Untouched Area Research Articles

Investigation of Eucalyptus camaldulensis and Tamarix aphylla species' capacities for methylene blue removal in wastewater and heavy metal remediation in soil.

In the contemporary landscape, the reuse of wastewater holds paramount significance. Concurrently, wastewater carries an array of pollutants encompassing chemical dyes and heavy metals. This study delves into the potential of Tamarix aphylla (TA) and Eucalyptus camaldulensis (EC) species for mitigating heavy metals in soil and eliminating methylene blue dye (MB) from wastewater. The research begins with assessing the dye adsorption process, considering pivotal factors such as initial pH, adsorbent dosage, initial dye concentration, and contact time. Outcomes reveal EC's superiority in dye removal compared to TA. As a bioremediation agent, EC exhibits a 90.46% removal efficacy for MB within 15 min, with pH 7.0 as the operative condition. Equilibrium analysis employs Temkin (T), Freundlich (F), and Langmuir (L) isotherms, revealing an excellent fit with the L isotherm model. The study delves further by probing surface adsorption kinetics through pseudo-first-order (PFO) and pseudo-second-order (PSO) models. Furthermore, to discern the divergent impacts of EC and TA on soil heavy metal reduction, soil samples were collected from three distinct zones: an untouched control area, alongside areas where EC and TA were cultivated at the Yazd wastewater site in Iran. Heavy metal levels in the soil were meticulously assessed through rigorous measurement and statistical scrutiny. The findings spotlight TA-cultivated soil as having the highest levels across all examined factors. Ultimately, EC emerges as the superior contender, proficiently excelling in both MB eliminations from wastewater and heavy metal amelioration in the soil, positioning it as the preferred phytoremediation agent.

Understanding How Green Space Naturalness Impacts Public Well-Being: Prospects for Designing Healthier Cities.

Statement of problem: Urbanization has brought significant advancements in human well-being; however, it poses challenges to urban green spaces (UGSs), affecting environmental quality and public health. Research gap: Previous studies have established the importance of UGSs for urban well-being but have not sufficiently explored how the naturalness of these spaces-ranging from untouched natural areas to human-designed landscapes-affects mental health outcomes in the context of developing countries, particularly Brazil. Purpose: This study aimed to bridge the research gap by investigating the relationship between the degree of naturalness in UGSs and mental health among residents of Brazilian metropolitan areas. Method: Data were collected through an online survey involving 2136 respondents from various Brazilian urban regions. The study used Welch's ANOVA and Games-Howell post hoc tests to analyze the impact of UGS naturalness on mental health, considering depression, anxiety, and stress levels. Results and conclusions: The findings revealed that higher degrees of naturalness in UGSs significantly correlate with lower levels of mental distress. These results underscore the necessity of integrating natural elements into urban planning to enhance public health. Practical implications: Urban planners and policymakers are encouraged to prioritize the preservation and creation of naturalistic UGSs in urban environments to improve mental health outcomes. Future directions: Further research should explore the specific attributes of naturalness that most contribute to well-being and examine the scalability of these findings across different cultural and environmental contexts.

The Mechanism Study of Fracture Porosity in High-Water-Cut Reservoirs

Many onshore oil fields currently adopt water flooding as a means to supplement reservoir energy. However, due to reservoir heterogeneity, significant differences in permeability exist not only between different reservoirs but also within the same reservoir across different planar orientations. After prolonged fluid flushing in the near-wellbore zone of injection wells, the resulting increased flow resistance between layers exacerbates inefficient and ineffective circulation. A considerable amount of remaining oil is left unexploited in untouched areas, significantly impacting the overall recovery. To investigate the multiscale plugging mechanisms of fracture-dominated pore channels in high-water-cut oil reservoirs and achieve efficient management of fractured large channels, this study explores the formation of the fracture-flushing zone-low saturation oil zone. A physical experimental model with fractures and high-intensity flushing is established to analyze changes in pore structure, mineral composition, residual oil distribution, and other characteristics at different positions near the fractures. The research aims to clarify the mechanism behind the formation of large channels with fracture structures. The results indicate that under high-intensity water flushing, cementing materials are washed away by the flowing water, clay particles are carried to the surface with the injected fluid, and permeability significantly increases, forming high-permeability zones with fracture structures. In the rock interior away from the fracture end, channels, corners, and clustered oil content noticeably decrease, while the content of film-like oil substantially increases, and clay minerals are not significantly washed away. Under strong flushing conditions, the number of residual clay particles near the fracture end is mainly influenced by flow velocity and flushing time; thus, the greater the flushing intensity, the faster the water flow, and the longer the flushing time, the fewer residual clay particles near the fracture end.

