained and analyzed with SoundGen to determine the acoustical characteristics. Then the audio clips will be distributed to a large group of untrained respondents to rate their degree of trust in the speakers of each audio clip. The participants will be able to choose from 30 sets of audio clips which will consist of 6 audio clips each. The acoustic characteristics will be analyzed and com-pared with the ratings to determine if there are any correlations between the acoustic characteristic and the trustworthiness ratings. After that, a neural network model will be built based on the collected data. The neural network model will be able to predict the trustworthiness of a person’s voice.&#x0D; Keywords—prosody, trust, voice, vocal cues, zero acquaintance.

The content and functions of vivid and soothing visual imagery during music listening: Findings from a survey study.

Studies have suggested that visual imagery forms an important part of the listening experience and might be one of the mechanisms by which music induces emotions in a listener. However, little is known about the content, prevalence, and function of visual imagery during music listening. To that end, an online survey was constructed to explore music-related visual imagery. This included 24 statements about visual imagery based on previous research and an open question regarding the content of their inner images. Several standardized questionnaires (Vividness of Visual Imagery Questionnaire and Goldsmiths Musical Sophistication Index) were included as well to investigate the link to visual imagery in non-musical contexts and across individuals with various levels of musical training. In total, 669 participants provided responses to an online survey. A factorial structure of music and visual imagery statements provided a three-factor structure consisting of vivid, soothing, and disruptive visual imagery, although the actual factor structure was nonidentical between the musically trained and untrained respondents. Separate analyses of factors for musically trained and untrained participants yielded a more parsimonious structure of visual imagery, which consisted of vivid and soothing visual imagery. These two factors consistently exhibited different weights across the items; for musically trained participants, vivid imagery was more related to modulating arousal than for untrained participants. The ability to conjure up vivid visual imagery was only weakly related to the presence of music-related visual imagery. A content analysis of the open question revealed common themes that related to a mixture of concrete visual imagery (landscapes, images of people, and scenes from past events) and abstract visual imagery (shapes, objects, and colors). Implications of these findings for further studies on music-induced emotions are discussed with a focus on a recent constructionist account of emotional meanings in music.

A new method of mark detection for software-based optical mark recognition.

Software optical mark recognition (SOMR) is the process whereby information entered on a survey form or questionnaire is converted using specialized software into a machine-readable format. SOMR normally requires input fields to be completely darkened, have no internal labels, or be filled with a soft pencil, otherwise mark detection will be inaccurate. Forms can also have print and scan artefacts that further increase the error rate. This article presents a new method of mark detection that improves over existing techniques based on pixel counting and simple thresholding. Its main advantage is that it can be used under a variety of conditions and yet maintain a high level of accuracy that is sufficient for scientific applications. Field testing shows no software misclassification in 5695 samples filled by trained personnel, and only two misclassifications in 6000 samples filled by untrained respondents. Sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy were 99.73%, 99.98%, and 99.94% respectively, even in the presence of print and scan artefacts, which was superior to other methods tested. A separate direct comparison for mark detection showed a sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy respectively of 99.7%, 100.0%, 100.0% (new method), 96.3%, 96.0%, 96.1% (pixel counting), and 99.9%, 99.8%, 99.8% (simple thresholding) on clean forms, and 100.0%, 99.1%, 99.3% (new method), 98.4%, 95.6%, 96.2% (pixel counting), 100.0%, 38.3%, 51.4% (simple thresholding) on forms with print artefacts. This method is designed for bubble and box fields, while other types such as handwriting fields require separate error control measures.

Cocoa Farmers Attitude towards Utilisation of Integrated Pest Management in Edo and Ogun States of Nigeria

The study examined cocoa farmers’ attitude towards the utilization of integrated pest management (IPM) in Edo and Ogun States of Nigeria. In Edo State, 60 respondents were randomly selected out of 100 trained cocoa farmers. Random selection of 60 respondents from registered cocoa farmers that were not trained in IPM was done in the Ogun State Agricultural Development Programme. Interview schedule was used to obtain data on respondents’ characteristics, cocoa yield and attitude of respondents towards IPM. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics and Chi-square. The majority (60.8%) of the respondents were in the age bracket of 41 and 60 years while 89.2% of the respondents were males. The majority (73.3%) of trained and 56.7% of untrained had formal education. The total respondents result showed that 49.2% had favourable attitude. There was a significant relationship between both the attitude of trained respondents (X 2 =5.72, P<0.05) and their cocoa bean yield of and the attitude of untrained respondents (X 2 =5.64, P<0.05) and their cocoa bean yield. The mean yield of trained respondents (1436.3±1196.4 kg) significantly differed from that of the untrained respondents (1209.3±524.3kg), which shows that IPM training had much impact on farmer’s cocoa yield, hence, untrained farmers need training in IPM.

