Unstable Environment Research Articles

Online Classification of Network Traffic Based on Granular Computing

At Presently, it is still a great challenge to achieve online classification of traffic flows due to the highly varying network environments, e.g., unpredictable new traffic classes, network noise, and congestion. Traditional classification methods work well in stable network environments, but may not exhibit their performance in dynamic environments. To address online classification issues, a granular computing-based classification model (GCCM) is developed, where the spatial and temporal flow granules are defined to make GCCM robust against variations and less sensitive to noise, and the correlations among flow granules are explored to establish the granular relation matrix (GRM). The inherent burst features between packets indicated by GRM prompt GCCM to achieve fine classification in unstable network environments. GCCM analyzes the burst features of packets without inspecting the payload information, and thus can be used to classify encrypted traffic as well as unencrypted traffic at a fast speed. In addition, the GCCM model, depending on difference measurement <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$D(\cdot)$</tex-math> </inline-formula> , is a threshold-based classification, and therefore can be used to distinguish between time-varying classes. The validity of GCCM for online traffic classification is examined through theoretical results. The experimental evaluation of classification for fine and varied classes under dynamic network environments with noise and congestion also demonstrates its superiority in terms of classification accuracy and real-time performance with the state-of-the-art.

The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on nursing students’ navigation of their nursing programmes and experiences of resilience. A qualitative study

IntroductionHigh-quality pre-registration student nurse training and development is integral to developing a sustainable and competent global nursing workforce. Internationally, student nurse recruitment rates have increased since the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic; however, attrition rates for student nurses are high. During the pandemic, many student nurses considered leaving the programme due to academic concerns, feeling overwhelmed, and doubting their clinical skills. Little was known about the extent to which nursing education prior to COVID-19 had prepared students for their role in managing the healthcare crisis or the impact on their resilience. Thus, this study aimed to explore how the COVID-19 pandemic impacted on the resilience levels of student nurses across the United Kingdom. MethodsData were collected as part of a multi-site qualitative study named ‘COV-ED Nurse’ and involved pre-placement surveys, placement diaries, and post-placement interviews with nursing students. Student nurse participants were recruited from across the United Kingdom, from all years of study, and from all four nursing branches: children, adult, mental health, and learning disabilities. Participants were asked to complete a pre-placement survey that collected demographic details and information about their placement expectations. They were also asked to record a weekly audio-visual or written diary to describe their placement experiences, and, on completion of their placements, students were interviewed to explore their experiences of this time. Data were thematically analysed using the Framework Approach. Ethical approvals were obtained. ResultsTwo hundred and sixteen students took part in the wider study. The current study involved a subset of 59 students’ data. Four main themes were identified: ‘coping with increased levels of acuity’, ‘perceived risks of the pandemic’, ‘resilience when facing uncertainty and isolation’, and ‘the importance of coping mechanisms and support structures.’ DiscussionFrom this study, we have generated insights that can be applied to nursing research, education, policy, and practice and identified the wide-ranging impact that the COVID-19 pandemic had on student nurses and their abilities to remain resilient in an unstable environment. The value of communication and support networks from a wide range of sources was highlighted as key to navigating many uncertainties. In addition, the extent to which students were able to navigate their personal and professional roles and identities influenced their ability to cope with and continue along their training pathways.

The fluidity of money in Zimbabwe and the survival of urban informal traders in the past five years.

The last ten years in Zimbabwe have witnessed the unfolding of many economic episodes characterised by different forms of money. The year 2009 saw Zimbabwe abolishing its Zimbabwean dollar at the zenith of the world record hyper-inflation. This was followed by the adoption of the multicurrency regime which was however dominated by the US dollar. The multicurrency adoption managed to extinguish inflation and this also saw the flourishing of the informal sector in response to improved disposable income for the people. Subsequent to that, there has been a lot of changes on the monetary landscape such as the shortages of the US dollars due to liquidity problems, a significant reduction in the circulation of US dollar bank notes, the collapse of the mobile money platforms in response to the liquidity challenges, the emergence of a multi-layered pricing system as well as the recently promulgated SI 142 that saw the adoption of the mono-currency punctuated by the return of the Zimbabwean dollar. Urban informal traders heavily rely on the exchange of money in its different forms hence any changes on the monetary side tend to affect them. The ability to restock by the informal traders is negatively affected by an unstable environment. This study therefore seeks to document how informal traders have been responding to the many changes outlined in this overview that have characterised the Zimbabwean economic environment.