Investigation into hydraulic fracture propagation behavior during temporary plugging and diverting fracturing in deep coal seam

In this study, we conducted indoor temporary plugging and diverting fracturing (TPDF) experiments on samples of natural deep and shallow coal seams using a small-scale true triaxial fracturing simulation system. By integrating high-precision CT scanning technology and crack reconstruction techniques, and relying on the quantitative characterization of the crack complexity coefficient, we investigated the differences in internal structures between deep and shallow coal seam samples and the variations in the expansion of TPDF cracks. Furthermore, the study primarily focused on exploring the influence of temporary plugging agent (TPA) parameters (quantity and particle size) on the expansion patterns of TPDF cracks in deep coal seam coal-rock samples. The experimental results reveal that in shallow coal samples, artificially induced fractures are notably longer and extend to various surfaces of the samples. Conversely, in deep coal samples, the expansion of artificially induced fractures is influenced by well-developed cleavage and cleats. The crack complexity coefficient of artificial fractures in deep coal samples is 1.54 higher than that in shallow coal samples, with an increased crack width of 98 μm. However, the expansion distance of the fractures is shorter and does not extend to the S3 and S6 surfaces. Increasing the dosage of the TPA is advantageous for inducing frequent redirection of fractures and communication with previously untouched areas. When the dosage of the TPA is increased from 30 g/L to 60 g/L, the expansion distance of artificial fractures significantly increases, extending to various surfaces of the samples. The crack complexity coefficient increases by 1.1, and the crack width enlarges by 84 μm. Appropriate particle sizes of the TPA can effectively form seals. However, small particle sizes (200/400 mesh) struggle to seal initial fractures, while large particle sizes (10/20 mesh) can lead to excessive wellhead blockage, causing rapid shut-in pressure, destructive fracturing in deep coal samples, and the generation of a large amount of coal fines. This study holds significant guidance for the optimal selection of process parameters in the temporary plugging hydraulic fracturing of deep coal rock.

Influence of access cavity design on root canal instrumentation efficacy in molars - An in vitro study.

Several designs of access cavity have been evolved in the recent past with the concept of minimal tooth tissue removal which would improve the root canal treated teeth fracture resistance. To investigate the effect of conservative design access cavity during the instrumentation of maxillary molar root canals. Eighty noncarious maxillary molars were assigned to the traditional and conservative access groups (n = 40 each). After designated access preparations, the teeth were immersed in Lugols's solution for staining the pulp tissue. Root canal instrumentation was performed with TruNatomy file system. Pre- and postinstrumentation nano-computed tomography (CT) images were taken and reconstructed using CT-An software. Root canals volumetric analysis was done with CT-Vol software. The analysis of the data was dealt with Shapiro-Wilk test and independent t-test. The volume of pulp canal space before and after instrumentation changed significantly between the traditional and conservative access design groups, according to an independent t-test. In comparison, the mean volume of dentin removed was much larger in the TAC group (P = 0.0016). The independent t-test manifests difference significantly between traditional endodontic access cavity (TAC) and conservative access cavity (CAC) with percentage of unprepared canal walls. The mean percentage of unprepared area was significantly lesser in TAC group as compared to CAC group (P = 0.0022). The volume of dentin removed was greater in TAC than with the CAC design. The amount of untouched canal wall area was significantly higher in conservative access design than with the traditional access design group.

