Unsuitable Land Research Articles

Recognition of open soil surface as a method of restoring agricultural land use maps in the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia)

In this paper the authors analyzed data from five different sources – topographic maps, land management materials, UAV survey, retrospective monitoring of soil and land cover, and recognition of open soil surface - to identify and involve abandoned arable land into agricultural circulation. The result of “on-ground” verification showed the different accuracy of the methods. Retrospective monitoring of soil and land cover provides the highest correctness, close to 100%. The combination of this technology with recognition of open soil surface, which allows cutting off unsuitable lands, can provide a solution for inventory arable land and introducing it into agricultural circulation.

Declining interest in afforestation under the common agricultural policy. Evidence from Poland and Lithuania

Land afforestation is an important aspect of forested land development. Increasing the area of forest areas through the reforestation of uncultivated, abandoned or agriculturally unsuitable land is considered an important way to diversify economic activities in order to reduce dependence on agricultural activities and improve environmental conditions in rural areas. The main objective of the study is to identify the factors affecting the afforestation of agricultural land carried out in the years 2004–2020 by farmers under the individual financial perspectives of the Rural Development Programme (RDP) in Poland and Lithuania. The study included a review of Polish and Lithuanian regulations aimed at providing financial support for afforestation under the RDP. Moreover, a comparative analysis of the rules and criteria for financial support for afforestation in relation to selected socio-economic indicators of the two countries was carried out. Based on the study results, it can be clearly stated that in both Poland and Lithuania, the support for afforestation under the RDP fails to meet the beneficiaries’ expectations. It would, therefore, be advisable to adapt the Programme to the changing economic conditions and keep the afforested land under the RDP under technical supervision. Support for afforestation should be continued to ensure the improvement in land use and the enhancement of the prospects for long-term economic activity in rural areas as well as to implement the assumptions of the green economy.

An Integrated Spatial Fuzzy‐Based Site Suitability Assessment Framework for Agricultural BMP Placement

ABSTRACTAssigning crisp class boundaries to landscape features can result in the loss of vital information for land evaluation objectives, especially when these boundaries lack clear definitions. This challenge becomes particularly pronounced when land suitability is assessed for implementing agricultural best management practices (BMPs)—conservation measures aimed at reducing the environmental risks of farming activities to aquatic ecosystems while simultaneously achieving water quality and economic objectives. To address the limitations associated with Boolean suitability assessment frameworks, we have introduced an integrated spatial, fuzzy‐based land evaluation framework that considers a range of hydrological and economic determinants for BMP placement. By employing data‐driven fuzzy membership functions and overlay operators, this framework generates a joint suitability index for BMP placement across agricultural watersheds. The application of the proposed framework to the Thames River Watershed in southwestern Ontario, Canada, produced the first joint suitability index of the watershed. Further analysis of the average farm‐level joint suitability scores identified statistically significant clusters of highly suitable and unsuitable lands for BMP placement, with 85% of highly suitable lands being situated in the upper basin areas. The proposed framework is adaptable to various agricultural production geographies, especially in data‐limited environments, allowing for strategic BMP placement to mitigate the global impacts of anthropogenic nutrient loadings on aquatic ecosystems. For optimal results, context‐specific applications should prioritize research on locally relevant fuzzy membership functions and BMP implementation drivers.

Public Perception of the Food Estate Program of Cassava Cultivation as a Strategic Logistic Reserve in Realizing Regional Food Security in Gunung Mas Regency, Central Kalimantan

