Unsolved Conflicts Research Articles

Konsens und Konflikt in einem Machtmodell von Planung

Planning in pluralistic societies implies to propose measurements in situations of dissent and unsolved conflicts. Insofar it is congruent with the domain of politics, inclusive the involvement in the network of effects on existing or awakened, mostly divergent interests. In the resulting case of conflict, their respective representatives try to influence the plan – by their arguments in a rational discourse and by means of power. However, argumentation itself turns out to be a mean of power: As their agents try to push through themselves against resistance, they definitively enter the mechanisms of power acting. Following these considerations, a power model of planning is developed, with its logical structure, its calculi, means and instruments, as it is embedded in its societal conditions, with its ethical positions and including trials to hinder its misuse by procedures.

General Overview: Awareness of Genetically Modified Food Among Consumers

Current review was aimed to collect evidences of consumer’s attitude and knowledge about genetically modified food (GMF). Almost 150 articles of GMF with respect to social aspects were reviewed. Many consumers had negative attitude towards GMF because of health risks, low naturalness, lack of trust on experts and food safety management, and some consumers showed high inclination towards local food. Fear and emotional consideration, lack of information, lack of education and low dissemination of knowledge about GMFs were identified as factors in creating negative attitude towards genetic modification in food. Moreover, some consumers showed positive attitude due to their good socio-economic situation and their concerned were food freshness and quality. According to the literature, During the emergence of GMF, various organizations and consumers showed negative attitude and left unsolved conflicts regarding precautionary principle between governments, producers, distributors and consumers. The marketing sectors of GMF or crop faced different issues created by consumer’s attitude around the world. The basic purpose of the GMF was to fulfill the consumption requirement but the rapid negative reactions from consumers hindered the consumption of GMF. Due to such situation, researchers need to investigate the real situation of consumer’s attitudes towards the GMF consumption in future.

Eider Rodríguez: Body, Disease and Narration

In this article we address the interpretive and narrative keys of Un corazón tan grande, a book of short stories by Eider Rodriguez, where women come into focus. The writer emphasises the importance of the body and the presence of scars, a recurring symbol. Under an apparent normality, conflicts about love, death, pain, (lack of) understanding – agreements and disagreements – beat at the heart of any relationship with family, a partner and one’s neighbours. The narrative ability of Eider Rodriguez reveals the mutable and contradictory nature of human beings, the ephemeral values of today’s society, and the visible and the invisible that underlie in human relationships, and in unsolved conflicts.

L’acte manqué dans La Cantatrice chauve : un discours réussi

"The Parapraxis in The Bald Soprano: a Successful Speech. This paper is about Parapraxis in the Cantatrice chauve, which Ionesco associates with politics. The unconscious knowledge of the Cantatrice chauve (The Bald Soprano) is the knowledge of comedy and tragedy; it is a form of knowledge which leads man towards an empty word which can no longer be articulated in meaningful speech. The nagging antinomies of common life emerge in the background. There is an endless dialectic that crosses time and history, life and death, joy and pain. There is an unsolved conflict that the Cantatrice chauve holds together, thus repeating the trauma of separation and the breakdown of community ties. The tragedy of language is that you can only live in a subjective way. It is a communication which affirms the absence of communication, opening up the tragicomic horizon of language and disintegrating the power which underlies the language of communication. Keywords: parapraxis, speech, language, communication, knowledge, enigma. "

Radical prostatectomy technique in the robotic evolution: from da Vinci standard to single port\u2014a single surgeon pathway

To describe perioperative outcomes following robot-assisted prostatectomy performed by a single surgeon during transitions between da Vinci standard/Si/Xi and the single port. Perioperative data were retrospectively evaluated of the first 40 consecutive robot-assisted radical prostatectomies performed by a single surgeon using the da Vinci standard, Si, Xi and single port. A total of 160 patients were included. We matched standard vs Si (Match 1), Si vs Xi (Match 2) and Xi vs single port (Match 3) cohort. Mann–Whitney and Fisher’s tests were used to test the difference among the groups. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were adopted to evaluate the predictors of overall and major complications. Single-port procedures in Match 3 showed significant shorter median operative time than Xi. Both Si and single-port groups showed significantly less median blood loss, a shorter median length of stay, respectively, than standard group in Match 1 and than Xi group in Match 3. 1 standard group patient required conversion to open surgery for an unsolvable conflict of the robotic arms. No other intraoperative complications were noted. On univariate and multivariate analyses, the da Vinci platform model was not a predicting factor of major complications (Clavien–Dindo ≥ 3). We described how technological progress impacted peri and postoperative outcomes during transitions between robotic surgical platforms for radical prostatectomy. In particular, the technological improvements associated to the increased surgeon’s expertise made the transition to the single port safe and effective when compared with previous platforms.