Socioeconomic Sustainability of Chena Cultivation in the Forested Land of Hambantota District, Sri Lanka

Chena cultivation is one of the major agriculture systems and extensively practiced in rural areas of low country dry zone as their main livelihood. Generally, a slash-and-burn method is used to clear the land in the forested area where the land is prepared before the North-East monsoon starts. Short-duration, comparatively drought resistant crops such as grains, legumes, oil crops, and vegetables are commonly grown in Chena. However, scientific studies on Chena cultivation to assess socioeconomic status were limited in Sri Lanka. Therefore, this study attempted to assess the socioeconomic status of Chena farmers in the close proximity of forest lands in Southern part of Sri Lanka. Chena cultivation areas at Tissamaharama (8 Grama Niladhari divisions namely Gotabhayapura, Yodakandiya, Rathnelumwalayaya, Uddakandara, Viharamahadevipura, Ranakeliya, Wijayapura and Joolpallama) and Lunugamwehera (7 Grama Niladhari divisions namely Udamaththala, Padawgama, Pahalamaththala, Rabukwewa, new town-Lunugamwehera, new town-Weerawila and Keerthipura) Divisional Secretariats in Hambantota district was studied. 40 Chena farmers were purposively selected for the study. Primary data were collected from the farmers by using pre-tested structured questionnaire, personal interviews and field observations. Descriptive statistics and correlation tests were employed to analyse the data. Results revealed that farmers practiced four types of Chena such as Navadali Hena (clearing an untouched forest area), Ath Danduwa Hena (regrowth and cut), Mukulan Hena (consists of medium- sized trees) and Hen Kanaththa (land exist for survival). 98% of farmers are fully involved in chena cultivation in the study area. 32.5%, 22.5%, 20%, 12.5%, and 7.5% of farmers had 11-20, 21-30, 0-10, 31-40, and 41-50 years of experience, respectively in Chena cultivation. The result also revealed that 80% of the farmers were not a member of farmer`s societies and other organizations. A small number of farmers had received some relief from government such as fertilizer, agricultural extension services, 50% of subsidy seed, and 50% of subsidy loan. Chena farmers earned more than Rs.500,000.00 whereas the average income was Rs. 802,392.16 per annum. Further, 63% of the cost was contributed by labour followed next to land preparation (16%) and agrochemical (13%). Sweet melon, green gram, long beans, and tomato were recorded as major cultivated crops. Further, Chena areas were highly problematic by wildlife and cattle damage (87.5%), marketing issues (67.5%), legal (37.5%), drought (30%), and pest and diseases (27.5%). However, around 74% of respondents were willing to continue the Chena cultivation, because they have no other alternative livelihoods in this area. On the other hand, the majority (54%) were neutral or dissatisfied about their situation because they did not have land ownership. Introducing a registration procedure for land ownership, constructing the electrical fence to avoid wildlife damage, establishing a wildlife management unit to protect the wildlife habitat, and planning a proper irrigation method to secure the water supply throughout the year were the major suggestions to improve farming at a sustainable level of production and consumption.
 Keywords: Forest land use, Chena cultivation, Dry Zone, Hambantota

Consumer’s Price Sensitivity and Shrinkflation Strategy as A Trailblazer of Chocolate Market

The chocolate industry is a multifaceted and constantly evolving landscape in which price sensitivity and shrinkflation are paramount in determining sales and profitability. This article sheds light on how changes are marked and prices are adjusted to cater to the discerning tastes of modern-day consumers. Examining new pricing strategies, product innovation, and branding gives an in-depth analysis of recent trends shaping this exciting industry. Therefore chocolate manufacturers need to consider the impact of marking changes on the market and consumer behaviour. The sample size of the study is 100, out of which 4 questionnaires are incomplete. Hence, the sample size of the study is 96, and the sample units are the consumers of chocolates in Kerala. the sample is large and widespread, a purposive sampling method is adopted. In this study, ANOVA, Multiple comparisons, and Chi–square tests are applied and tested. Shrinkflation marketing is one of the untouched areas by the researchers. It is vital to understand the way consumers behave on price sensitivity and do they accept package downsizing. This research aims to uncover how packaging and portion size alterations impact consumer behavior and preferences, to provide a deeper understanding of consumer psychology, which can have a big impact on how consumers perceive value. The effect of marking modifications on the market and customer behaviour must therefore be taken into account by chocolate manufacturers.