This research examines the implementation challenges of Indonesia’s Strategic Logistics Reserve Development Program (CLS), specifically focusing on cassava cultivation in Gunung Mas Regency. Launched as part of the 2020-2024 National Strategic Program (PSN), the initiative aims to address potential food security issues exacerbated by the COVID-19 pandemic, land degradation, and climate change. The program's primary goal is to develop food estates to enhance national food security. The study employs a mixed-methods approach, including interviews with key stakeholders, analysis of program documentation, and community surveys to assess the program’s effectiveness and impact. Key findings reveal significant obstacles, including policy misalignment, unsuitable land conditions for cassava, inadequate infrastructure, and a top-down implementation strategy that lacks local community involvement. Results indicate that while the program has led to some positive outcomes, such as job creation and increased food independence, it has also faced severe criticism. Issues such as suboptimal cassava growth, environmental damage, and socio-cultural impacts have led to negative public perceptions. The failure to issue a crucial Presidential Decree, poor inter-governmental coordination, and inadequate understanding of the program by local communities have compounded these challenges. Analysis suggests that the program’s shortcomings are due to a combination of regulatory delays, environmental mismatches, and insufficient stakeholder engagement. To address these issues, the research recommends a comprehensive evaluation of the program, restoration of damaged lands, enhanced community participation, and stronger environmental safeguards. Improved collaboration between central and regional governments and better alignment of policies and infrastructure are essential for the program’s success in achieving its food security objectives.

Optimizing agricultural land use: A GIS-based assessment of suitability in the Sana River Basin, Bosnia and Herzegovina

Abstract The research subject is the application of geographic information systems (GIS) in assessing land suitability for agriculture in the Sana River Basin in Bosnia and Herzegovina. The aim of the research is to apply the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) in identifying suitable areas for agricultural production. Within the AHP framework, the following factors were considered: pedology, land use, elevation, slope, aridity index, and distance from rivers. The results of the suitability assessment underwent reclassification (RP) and cluster analysis processes (CAPs). It was found that very unsuitable land (1) covers an area of 0.15% (RP) or 5.83% (CAP), unsuitable land (2) covers 3.44% (RP) or 17.52% (CAP), conditionally suitable land (3) covers 32.11% or 28.47% (CAP), suitable land (4) covers 56.29% or 28.57% (CAP), and very suitable land (5) covers 7.98% (RP) or 19.59% (CAP). At the study area level, a supervised classification process was conducted to identify land use classes: meadows/pastures, water, forest, agricultural, and built-up areas. RP and CAP results were overlaid with supervised classification results to determine the amount of land used for agricultural purposes within each suitability class. It was determined that currently, for agricultural purposes, 0.04 km2 (RP) or 0.88 km2 (CAP) of very unsuitable land (1) is used, 0.41 km2 (RP) or 7.28 km2 (CAP) of unsuitable land (2), 15.75 km2 (RP) or 27.52 km2 (CAP) of conditionally suitable land (3), 185.15 km2 (RP) or 107.06 km2 (CAP) of suitable land (4), and 42.99 km2 (RP) or 101.65 km2 (CAP) of very suitable land (5). The research findings hold substantial importance in elucidating both the potential and constraints of land use practices as a vital natural resource within agriculture. They also have practical importance for relevant institutions in terms of agricultural sector development and making timely land use planning decisions for sustainable development.

POTENSI LAHAN SAWAH UNTUK PENGEMBANGAN TANAMAN TEMBAKAU DI KABUPATEN BONDOWOSO

The plantation sector, especially tobacco plants, is the biggest contributor to the country's foreign exchange value non-mining through tobacco excise and export. With the increasing number of active smokers in Indonesia, the need for tobacco continues to increase, emphasizing the role of this crop in the economy and providing large profits for farmers. However, along with the growing issue of land use change, recently many tobacco plants have been planted on unsuitable land. The research was conducted on all rice fields in Bondowoso Regency from October 2022 to March 2023. The land suitability evaluation method was used to assess land characteristics that affect tobacco plant growth. The parameters used were soil pH, soil texture, C-organic, electrical conductivity, cations bases (K, Ca, Na, Mg), cation exchange capacity (CEC), base saturation, total N, available and exchangeable K, slope, temperature, and rainfall. Data analysis was carried out by matching techniques, namely matching land characteristics with the growing conditions of tobacco plants to get some suitable land suitability classes for tobacco plants. The results of the analysis showed that the area of ​​land currently planted with tobacco reaches about 12,155.06 hectares, with a suitable class (S2) reaching 897.82 hectares, marginal (S3) reaching 1,614.44 hectares, and not suitable (N) reaching 9,642.79 hectares. Land that has the potential to grow tobacco is S2 (quite suitable) and S3 (marginal).