Electric vehicle charging scheduling control strategy for the large-scale scenario with non-cooperative game-based multi-agent reinforcement learning

With the popularity of electric vehicles (EVs), electric vehicle charging scheduling control in the complex urban environment has become a hot research issue, especially the use of multi-agent reinforcement learning (MARL) to solve game problems in the process of EV scheduling. In a complex and unstable environment involving high-speed dynamic changes of vehicles, the traditional methods have poor learning effects. In this paper, a multi-agent charge scheduling control framework with the cooperative vehicle infrastructure system (CVIS) is proposed to solve the game problems between electric vehicle charging stations (EVCSs) and EVs. To achieve effective control of electric vehicle charging stations in large-scale road networks, a new multi-agent A2C algorithm based on a non-cooperative game (NCG-MA2C) is proposed. In the proposed NCG-MA2C algorithm, the state representation is based on the K-nearest neighbor multi-head attention mechanism, the action definition is based on the proposed adaptive service price adjustment strategy, and spatio-temporal discount joint reward stable learning convergence. The results show that the proposed algorithm has good performance in increasing the efficiency of EVCSs while reducing EV charging cost compared with the fixed strategy, the greedy strategy, the independent Q learning (IQL) algorithm, the multi-agent Q-learning algorithm (MAIQL), and the multi-agent deep deterministic policy gradient (MADDPG) algorithm. The NCG-MA2C algorithm has strong extensibility and validity in the complex urban environment.

A new structure of stochastic solutions to the NLSE in unstable dispersive environments via Rayleigh distribution

A new structure of stochastic solutions to the NLSE in unstable dispersive environments via Rayleigh distribution

Previous crop and herbicide timing application effects on weed population growth rate

AbstractA well‐designed crop rotation can create an unstable environment that disrupts weed population growth rates. In combination with effective herbicide programs, growers may maintain weed populations at levels below competitive and economic thresholds. The objectives of the present study were to evaluate how the preceding rotational crop determines the response of weed populations to in‐season postemergence herbicide programs and the weed population density of the following crop season. The first‐year crop treatments were corn (Zea mays L.), cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.), peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.), grain sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench.], and soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.]. In the second year, all plots were planted with cotton, and herbicide treatments were single applications 2 or 6 weeks after planting (WAP), two sequential applications 2 and 4 or 4 and 6 WAP, three sequential applications 2, 4, and 6 WAP, and a weedy control without herbicides was included. In the absence of herbicides, corn had the lowest population growth rates for broadleaf weeds (λ = 0.8) while peanut and grain sorghum had the highest (λ = 1.7 and 1.3, respectively). The results indicated that herbicide applications focused exclusively on preventing yield loss may not be sufficient to ensure weed population reductions. Thus, the observed population growth rates (λ = 2 for grassy weeds and λ = 1.26 for broadleaved weeds) indicated that weed issues would continue increasing, despite meeting yield goals. Considering population growth rates when assessing weed management strategies is key to determining the sustainability of the crop production operation.

Emergent Talent Management Model and Industry Toolkit During a Pandemic – An Investigation in the Vietnamese Banking Sector

There is still limited research studying multilevel factors influencing talent management (TM) practices in general and TM practices in the Vietnamese banking sector, particularly within the Covid pandemic context. Considering this gap, this article has three research objectives: developing a conceptual framework about multilevel contextual factors affecting TM within the studied sector, assessing the framework's suitability and applicability, and proposing a TM model and toolkit for bank leaders to improve TM strategic planning. The study employed the qualitative research method and semi-structured interviews with bank managers from different types of banks. The conceptual framework formulated in this study indicates a progression in examining factors influencing TM practices in developing countries. All the interviewees revealed their interest in studying the framework and their agreement with the arrangement of the relevant factors in the framework. As per the suggestion from the interviewees about the need to develop a TM model or guideline to execute TM practices, this paper also provides a suggested TM model with specific steps and an industry toolkit used for TM strategic planning and decision-making process based on the proposed framework. The model's steps, indicating explicit recommendations for bank managers to enhance TM effectiveness, are arranged in accordance with the process included in the proposed framework's TM flow. Besides, the reflection questions in the toolkit are helpful for managers to improve their critical thinking about their actual TM flow. The transformation from the framework to the toolkit can be viewed as how theoretical contribution can lead to managerial implications. This study contributes to the progress of contemporary TM literature during historical events in unstable business environments. It can be seen as a contribution to the applications of TM literature in practice.