Corporate Governance Research Mapping with Bibliometric

This paper intends to conduct a comprehensive analysis of articles focusing on the field of corporate governance from various studies that have been published in the Scopus database. A bibliometric approach is used to identify common patterns in research related to corporate governance. The research is based on an analysis of 2,202 articles from 2013 to 2022 and indexed in the Scopus database. The findings reveal that research on corporations is still dominated by countries such as the United States, the United Kingdom, and Malaysia. Some keywords such as "political connections, capital structure, board size, institutional ownership, ownership structure, sustainability, and board characteristics" have been frequently used by researchers in recent articles. This bibliometric study provides valuable initial insights into the literature related to corporate governance. This approach helps understand research trends, publishing patterns, and geographic focus that already exist in this domain. In addition, this analysis can guide researchers, practitioners, and other stakeholders in planning and directing research forward. By identifying research gaps and remaining untouched areas, these bibliometric studies can spark the development of further relevant and impactful research.

Toolkit for designing more sustainable large buildings in peri-urban areas and natural sites

The most sustainable action anybody in the building sector could actually take is decide not to erect any new building, in order to maintain the landscape as untouched as possible and preserved for the sake of our future generations. Unfortunately, this is rather impossible in this day and age, as the building decision usually comes from a necessity and an intention to provide appropriate shelter to a certain activity. This is precisely the reason for which the in-depth study of the impact a building has both on its immediate surroundings and on the urban/ rural environment should be a common practice if we are to design and build in a sustainable manner. The impact a building has on its environment varies according to two main criteria: (1) the type of building we are referring to and (2) the environment in which the supposed building is set out to be inserted in. Thus, it is fair to state that a single-family house with a 150 sq. m gross area build on concrete frame with brick filling built in an urban regulated area is going to have a significantly different impact than a 2000 sq. m construction materials storage warehouse built on a steel frame with term insulated panels in a rather rural and untouched area in the periphery of a village. This latter category makes the scope of the present paper. Concerning the 2nd criteria, the urban environment is highly regulated, and the majority of the space is set out to be built in a manner which mirrors the evolution of the last 130 years of urban studies. Most urban settlements in Europe, be it city, town or village have urban regulatory means of stating the way a certain building occupies a plot of land within the urban frame, its recommended height and suggestion to integrate the areas’ specific aesthetics. When referred to the expectancy to have similar regulations for the peri-urban areas, or even the ones outside the built-up area we are often met with a no-man’s-land, a rather empty regulatory area which falls in the jurisdiction of local and regional authorities. The present paper aims at offering a toolkit for the local authorities to use as a negotiation frame between the interest of preserving as much as possible the natural qualities of the natural landscape while balancing with the economic reasons and benefits of a new investment in their area. The ‘tools’ which make up the study concern: volumetric composition of the buildings depending on their function, methods of generating green energy based on the local resources, regulating the percentage of concrete platforms versus greenery in complete harmony with the destination of the investment. Starting from the premise that the building permit conditions for large scale projects due to be erected in natural landscape need a thorough regulation and after having an overview of such projects in Romania, this paper provides a practical tool for making sure the current laws are to be applied in a more practical and hands-on manner.

Contribution to spider fauna (Arachnida: Araneae) from Bjeshkët e Nemuna mountains (Kosovo)

Since Kosovo is the least explored territory in the Balkan Peninsula when it comes to the study of spider fauna, with large, untouched areas, we aim to explore it in detail. From Bjeshkët e Nemuna Mountains only 15 species have been reported. We collected and identified 323 spider specimens (88♂♂, 235♀♀) from April 2018 to August 2021 at 20 sites in Bjeshkët e Nemuna National Park between 529 and 2066 m a.s.l. These specimens belong to 91 species, 65 genera, and 23 families. Of these, 42 species, 13 genera, and 2 families are new records for the spider fauna of Kosovo, and 90 species are new for the mountains. As a result of our research, the list of species known from the studied region increased from 15 to 105 and the number of known spiders in Kosovo increased to 248 species.