Pemetaan Potensi Lahan Pertanian Padi Sawah Berdasarkan Indeks Potensi Lahan di Kabupaten Solok Selatan

South Solok Regency is one of the areas that lacks information about the potential of agricultural land in South Solok. The purpose of this study is to map the level of land potential based on the land potential index in South Solok Regency. In this study, it uses tiered quantitative research methods. The quantitative method is a method that uses the provision of values and score calculations in each parameter, this study also uses overlay techniques from several maps for produce information which is then analyzed. The result of the study is the level of land potential based on the land potential index in South Solok Regency is divided into four classes, namely appropriate, very appropriate, less appropriate, and not appropriate. Each with an area of the unsuitable land potential index class covering an area of 348098.6985 Ha, a very suitable paddy field potential index covering an area of 6394.84462 Ha, a suitable paddy field potential index covering an area of 3174.27358 Ha, an unsuitable rice field potential index covering an area of 1551.629185 Ha. The potential level of paddy rice agricultural land based on the land potential index in South Solok Regency has two potential classes, namely appropriate and very appropriate. So the potential area of land suitable for paddy rice farming in South Solok Regency covers an area of 26705,855 Ha.

Agricultural land suitability analysis in Manipur, India using GIS and AHP

This article aims to identify potential sites for agricultural use in the state of Manipur of north east India by employing the analytic hierarchy process in a geographic information system environment in conjunction with the use of remote sensing and soil data. Within the analytic hierarchy process, each terrain variable underwent a pairwise comparison and criteria weights were assigned according to their relative importance. Eight variables were selected and used in land suitability analysis for agriculture. It was found that Manipur had 57% (12,660 km2) of its total geographical area suitable for agriculture. However, 8126 km2 (37%) and 1374 km2 (6%) of the total geographical area was currently and permanently unsuitable land respectively. The distribution of suitable land varied greatly, with highly, moderately and marginally suitable land covering only 8%, 16% and 33% respectively of the total geographical area. The highly suitable agricultural land is predominantly concentrated in the Imphal valley (70%), though 90% of moderately suitable and 96% of marginally suitable land also exist in the hills. The hilly areas constitute 96% and 97% respectively of currently unsuitable and permanently unsuitable land in the state. Suitable land comprises of land with low to medium altitude, gentle to moderate slopes, soil of fine or acceptable quality, and with minimal flood risk. Unsuitable lands tend to be diametrically opposite to these attributes with steep hill slopes. The nature of distribution of land suitability types influences the agricultural pattern in Manipur. Agriculture in the hill areas comprises mainly of shifting cultivation on hill slopes, whereas in the valley region it is irrigated and permanent. This analysis of Manipur has a wider applicability since the shifting cultivation-irrigated agriculture combination is similar to that which exists across much of the highlands of South East Asia.

Application of GIS and Multi-Criteria Analysis (MCA) in Land Evaluation at Ninh Phuoc District, Ninh Thuan Province, Vietnam