The Imaginary Species

Abstract This article is a work of theory that establishes a fundamental mental basis for the diversity of worldviews that underlie every seemingly unsolvable conflict between nations, political parties, organizations, and individuals. The four-part typology postulated here is found, with different labels, throughout the history of human philosophy and underscores four basic worldviews people use to view their understanding of, and relationship with, the world. These four types fundamentally underlie cultural values and beliefs. Understanding this fundamental fact about human mentality will illuminate why persistent conflicts around the world are seemingly unsolvable and why populations can become so deeply polarized that political repression or civil war can come to seem to be a rationally conceivable way to rectify the situation.

Domestic Violence in Old Age: Prevention and Intervention

Domestic Violence in Old Age: Prevention and Intervention Abstract. Abuse of the eldery occurs frequently. It is experienced most often as psychological abuse (20 %), less often as financial exploitation (4 %) or physical abuse (3 %). The most important risk factor for the elderly is dependence on regular help, especially because of dementia. Caregivers are at a high risk for abuse if they are psychologically conspicuous, live with the dependent or are financially dependent from them. Additional risks are social isolation, unsolved conflicts and a history of domestic violence. The most important intervention on the caregiver's side is the organization of ambulant care servies, and on the victim's side the treatment of nocturnal agitation ("sundowning") with antidepressant of phytopharmaceutical medication, thus avoiding benzodiazepines and neuroleptics.

Understanding and overcoming horizontal separation complexity in air traffic control: an expert/novice comparison

Humans still play a key role in air traffic control but their performances limit the capacity of the airspace and are responsible for delays. At the tactical level, even though air traffic controllers (ATCO) are trained for years, their performances are limited. In this article, we first isolated the tactical horizontal deconfliction task and explained its mathematical complexity. We observed through a simple experiment conducted on trainee and experienced ATCOs its complexity on random traffic in a part-task trainer displaying two to five aircraft trajectories at the same altitude. We compared performances of trainee ATCOs with experienced ATCOs using two different displays: a basic display showing information on aircraft positions and a dynamic visualization tool that represents the conflicting portions of aircraft trajectories and the evolution of the conflict zone when the user adds a maneuver to an aircraft. The tool allows the user to dynamically check the potential conflicting zones with the computer mouse before making a maneuver decision. Results showed that in easy situations (two aircraft), performance was similar with both displays and groups. However, as the complexity of the situations grows (from three to five aircraft), the dynamic visualization tool enables users to solve the conflicts more efficiently. Using the tool leads to fewer unsolved conflicts. Even if experienced ATCOs performed much better than trainee ATCOs on complex situations, they also performed much better with the conflict visualization tool than without on such situations.

La concepción sartreana de la poesía

El siguiente trabajo aborda los desarrollos de Sartre sobre la cuestión de la poesía, los proyectos poéticos y su posibilidad de compromiso en Situations II, sus biografías existenciales Baudelaire y Saint Genet y su estudio de la poesía negra y malgache publicado como Orphée noir. Más allá de las críticas que se le han hecho de ignorar la esencia del fenómeno poético, una lectura atenta permite mostrar cómo su concepción sobre la poesía ha virado con los años al punto de considerarla una herramienta tan poderosa como la prosa para suscitar el compromiso y el llamamiento a la libertad mediante una operación negativa en la que refleja críticamente al hombre al manifestar su esencia como conflicto irresoluble y fracaso.