Systematic Approach to Sustainable Development in Agricultural and Food Systems – Example of Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) and the Arctic Zone

The relevance of the study is conditioned by the need to apply a systematic approach to the investigation of agricultural production features as a complex dynamic structure that functions in an unstable market environment and depends on the influence of natural changes. In this regard, this study aims to identify socio-economic, natural, and environmental factors that affect the sustainable development of agricultural sectors, as well as predict the impact of material, technological, and climatic factors on the health and stability of the entire system. The leading method for studying this problem is the method of a systematic approach, which allows investigating agricultural production as a complex dynamic structure that functions in an unstable market environment and depends on the influence of natural factors. In addition, this study involved the following research methods: the method of structural analysis, comparative, statistical, and deduction methods, classification method. The study presents the factors directly or indirectly influencing the development of northern agriculture, predicts the impact of these factors on the stability of the system, and shows possible ways to overcome the negative impact. The regional management system directly affected the level of food self-sufficiency of the Sakha Republic. To improve the current situation, it is necessary to review the mechanisms of interaction between state institutions and agricultural producers. Furthermore, there is an entire list of factors that negatively affect the functioning of the agricultural sector of Yakutia. The situation requires an immediate design of a policy for the development of rural areas through the socio-economic development of villages in the region. The research materials are of practical value for the governing bodies of the agro-industrial complex of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia), as well as teachers and students studying the issues of sustainable development of agriculture.

A Survey of Localization Techniques for Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks

With the continuous development of marine resources, the position of Underwater Wireless Sensor Network (UWSN) is becoming more and more important, and UWSN needs to know the location of sensor nodes when completing tasks such as marine data collection, environmental monitoring, and aiding navigation, etc. Accurate sensor node location information is the key to effective acquisition of underwater data. The key to effective underwater data acquisition is accurate sensor node location information. Due to the influence of the environment, global positioning system (GPS) signals cannot be propagated underwater, so hydroacoustic communication becomes the best choice for node positioning. However, the unstable underwater environment brings a series of challenges to hydroacoustic communication, such as high channel bit error rate, low bandwidth, large propagation delay, and obvious multipath effect. According to the characteristics and challenges of hydroacoustic communication, this paper classifies the localization algorithms of underwater wireless sensor networks into (i) distance-based and distance-free localization algorithms, (ii) single-hop and multi-hop localization algorithms, and (iii) distributed and centralized localization algorithms.

Deep convection, lightning activity and population impact over northwest Mexico: Coastal hotspots from 2009 to 2018

AbstractNorthwest Mexico (NWM) is an extensive region with a humid and unstable environment leading to atmospheric convection during the North American monsoon. Occasionally, extreme events are associated with severe weather, including deep convection, heavy rainfall and frequent lightning. Based on the period from July through September 2009–2018, the present study investigates general characteristics of convection. Geostationary satellites were used to document three‐dimensional cloud cover structures over the mainland, Gulf of California (GOC) and Baja California Peninsula (BCP). The convection developed over the Sierra Madre Occidental (SMO) mountains with a distinct cloud top structure over the southern GOC. In contrast, reduced cloud cover was observed over the peninsula and eastern Pacific Ocean. An active (2014) and inactive (2010) season are examined in more detail; the former had a more favourable environmental setting to support above‐normal convection and rainfall with respect to the 10‐year average. A regional‐scale analysis of lightning was computed with data from a ground‐based sensor network, including date, time and location of more than 16 million records. Major findings include: (1) lightning enhancement occurred in conjunction with deep convection, west of the SMO from the afternoon through the evening, while the gulf entrance became a well‐defined hotspot close to the mainland coastal plains overnight; (2) most lightning‐related deaths were in specific areas near the coastal plains or within isolated regions of the SMO foothills; (3) high exposure is expected in areas with considerable lightning and population located within 100 km from the gulf coastline. These findings are valuable for monitoring monsoon thunderstorms and for improving the ability to provide timely warnings of severe weather.