This study was conducted to assess land suitability (land evaluation) in the Ninh Phuoc districts in order to identify evidence for recommending main crops effectively and sustainably using agricultural land under drought conditions. Results indicated that Ninh Phuoc district had 83 land mapping units (LMUs), with 10 main land use types (LUTs) of rice, annual cash crops, and perennial plants. About 99.2% of agricultural land was classified as high suitability (S1), moderate suitability (S2), and marginal suitability (S3) for most LUTs, while non-suitability (N) lands were very small (0.8%). This study’s land suitability classification analysis has offered valuable insights into the current land use situation in Ninh Phuoc district and proposes sustainable land management recommendations. It has taken into account various land use criteria and assumptions. The study has proposed the following actions for sustainable land use: (i) Maintain highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) land areas, (ii) Renovate or convert marginally suitable land (S3) to suitable tree planting/forestation, (iii) Convert unsuitable land (N) to forestry, grass, or plants that enhance soil quality, and (iv) Preserve existing forest areas without encroachment. Specific results in Ninh Phuoc district when applying land suitability classification for future orientation are as follows: maintain 14,859.31 ha, which has high suitability (S1) and moderate suitability (S2) levels; maintain 30.78 hectares of grass and convert 335 hectares to other suitable trees/forest plantations for the suitable marginal area (S3); Convert 122 ha of Not Suitable (N) to afforestation/grass/apply land soil improvement measure; For more than 3700 hectares of unused land, put into use 343.53 ha for growing spice plants, 8.67 ha for rice, 677.18 ha for planting forest trees, 2,691.50 ha for development of pasture and grazing.

Evaluasi Kesesuaian Lahan untuk Tanaman Cabai Merah (Capcisum Annuum.,L) di Kecamatan X Koto Kabupaten Tanah Datar

The research in X Koto sub-district aim to assess the suitability of land for red chilies and determine the direction of land suitability development. The research method used is descriptive re-search with a quantitative approach, the data used is secondary data and data processing is carried out with fuzzy logc and Bolean logic techniques. The resuls of this study show the land suitability index for red chili plants in X Koto District. Unsuitable land, covering an area of 4986 Ha. The land is suitable enough to be suitable evenly distributed in every village in X Koto District with an area of 5430 Ha. The land is very suitable with an area of 4866 Ha The area of direction for the development of red chili plants in X Koto District which can be developed for red chili plants covering an area of 5128 Ha which is dominant in Nagari Koto Laweh, Aia Angek, Pandai Sikek, Panyalaian. While the area that cannot be developed for red chili plants is 10,157 Ha found in Nagari, Singgalang, and Tambangan.

Geospatial evaluation of the agricultural suitability and land use compatibility in Europe's temperate continental climate region

Land suitability assessment is used in conjunction with geographic information systems to spatially model diverse aspects of soil functions, having the potential to facilitate a sustainable increase in agricultural production, reduce land degradation, or aid humans in adapting to climate change. Compared to the existing datasets, this study provides a new higher resolution geospatial assessment of the agricultural land suitability for several crops and land uses in the temperate continental climate across Europe. To model the land suitability we used geospatial data depicting seventeen eco-pedological indicators (e.g. soil texture, pH, porosity, temperature, precipitation, slope). To evaluate how the land is utilized, the suitability maps have been spatially cross-tabulated with a crop map. Over the entire study area, wheat and barley showed significant suitable land in the southern part, potatoes, and sugar beet exhibited the highest extent of suitable land in the northern parts, while corn and sunflower exhibited a much lower extent of suitable land. Water table depth, precipitation, temperature, terrain slope, soil porosity, SOC, and topsoil texture emerged as the limiting factors for agricultural suitability in the study area. Our results show that the suitable arable land does not have space left for the expansion of crops, however, we have identified regions with extensive cultivation of wheat and corn on unsuitable land with the potential for cultivation of more suitable crops such as barley, sunflower, sugar beet, and potato. It seems that one action that can enhance agricultural practices in the study area is to better allocate each cultivated crop across more suitable lands.