Exploring lesbian adolescence: an analysis of Abha Dawesar’s Babyji

Purpose The purpose of this study is to examine the advancement of cultural transformation over time demands certain alterations in human perceptions. It also aims to examine the 21st century’s many radical changes in India, the constant legal battles to decriminalize homosexuality, and challenges to the rigid dichotomy between heterosexuality and homosexuality. Besides, it influences popular culture among the masses, which has turned out to create a more visible space for the lesbian community. In India, lesbian literature begins synchronously under the shades of women’s writing and feminism that wires new hopes for their identity. Design/methodology/approach This paper examines a primary text as Indian writer Abha Dawesar’s Babyji (2005). There comes the iconic work of Abha Dawesar’s Babyji (2005), which creates a turning point by introducing the life, inner conflict and turbulence of a teenage girl. In addition, a textual analysis of this novel brings forth an analysis of attributes such as sexuality, gender and the interplay of caste and class that meld lesbian childhood and adolescence. This paper also examines how a lesbian girl adapts to and negotiates her maturation amidst vivid social scenarios and cultural conditioning. Findings A few studies (Hidalgo, et al., 2013; Bem, 1989; Pyne, 2016) show many children have reached or crossed their teenage life without accurate or affirmative knowledge of sexuality and gender. Parents, teachers and even other intellectuals of the adult world fail to transfer their knowledge effectively to children. Definitely, the relevance of sex education is paramount, but more important is what implementation tactics should be used for the same cause. The point is that sex education should not be condensed into a certain gender or perpetuate parochial discrimination. It needs to adapt an age-appropriate curriculum for the cognitive and emotional development of the individuals. Considering these factors, understanding comprehensive sex education is what is most likely to find sustainable remedies for this matter. Gerald writes about a socialization process and gays and lesbians hiding their identity from family and society; a fear of rejection; there is a social gap in peer and family spheres. These fears prevent lesbian or gay young persons from fully developing their identities (1999). Rao and Mason tested a model derived from minority stress theory in which the perceived impact of Section 377 increases depressive symptoms of sexual minorities by increasing concealment stress, leading to a diminished sense of belonging. Because of their minority status, they are more vulnerable to and have a higher prevalence of mental illness than heterosexual individuals (2018). Originality/value Babyji has created a discourse to perpetuate normativity and gives importance to the mental health of the excluded lesbian group. It opens a door to studying teenage groups’ issues and their challenges to understanding social and mental issues regarding their identity. A study on this untouched area is required to highlight their issues and mental health problems. This research is an initiative step to create and provide a platform to raise awareness in society.

Influence of different working lengths on the shaping ability of Reciproc Blue in the apical third and apical foramen

Aim: This study aimed to assess the shaping ability of Reciproc Blue in the apical third and apical foramen of moderately curved canals at different working lengths (WLs), by micro-computed tomography. Methods: Thirty-six mesial roots (mesiobuccal and mesiolingual canals) were included, each with 2 separate root canals and independent apical foramina, according to type IV of Vertucci’s classification of first and second mandibular molars. The canals were instrumented at three different WLs: G-1, 1mm short of the major apical foramen; G0, at the major apical foramen; G+1, 1mm beyond the major apical foramen. The groups were assessed for changes in root canal volume and untouched wall area in the apical third. Groups G0 and G+1 were also compared for percentage of untouched walls at the apical foramen. One-way ANOVA (post hoc Tukey test) and Student’s t-test adopted a 5% level of significance. Results: Root canal volumes (mm3) in the apical third were 22.86±10.46, 44.48±24.91, and 55.71±21.32 in G-1, G0 and G+1, respectively. G-1 volume following instrumentation increased significantly less than that of G0 or G+1 (P>.05); G0 did not differ from G+1. The percentage of untouched wall area in the apical third did not differ among the three groups (P>.05). G0 and G+1 did not differ regarding untouched walls in the major apical foramem walls. Conclusion: Extending the WL from 1mm short of the apical foramen to a point at and beyond the WL increases the apical third volume without increasing the prepared area. Untouched surface areas of the apical foramen were not modified by instrumentation at or beyond the foramen.

What Coast: resort or resource?

Between land and sea, the coast is one of the most extraordinary and unique habitats occupied by man. On this threshold, dune landscapes are particular sensitive environments, in constant movement and transformation. Conservation measures have been implemented to regulate intervention on such sites, mainly concerning the safeguarding of primary dunes, but little consideration has been given to the in-depth structure of these ecosystems. With the pressure of seaside tourism development, the remaining untouched dune areas are facing serious threat. In Portugal, many have recently lost their classification as part of the National Ecologic Reserve (REN), since 2006 defined by proposal of each municipality. Grândola, in the district of Setúbal, is at the center of present environmental concerns, with 7 new mega luxury resorts predicted for the Tróia Peninsula and Comporta’s seafront, 4 of them partially on primary dune and 4 comprising the construction of extensive golf courses. Towards the United Nations 2030 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), the focus should be on protecting the existing biodiversity, as part of the Natura 2000 network, and promoting the balanced use of local natural resources, in particular in an area of severe water shortage. That is the true luxury: to foster resource, not resorts.