Does Microfinance Training Enhance the Financial Literacy Among Members of Self Help Groups?

One essential feature of microfinance is microfinance plus which includes components like training, insurance, health, and hygiene to the borrowers. In recent times, the Government of India has laid enormous emphasis on the twin objectives of financial inclusion and financial literacy. This paper focused upon the effect of microfinance training in enhancing the financial literacy of the trainees. The question before us was whether microfinance training in its present form enables a reasonable awareness of the above factors. To measure this effectiveness of microfinance training, we developed a tool in the form of a test which was administered to both trained and untrained respondents. The sample was drawn randomly from members of SHGs in rural areas of Ramanagar and Bangalore Rural District during the month of March 2015. The test contained questions on numerical ability, awareness of SHG guidelines, knowledge of government schemes, and basic awareness regarding banking and micro insurance. The results of the test were analysed using t- test and chi square. The study also revealed some important and interesting aspects apart from achieving the main objective of the study. The tool also studied the degree of difficulty faced by the respondents in answering each of the questions. Since the focus of the Indian government is on financial inclusion and financial literacy, the findings of the study will be especially useful for the designers of microfinance training.

Assessment of Color and Sensory Evaluation of Frozen Fillets from Pangasius Catfish and Nile Tilapia Imported to European Countries

The current study was designed to assess the color and sensory evaluation of frozen fillets of Pangasius catfish and Nile tilapia imported to Poland, Germany, and Ukraine in order to evaluate the possible impact of negative media image of these fish fillets on the sensory expectations of the consumers. The study used two trials of sensory evaluation: Blind and informed, on a group of untrained respondents and additional color analysis using the Commission Internationale de l’Éclairage (CIE) L*a*b* scale. The lowest grades during sensory evaluation in all measured parameters were given to Pangasius imported to Ukraine and Poland. The grades of Pangasius and tilapia imported to Germany were similar and significantly higher than of other Pangasius groups. Generally tilapia fillets were marked as better than Pangasius fillets. Moreover the present study found that there was considerable percentage of customers which are susceptible to various commercial frauds since they marked Pangasius higher when they thought they are consuming turbot. This study also showed that the negative image of Pangasius presented through various mass-media might have a negative impact on consumer’s perspective of Pangasius consumption.

Impact of bee keeping training on socio-economic status of rural women

Bee keeping is an ideal activity for the socio-economic development of rural people. It does not require any sophisticated equipments and the technology employed is simple and within easy grasp of illiterate rural people. The study was conducted in Pusa block of Samastipur district selected purposively. A list of women trainees, who have obtained from Apiculture Research Training Centre, Pusa. From these lists 50 trained women were randomly selected who have attained seven days duration of training programme. Equal no of untrained women beekeepers, who have not undergone any skill oriented training, were also selected randomly, to serve as control group. Hence, trained from seven village selected for this study. The majority of trained as well as untrained women belonged to middle age group as (31-50years). Bee keeping was adopted by most of the backboard cost it was not influenced caste system of the society. Most of the trained women were belonged to high category of education while untrained women, maximum 50.00 per cent of respondents belonged to low level of education. Maximum percentage of trained as well as untrained respondents were enjoyed in laborer followed by farming, business and service, respectively bee keeping was adopted by most of the small family size. Most of the rural women preferred nuclear family and also it is in product. The maximum respondents do not possess any land in both groups hence they have opted divested to words bee keeping occupation for this livelihood. The percentages of women in for categories were more or less same in two groups i.e., trained and untrained. Maximum respondents had lived in pucca house and enjoy with traditional materials like radio, chair, cycle, watch indicating medium level of economic in study village. Both of groups one almost similar with respect to social participation. Bee keeping training might have somehow or the other helped in developing compel, tines among the trained group. As for as economic motivation trained as well as untrained women maximum percentage fell under the medium economic motivation category.