Przywództwo edukacyjne oraz przywództwo oparte na wartościach jako odpowiedź na współczesne środowisko VUCA

The publication addresses the issue of educational leadership, particularly value-based leadership, which can respond to today's VUCA environment. A critical analysis of the literature and survey research was conducted. A model of educational leadership was proposed that takes into account the basic elements that build the foundation of educational leadership: competencies, values, vision and influence relationships. It was established that in such a challenging environment as the volatile, unstable VUCA environment, values become the foundation, the backbone on which the younger generation can build. Generation Z expects their leader to be guided by values in life. They expect him or her to be a witness to values, a witness to values, not just a preacher of values. The research also resulted in a hierarchy of characteristics/values of the ideal educational leader as determined by Generation Z. The research further showed that the values from the canon of the Greek triad, i.e.: goodness, truth and beauty, are still crucial in the consciousness of the young generation without becoming obsolete. Keywords: educational leadership, leader competencies, values, leadership paradigm, VUCA environment, Generation Z

Assessing multi-hazard susceptibility to cryospheric hazards: Lesson learnt from an Alaskan example

Classifying a given landscape on the basis of its susceptibility to surface processes is a standard procedure in low to mid-latitudes. Conversely, these procedures have hardly been explored in periglacial regions. However, global warming is radically changing this situation and will change it even more in the future. For this reason, understanding the spatial and temporal dynamics of geomorphological processes in peri-arctic environments can be crucial to make informed decisions in such unstable environments and shed light on what changes may follow at lower latitudes. For this reason, here we explored the use of data-driven models capable of recognizing locations prone to develop retrogressive thaw slumps (RTSs) and/or active layer detachments (ALDs). These are cryospheric hazards induced by permafrost degradation, and their development can negatively affect human settlements or infrastructure, change the sediment budget and release greenhouse gases. Specifically, we test a binomial Generalized Additive Modeling structure to estimate the probability of RST and ALD occurrences in the North sector of the Alaskan territory. The results we obtain show that our binary classifiers can accurately recognize locations prone to RTS and ALD, in a number of goodness-of-fit (AUCRTS = 0.83; AUCALD = 0.86), random cross-validation (mean AUCRTS = 0.82; mean AUCALD = 0.86), and spatial cross-validation (mean AUCRTS = 0.74; mean AUCALD = 0.80) routines. Overall, our analytical protocol has been implemented to build an open-source tool scripted in Python where all the operational steps are automatized for anyone to replicate the same experiment. Our protocol allows one to access cloud-stored information, pre-process it, and download it locally to be integrated for spatial predictive purposes.

A method for searching the best static program for nuclear power unit control in the event of perturbations of different nature

Considering the current state of Ukraine's energy sector in a dangerous and unstable environment, the operation of nuclear power plants is one of the most important sources of electricity supply for the state. The development of the theory of optimal control and the technical level of automated process control systems in the current state of affairs make it possible not to reduce the efficiency of controlling a nuclear power unit, not only by changing the parameters at any load, but also by changing the structure of automation equipment capable of implementing a certain static control program of power, which currently eliminates the influence of internal and external disturbances, without reducing safety indicators. The article considers the situation when the linear programming method is not applicable for solving the control problem. In this case, the decision at each stage does not depend on the decision at the previous one. This is where target programming comes in handy –this is one of the methods of multi-criteria optimization, in the theory of which decision-making problems are solved simultaneously according to several criteria. The purpose of the work is to ensure the safe and efficient operation of a nuclear power unit in an energy system that is not constant in operational states. Using a mathematical model of a nuclear power unit, experiments were carried out to simulate the switching of controlprograms. The simulation model of the automated power control system, based on the bumpless switching of static programs according to the technological methods of operating power equipment, made it possible to form a change in the current model of the control program, as well as eliminate the static control error and get the response of process dependent parameters to program switching. Also, based on the results of the research, an objective function was proposed, which includes three normalized criteria with different objectives. In particular, the problem of optimizing the switching of static power control programs was solved by minimizing the objective function, which combines such characteristics as the efficiency and safety of the operation of a nuclear power unit.