ՀԱՅԱՍՏԱՆՈՒՄ ԳՅՈՒՂԱՏՆՏԵՍԱԿԱՆ ՀՈՂԱՏԵՍՔԵՐԻ ԿԱԴԱՍՏՐԱՅԻՆ ԳՆԱՀԱՏՄԱՆ, ՓՈՓՈԽՈՒԹՅԱՆ ԵՎ ՀՈՂԱԳՆԱՀԱՏՄԱՆ ԽՄԲԵՐԻ ՍԱՀՄԱՆՄԱՆ ԳՈՐԾՈՂ ՄԵԹՈԴԱԲԱՆՈՒԹՅԱՆ ՎԵՐԼՈՒԾՈՒԹՅՈՒՆ

The cadastral assessment and net income of agricultural lands in the Republic of Armenia are determined by the government decision of July 3, 1997 No. 237 “On approval of the state land cadastre data of agricultural lands and unsuitable lands of the Republic of Armenia”. Agricultural lands are changed by decision of the Government of the Republic of Armenia dated September 17, 2009 No. 1066-N “On approval of the procedure for changing agricultural lands of the Republic of Armenia”. In this article, we examined some aspects of the current methodology, which, in our opinion, require revision or additional arguments. We calculated the missing values in the Appendix to Decision N 237 of 1997 of the Government of Armenia. These values are the net income of some groups of cadastral assessments of agricultural lands using the formula in the article. The map of land-cadastral zoning of the Republic of Armenia, which has not yet been digitized, was digitized for the first time and schematically presented in the article.

The estimated suitability of land for hemp cultivation in the western region of Romania

In any region of the globe, the cultivation of industrial crops, including hemp, imposes certain conditions related to relief, climate, hydrology, or soil. The interrelations between these factors lead to differentiations regarding the establishment of cultivation zones and implicitly in terms of productivity. This study aimed to identify suitable areas for hemp cultivation and generate favorability maps in western Romania, based on GIS and MCDA techniques. Ten factors, significantly important for hemp cultivation, related to relief, climatic conditions, soil, and human intervention were considered. Following spatial analyses using the Weighted Overlay Analysis (WOA) method, the territory was classified into four zones: Zone I, with highly suitable lands (26%), located in the western half, overlapping with plain areas and river valleys; Zone II, with moderately suitable lands (28%), located in regions of high plains and hilly areas; Zone III, with marginal lands (3%), located in some depression areas, hilly areas, or at the contact with pre-mountainous areas; Zone IV, with unsuitable lands for hemp cultivation, in mountainous areas, under restrictive environmental conditions. The obtained results can be used in land management strategies or by farmers for estimating available land resources.

Morphological Characterization of Cacao Plants (Theobroma cacao L.) from Dharmasraya Regency of West Sumatra

Dharmasraya, a regency in West Sumatra Province, has traditionally focused on cultivating oil palm and rubber. However, due to a decline in prices for these commodities, there has been a shift towards cultivating cacao plants. Despite several years of cultivation, cacao production in Dharmasraya Regency remains low. This is attributed to unsuitable land and weather conditions, as well as the use of inferior plant material and uncertain origins of the cacao clone. To address these issues, a research study was conducted to assess the diversity and similarity of cacao plants in Dharmasraya Regency. The study focused on four locations within Sitiung Subdistrict: Siguntur, Sitiung, Gunung Medan, and Sungai Duo. A purposive sampling method was used to select the sample plants. The data was analyzed descriptively, and similarity analysis was performed using the NTSYS 2.02 software. The study identified seven different clones of cacao plants, each with distinct morphological characteristics in terms of leaves, flowers, fruits, and seeds. The phenotypic similarity analysis revealed a coefficient value ranging from 23% to 47%, indicating a moderate level of similarity, and a variability value ranging from 53% to 77%. It was found that qualitative traits exhibited a narrow range of variability, while quantitative traits displayed a broader range of phenotypic variability.