Instrumentation time and effectiveness of hand and rotary files in a prototyped second mandibular primary molar: A micro-CT study.

Eccentric instruments have been proposed as more effective and less time-consuming for endodontic instrumentation. To compare biomechanical outcomes of different instrumentation systems and time undertaken for instrumentation in resin prototypes. Sixty standardized prototypes of mandibular second primary molars were instrumented according to the following systems: K-files, ProTaper Next (PTN), XP-endo Shaper (XPS), XP-endo Finisher (XPF), XP-Clean (XPC), and Sequence Baby File (SBF; n = 10/each). Irrigation was performed with saline with simultaneous aspiration, and time spent was recorded. The prototypes were micro-CT-scanned before and after the instrumentation, and image sets were reconstructed and registered. Non-instrumented areas, accumulated debris, removed root material volume, and canal transportation were quantified. Data were analyzed through ANOVA, the Kruskal-Wallis test, and the Wilcoxon signed-rank test (α = 5%). K-files and SBF resulted in more instrumentation time (p < .05). SBF, XPC and PTN removed less root dentine (p < .05), but PTN left more untouched areas (p < .05). Accumulated debris were lower for XPC and SBF (p < .05). Canal transportation was similar among the groups. Rotary systems reduced instrumentation time, whereas SBF and XPC resulted in more conservative instrumentation, with less debris accumulation and non-instrumented areas. A dedicated paediatric endodontic system (SBF) outperformed eccentric instruments in terms of effectiveness.

Gateway-based Interoperability for Distributed Ledger Technology

Blockchain is a distributed ledger technology (DLT) to manage data in a decentralised way. During the last years, interoperability has become one of the main challenges within blockchain research as blockchains increasingly require integration between each other. Indeed, blockchains work by design in silos of information as interoperability is not a native feature. The main efforts in the field are focused on blockchains, such as Bitcoin and Ethereum. However, interoperability in DLT remains as an almost untouched area of work as they introduce additional requirements focusing on privacy and identity. Although there are some interoperability solutions for DLT, they are either high-level design proposals not providing concrete implementations or focus on interoperability issues between business applications and blockchain platforms. In this paper we propose a gateway-based platform-to-platform interoperability solution for DLT, which comprises a detailed solution design and a reference implementation. The proposal was assessed through the development of a social security case scenario and the evaluation through two interoperability frameworks. A reference implementation was built using two DLT: Hyperledger Fabric and Corda. The experimental results shows that it is possible to achieve technical interoperability between two heterogeneous DLT platforms using a gateway-based interoperability solution, relaxing decentralisation, data privacy, identity and authorisation management properties.

Customer Perception and Price Sensitivity: A Study of Muslim Consumers Behavior on Shopee

The surge in online shopping is on the rise, yet engaging in online selling comes with challenges. Vendors utilizing online platforms like Shopee must grasp the factors that sway buying choices. This becomes crucial as they strive to encourage consumers to purchase products they cannot physically interact with. While numerous investigations have been conducted, there exists an untouched area about Shopee consumers in Palu City. Previous research has revealed that both pricing and customer reviews have an impact on purchase decisions. Conversely, some studies negate their influence. Hence, the present study endeavors to elucidate the extent to which pricing and customer reviews shape the purchasing determinations of Shopee consumers, specifically in Palu City. This research sheds light on the subject by employing a questionnaire-based survey method and utilizing the SPSS software for analysis. Findings indicate that both factors, taken together or individually, wield a notable influence on the purchasing judgments made by Shopee consumers in Palu City. Given that purchasing choices stand as a metric for gauging marketing achievements, the insights from this study are anticipated to offer valuable guidance to digital marketplace sellers when devising their marketing strategies.