Why the turbulent buoyant plumes evolve to round cross sections? A ‘Constructal’ view

The turbulent buoyant plumes are fundamental turbulent structures that are responsible for the heat transfer by convection in numerous complex systems. Many of these plumes have an elliptic cross section near the source and evolve to round cross sections in the far–field. In this work, we study the convective flow of turbulent buoyant plumes with an elliptic cross section to see if an explanation for their transition to round cross sections can be given by the ‘Constructal Law’. We consider the mixing length theory in order to obtain an energy–consistent plume model for the elliptic turbulent plumes. We study the dependency of the flow, buoyancy and entrainment on the eccentricity of the plume using both the self–similar solutions, and the numerical solutions of our integral model. We show that the vertical (longitudinal) flow is optimized for round cross sections in both unstratisfied and unstable environments, which suggests that indeed the ‘Constructal Law’ might be able to explain the transition. In addition, we study the entropy generation of the turbulent plumes and show that an explanation based on a principal of minimisation/maximisation of entropy generation cannot be given for the evolution of the plumes to round cross sections.

The Effect of Individual Entrepreneurial Orientation on Career Development: The Mediating Role of Entrepreneurial Leadership

Organizations need to employ strategies to maintain and improve valuable resources and use human competencies effectively to achieve development in the current unstable and Knowledge-based environment. One of these strategies is planning and organizing the career path. As a powerful arm of a government, regarding support and food security services, the career development of employees in the Ministry of Agriculture is one of the most important management tasks that creates added value. The present study examines the effect of entrepreneurial organizational leadership and individual entrepreneurial orientation on career development and investigates the mediating role of entrepreneurial leadership. For this purpose, data were collected from 235 employees of the Ministry of Agriculture who were selected randomly through a questionnaire. The results showed that individual entrepreneurial orientation and entrepreneurial organizational leadership had a positive and significant effect on career development, and entrepreneurial leadership significantly mediated the effect of individual entrepreneurial orientation on career development.

Supply Chains Reconfiguration in a Post-Pandemic Era: An Exploratory Bibliometric Analysis

In an unstable global business environment, reconfiguring global supply chains is a necessary step. Supply chain reconfiguration gives the supply chain the ability to adapt quickly; new supply chain structures allow for increased responsiveness and flexibility to deal with disruptions. The main objective of this paper is to identify the research interest in the area regarding the supply chain reconfiguration. The study is based on a quantitative research method, namely bibliometric analysis. By querying the existing database on the Scopus platform, scientific papers (research articles, books, papers presented at conferences) containing the keywords in the title, abstract, or in the keywords of the documents have been identified. The research results confirm the increasing academic interest in supply chain reconfiguration.

이주민 남미 청소년들의 자아존중감, 긍정성 향상, 우울감소를 위한 무용동작치료

In this study, dance movement therapy is used to treat South American immigrant adolescents who are depressed, have problems with their self-esteem, The goal is to reduce dejection while boosting optimism and self-worth. Many South American migrant laborers enter South Korea illegally because there is no Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) to dispatch manpower between the two countries, while others enter on tourist visas to work so they are in an unstable environment. Every Saturday from October 22 to April 23, the Catholic Pastoral Commission for Latin American Communities organized A total of 48 sessions were conducted in two sessions of 70 minutes each for six youth (accompanied by parents from Peru, Spain, Bolivia, and Colombia) to improve their self-esteem, reduce depression, and increase positivity. Based on the 6 categories of the Emotional Social System DMT (Ryu, 2017) study, the dance movement therapy program for migrant youth from South America to improve their self-esteem, reduce depression, and increase positivity. The program applied the following 6 categories were used: Kinesthetic Perception DMT, Grounding DMT, Interaction DMT, Synchronization of rhythm and kinetic connection DMT, Cognition Behavioural Action DMT, and Self-System Activation DMT. As a result, there was a meaningful positive improvement in self-esteem, positivity, and depression when the pre- and post-test results were compared. Dance movement therapy to improve self-esteem, reduce depression, and increase positivity for South American immigrant adolescents used movement as a psychotherapy tool to help them better understand themselves and unleash their inner spontaneity and creativity, ultimately helping to establish a confused identity, improve self-esteem, and lessen depression. The purpose of this study is to serve as a resource for future research on migratory youth from Latin America.