Analisis Kesesuaian Lahan Pertanian dengan Program Lahan Sawah Dilindungi di Kabupaten Lombok Barat

Protected paddy fields (LSD) is one of the government programs from the Ministry of Agrarian and Spatial Planning / Head of the National Land Agency which aims to control the conversion of rice fields and meet the availability of paddy fields to support national food. The agriculture office has also developed the concept of sustainable agricultural land and food (LP2B) which will be used as regional regulations that will be a reference in development and have goals that are in line with LSD. The obstacle to the implementation of this government program is land ownership by residents, so it tends to be difficult to maintain agricultural areas, West Lombok Regency based on the decision of the Minister of Agrarian and Spatial Planning / Head of the National Land Agency has determined a map of protected rice fields (LSD) covering an area of 9,102.17 Ha which is currently unknown condition, whether this area has been fulfilled properly. The purpose of this study is to determine the suitability of agricultural land by looking at the protected paddy field program. The research method uses argis overlay analysis and literature studies and interviews. The results of the analysis found that the unsuitable land area was 992.03 ha or 7% of the total area of protected rice fields based on the Regional Spatial Plan (RTRW). The findings were that there were 26501.62 ha of paddy field designation in accordance with the RTRW that had not been designated as protected rice fields (LSD).

Geo-information Technology-Based Suitability Site Selection for Temperate Fruits of Apple, Peach, and Plum in Tigray Region, Northern Ethiopia

Introduction: Growing temperate fruits in its appropriate region is important for growers and is used as a means of improving agricultural production, helps to improve livelihood of the community and source of income. The land needs to careful and appropriate use that is vital to achieve optimum production and productivity, and to guarantee environmental sustainability for the future generation. This requires an effective and up to date land information for effective utilization, management, and for decision making purpose. All agricultural crops, needs their ecological requirements for modelling the spatiotemporal distribution of land suitability potential and for performing agricultural activities effectively and accurately. There is a problem related to proper site selection for growing temperate fruits in the Tigray region and to solve this problem GIS-based suitability site selection for growing temperate fruit trees is important for getting better production and to help in improving the livelihood of the community.
 Methods: To identify the ecological requirements, for growing temperate fruits considers the physical, meteorological, and landscape environmental factors. To come up with the best suitability regions, physical, meteorological, and landscape spatial layers of the study area were collected from different primary and secondary data sources and stored in a personal geodatabase with the same resolution, cell size, and projection system. After collecting the important parameters, reclassification of these factors and using their influences, overlay analysis was performed to get the potential suitability sites for apple, plum, and peach fruits, and the model result was validated using ground control points.
 The Results: According to the overlay-based suitability modeling approach, suitability sites of these low chilling temperate fruits were identified and mapped. Apple has a potential of 21% as suitable land and 79% as an unsuitable area of the total area of 54,573km2, peach has a potential of 17% as suitable land and 83% as unsuitable land and plum has a potential of 27% as suitable land and 73% as unsuitable land in Tigray region. Around 50 ground control points (GCP) was collected from the ground, and 80% of the ground data were fitted with the suitability sites found from the overlay analysis modeling.
 Conclusion: This information was used as a baseline information for different agricultural experts, stakeholders, research organizations, NGO’s and policy makers for growing of low-chilling temperate fruits and getting a good production in the region.

Impact of Land Use Change on Land Capability in Katingan Regency, Central Kalimantan, Indonesia

The imbalance between land use and land capability can cause environmental problems in Katingan Regency. This study aims to analyze changes in land use change for the 2015-2021 period, land capability, land cover suitability with land capability in Katingan Regency. This research uses the method of overlaying the 2015 and 2021 land cover maps, analyzing land capability with variables of erosion maps, flood maps, and aridity maps, and analyzing land suitability by overlapping land use maps and land capability maps. The results show that land use change is 67.864 ha with map accuracy KA = 90.6% and OA 81.1%, while the concentration of land use change in Malan Island District with an LQ value of 2.5. Land capability is divided into three with the limiting factors of erosion, flooding, and slope class, namely: class II, III, IV, VI, and VII which are designated as productive paddy fields, dry land agriculture, and agriculture mixed with shrubs. Land use change has an impact on land capability, namely the increase of unsuitable land by 23.050 ha. This research can provide important information for taking policies and strategies for optimizing land use at the site level in Katingan Regency in the future.