Herbal remedies for male infertility and spermatogenic activity in animals: A review

Male infertility is becoming an important untouched area that needs immediate attention due to the increasing demand for breeding strategies, keeping in view the production and increasing per animal productivity. Many additives and antioxidants have been tried for enhancing the seminal quality, but still there is no evidence of full- proof effect on the conception rates in female animals. However, herbal preparations which promise multi-factorial effect in the breeding male animals can be explored, and in turn could prove to be a better tool to encounter the problem of male infertility holistically. The herbal preparations and its effect at the cellular, molecular and metabolic level still needs to be understood. However, the advantage of using the herbal ingredients could be, use of available local herbal ingredients which are more economical, affordable, can reduce the use of hormonal therapy, have less side effects on long term usage, and have greater acceptability by the farmers. These herbal ingredients will be useful in breeding programmes for improvement of germplasm in terms of productivity. The current review covers how the herbs can be utilized in improving the semen quality and quantity, enhancing function of sertoli and leydig cells, mating behaviour, fecundity, seminal antioxidant status, hypophyseal adrenal gonadal axis cum endocrine regulation, microcirculation of testes, as well as in semen cryopreservation and post thaw quality of different species.

UNDERSTANDING THE PERSPECTIVES OF CINEMA NOVO: A CRITICAL DISCOURSE STUDY IN AGE OF RENAISSANCE IN LATIN AMERICAN CINEMA

Cinema is the intrinsic creative expression which has often been reflected with many diversified perspectives. The auteur's perspective to the ‘masala movie, which always fascinates with its inclusive subject matter. It's been always interesting to ponder on how the narratives of cinema are swayed parallel with the conventional one. The filmmakers with their independent perspectives often been seen to focus or take the most untouched grey areas which generally deal with human’s life and endeavors (caste, class, creed, color, ethnicity, engendered social milieu, taboos, socio economic inequalities, grassroots problem, basic amenities, or simply different from the existence of human values with hegemonical counter-narratives been taken into account and reflected in cinema. The very idea of this present study is to understand the cinema culture of Latin American cinema (how it is different from New Wave Movement and Italian Neo Realism). The study focuses on the movement of cinema novo and selects a few notable movies to understand the ideation of narratives. The discourse analysis entails the reasons for the fall down of the movement and problem in order to decipher the meaning. The sole purpose of the study is to know treatment and approach of genre of cinema novo; to understand the metaphors and discourses; and to know the downfall of this movement in spite of always trying to mirror the unseen world to the rest of the world. This study suggests that this cinematic movement is a thorough reflection of the voiceless, poverty stricken and working-class condition of the people which should be taken up with a newer perspective and dimension.

Asymmetric wavefront shaping with nonreciprocal 3D nonlinear detour phase hologram.

Asymmetric control of light with nonlinear material is of great significance in the design of novel micro-photonic components, such as asymmetric imaging devices and nonreciprocal directional optical filters. However, the use of nonlinear photonic crystals for asymmetric optical transmission, to the best of our knowledge, is still an untouched area of research. Herein we propose the 3D nonlinear detour phase holography for realizing asymmetric SH wavefront shaping by taking advantage of the dependence of the SH phase on the propagation direction of the excitation beam. With the proposed method, the designed nonreciprocal 3D nonlinear detour phase hologram yields SH phases with opposite signs for the forward and backward transmission situations. Moreover, the quasi-phase-matching scheme and orbital angular momentum conservation in the asymmetric SH wavefront shaping process are also discussed. This study conceptually extends the 2D nonlinear detour phase holography into 3D space to build the nonreciprocal 3D nonlinear detour phase hologram for achieving SH twin-image elimination and asymmetric SH wavefront shaping, offering new possibilities for the design of nonreciprocal optical devices.

Real-Time-Shift: Pseudo-Real-Time Event Scheduling for the Split-Protocol-Stack Radio-in-the-Loop Emulation

The incorporation of real radio hardware and physical emulated radio links into higher layer network and protocol simulation studies has been a largely untouched area of research so far. The Split-Protocol-Stack Radio-in-the-Loop emulation combines pure discrete-event protocol simulation with a hardware-based radio link emulation. Since the basic techniques involve contrary time concepts, event communication between the two domains requires a rethink of scheduling and synchronization. With the Real-Time-Shift conservative synchronization and time compensation scheme, the simulator is decoupled from real-time constraints and limitations by introducing predetermined pause times for event execution. In this work, we present the core synchronization and event scheduling approach allowing for scalable pseudo-real-time simulations with radio hardware in the loop. This enables discrete-event simulations for wireless host systems and networks with link-level emulation accuracy, accompanied by an overall high modeling flexibility.