Effect of Financial Independence on Reducing Risk of Financial Fragility

Purpose:This research aims to know and measure the impact of financial independence on financial fragility and to provide an applied knowledge framework that shows the relationship between these variables. Theoretical framework: and the research problem was represented in several questions, such as can financial independence reduce the financial fragility of the research sample companies?; and what is the level of financial independence and financial fragility of these companies?. Design/methodology/approach: Financial and statistical methods were relied on using the (SPSS) and (Excel) software. To answer these questions, test hypotheses and analyze the relationship between independent and dependent variables , several conclusions were reached, the most important of which is financial independence when companies reduce their dependence on debt and increase their dependence on internal resources as a main source of financing. Based on the conclusions, a set of recommendations was reached. The most important of which is the attention to restructuring the sources of financing for companies with high financial fragility, which contributes to increasing financial stability and reducing financial risks to a minimum. Findings: The research was based on a sample consisting of (6) industrial companies listed in the Iraqi Stock Exchange for the period from (2011-2020). Research, Practical &amp; Social implications: The importance of the research lies in the fact that it has exploited the concepts of financial independence as it leads to reducing risks and assisting companies in reducing financial risks and reaching the required levels of performance, growth and continuity in a highly complex, unstable and limited environment, as well as contributing to urging companies to reconsider financial resources, and ways to benefit from it, which contributes to reducing costs and risks and increasing profitability. Originality/value: The importance of the current research is highlighted by delving into very important topics for industrial companies, as the concepts of financial fragility and financial independence are of increasing importance in the current era, especially in light of the competitive environment, high costs and difficulty in obtaining financial resources.

Risk Assessment on Bank of America

This paper analyzes the risks faced by Bank of America and the strategies it adopted for risk management in 2021 during the COVID-19 pandemic. Three major risk categories were particularly focused on: liquidity risk, credit risk, and exchange rate risk in this paper. The study examined the bank's risk exposure in these areas, assessed the effectiveness of its risk management practices, and evaluated the impact of market volatility on its financial performance. Based on an analysis of Bank of America's 2021 annual report, this article provides insights into the bank's overall risk position and emphasizes the importance of effective risk management practices in the banking industry. As for the results, Bank of America mitigated the impact of COVID-19 through various risk management strategies but still faces risks in the current unstable economic environment. Additionally, incomplete data and information in the report require further analysis to evaluate Bank of America's risk management situation.

Dominance of Phycosiphon incertum vs Zoophycos in shelf environment: example from the transgressive Palermo Aike black shale deposits of the Austral-Magallanes Basin, Argentina

The Zoophycos ichnofacies and its main components, Zoophycos isp., Phycosiphon incertum and Chondrites isp. have been related to marine environments of low energy and oxygen. This situation is very common in shelf environments of the past, the most important oil source rocks and/or unconventional reservoir. The Early Cretaceous Palermo Aike Formation of the Austral-Magallanes Basin (Southern Argentina) records marine sedimentation, composed mainly by black shales, with subordinate fine-grained sandstones, and redeposited tuff, deposited in a shelf environment. This succession is the main source rock and constitute a latent unconventional reservoir of the basin. In this paper we present the sedimentological and ichnological study of two well cores from the Tierra del Fuego area. These cores record the initial stage of the marine transgression, and the development of a distal shelf environment, with an alternation of black shales and, fine-grained tuff sandstones hyperpycnal deposits. The ichnological content that records this transgression shows three different ichnofacies: i) autochthonous Cruziana ichnofacies represented by Thalassinoides isp., Teichichnus isp., Planolites isp., Chondrites isp. and Rizocorallium isp. This trace fossil association is rapidly replaced by ii) Zoophycos ichnofacies represented by Phycosiphon incertum, Chondrites isp., and small Zoophycos isp. Finally, another allochthonous Cruziana ichofacies is observed related to the low-density turbiditic deposits, composed by Thalassinoides isp., Gyrolithes, Teichichnus isp., Scolicia isp. and Haenzchellinia isp. In the Santa Cruz area, a large Zoophycos isp. dominance is observed in the fine-grained deposits, occasionally interbedded with coarser-grained low-density turbiditic deposits with doomed pioneers. In the study area (Tierra del Fuego), on the contrary, a dominance of Phycosiphon incertum is observed instead of Zoophycos isp. which when is present have very poor development in size. This could be due to the fact that low-density turbiditic flows are very frequent in the study area, which generates a very unstable environment that does not allow the development of large Zoophycos isp. This environmental differences between the outcrops of Santa Cruz in the north of the basin and the subsurface study area in Tierra del Fuego may be triggered due to climatic, volcanic, or tectonic allogenic control factors.