Special Pattern and Distribution Land Suitability for Moringa (Moringa Oleifera) in Kupang District

The Kupang Regency in East Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia, experiences 8-9 dry months annually and relies heavily on agricultural and livestock activities, integral to its population. Moringa cultivation for livestock feed is interconnected with these activities. To assess the spatial suitability of moringa plantations, a descriptive study utilized GIS software and overlay methods, incorporating elevation, slope, annual rainfall, temperature data, and land use maps. After excluding forested, residential, and other areas, Kupang Regency's total land area was 288,497 ha. Of this, 114,239 ha were found highly suitable, 138,040 ha moderately suitable, and 36,218 ha unsuitable for moringa cultivation. East Kupang Subdistrict ranked highest in suitable land (16,232 ha), followed by Takari (11,932 ha), Sulamu (9,281 ha), and West Kupang (8,208 ha). Conversely, Fatuleu Tengah (27 ha), Amfoang Tengah (96 ha), and Amfoang Selatan (409 ha) had the least very suitable land. Similarly, Takari (18,279 ha), West Fatuleu (15,784 ha), Fatuleu (14,194 ha), West Amarasi (10,620 ha), and South Amfoang (10,130 ha) excelled in moderately suitable land. In contrast, South Semau (246 ha), East Kupang (434 ha), and Central Kupang (960 ha) had the smallest moderately suitable areas. Unsuitable land for moringa, like South Amfoang (10,270 ha) and Amfoang Tengah (8,932 ha), were prominent. This research aids in identifying optimal locations for moringa cultivation, aligning farming practices with the region's agricultural needs.

Effect of oxidative stress on the reproductive performance of Hair Goat

Small ruminants are the type of animals that make the most of unsuitable land and contribute significantly to the country's economy. In order to achieve maximum yield from these animals, it is necessary to optimize nutrition and minimize stress factors. One of the important consequences of management and nutrition has been demonstrated by scientists to be oxidative stress. Oxidative stress affect the normal functioning of many physiological systems. In this study, oxidative stress index (OSI), total oxidation level (TOS) and total antioxidant (TAS) levels were investigated in 20 male and 100 female hair goats during the breeding season (October) and out-of-season (May). Females between the ages of 2-6 years and male hair goats aged 2-4 years were used in the study. The correlation between TAS, TOS, and OSI and fertility was evaluated according to sex and season. TAS, TOS and OSI values in female hair goats in October and May were, respectively; 1.28, 1.34; 11.02, 7.13; 0.87, 0.53; in males 1.32, 1.44; 4.24, 8.84; 0.32, 0.63 μmol/L. As a result, it was concluded that as the TOS level increased, the yield of the offspring decreased, and the increase in the TAS level positively affected the yield of the offspring.

Settlement Development Based On Environmental Carrying Capacity In Batu City, Indonesia

The increase in population and demand for settlement facilities and infrastructure affects the attractiveness of Batu city (Indonesia) and has a significant impact on the environmentWe perform spatial mapping of the environmental carrying capacity in developing settlements using the overlay-geoprocessing method. This method is based on unit indicators such as slope, morthology, soil type, elevation, and potential for disasters for obtaining the data on land capability, land suitability, and settlement development plans. Land capability analysis shows that slope, morthology and altitude are the main factors for attributing moderate, low, and poor development capability. The land capability unit shows the areas with slope steepness and land morthology that are not appropriate for intensively developing areas. Batu City areas of moderate, low, and poor development capacity cover 13,365.14 ha, 3193.04 ha, and 2858.07 ha. We also demonstrate that there is about 2,363 ha of unsuitable land use with poor land capability and 3,784.28 ha of land can be developed for settlement. Using this approach we determine saturation point in the residential area plan, because the environmental impact will increase if no threshold is given for residential development.