Overcoming the Paternalistic Firm – Codetermined Family Businesses: A Paradox? Comparing Cases from Sweden and Germany

The purpose of this comparative case study is to understand codetermination in two family firms. Thereby, this study aims at exploring the role of employee-representatives in two non-listed family businesses. Empirically, this study draws on an interpretive case study of two family businesses. Its findings extend earlier research, by exploring and introducing the phenomenon of codetermination in the family business literature. Codetermination is explored with the perspective of paternalism as analytical lens. Theoretically, the study draws on the control-collaboration paradox which helps understanding the phenomenon of codetermination. The study reveals different types of codetermination, i.e., the works council and the board of directors. The implications of these types are highlighted and discussed. Findings highlight the need for professional governance structures in order to facilitate cooperation between family owners, the management, and employee representatives. Professional governance allows handling the paternalistic ideological underpinnings which can otherwise prevent continued firm success, leading to unsolved conflicts.

Bottom-up change in frozen conflicts: Transnational struggles and mechanisms of recognition in Western Sahara

AbstractThis article proposes a typology of causal mechanisms whereby transnational relations of recognition constitute conflict actors in frozen conflicts. While the agency of an emerging conflict actor manifests itself in ‘struggles for recognition’ motivated by experiences of ‘disrespect’, responses from different significant others vary in terms of motivations and pathways (mechanisms of recognition). Adapting Honneth’s tripartite division, the typology distinguishes between four forms of recognition: thin cognitive recognition, ‘respect’/rights, ‘esteem’/difference, and ‘love’/empathy. Three transnational corrections are made in order to include transnational relations of recognition, non-state actors, and unstructured social-relational forms of international/transnational recognition. The typology is applied to the conflict of Western Sahara, which has been reshaped by the rise of internal Sahrawi pro-independence groups (based inside the territory annexed by Morocco) as an increasingly relevant conflict actor, with their identity shifting from victims to human rights activists to activists involved in an unsolved conflict. This identity and social-status formation has been the product of transnational recognition from three significant others: the annexing state (Morocco), the contested state-in-exile (SADR), and the international community. The overall effect of intermingling recognition processes, including various instrumental initiatives deprived of mutuality, has been increased struggle and conflict complexity rather than ‘recognitional peace’.

African Nightclubs of Lisbon and Madrid as Spaces of Cultural Resistance

Abstract The main objective of this article involves describing how African nightclubs of Lisbon have become spaces for cultural resistance against certain representations of African-ness, taking Madrid as a contrasting case. Since the 1970s, the so-called African nightclubs of Lisbon have constituted spaces for gathering and nurturing a sense of community for immigrants from Portuguese-speaking Africa. Commonly regarded suspiciously by most Portuguese citizens, commodification of the couple dance labelled kizomba during the 1990s helped changed their status. However, most African research participants do not recognise their beloved dance in the commodified version of kizomba. In this context, I analyse the commodification process as a form of symbolic violence that disguises postcolonial structural inequalities and unsolved conflicts through a discourse of neutral “approaching of cultures” on the dance floor. Moreover, from the point of view of a meritocratic symbolism, this discourse portrays the performances displayed at African discos as “basic” and unworthy. After exploring several ways of resistance to commodified kizomba displayed by African discos clientele, I conclude reflecting on the increasing symbolic power of global industries for naming social groups, structuring practices and exercising symbolic violence in late modernity.

Eschatological Perspective of N. Berdyaev’s Philosophy of History

The fundamental insight that N. Berdyaev obtains in his historiosophical reflections is that history is antinomic and the historical process is catastrophic since it has to end, because “the world cannot exist eternally”. In its global, empirical (objective) dimension, history resembles an absurd comedy “in which nothing ever succeeds”. The idea of history as a long duration (long duree) and permanent progress misses its essence. According to Berdyaev, such history is meaningless, and it has to end. Its true meaning is revealed only in “its end” and “before the face of eternity”. Terrestrial history does not have its epilogue and the final solution in historical time but in celestial history when the boundaries between the immanent and the transcendent world disappear. History is the path to another and different, sublime and spiritual (noumenal) world that lies beyond the boundaries of everything historical. The destiny of man, which lies at the heart of history, assumes a meta-historical goal and a trans-historical solution to the destiny of history in a different, eternal time. To summarize, history has an eschatological meaning. Although there is an unsolvable tragic conflict between the individual human destiny and the destiny of humanity as a whole within the framework of history, Berdyaev, following the entire tradition of Russian religious philosophy, is convinced that the overcoming of that contradiction on the historical level is possible with love as the salvation and the main driving force of the soul and the source of all the spiritual creation of man.

Determinanty bezpieczeństwa narodowego. Nowe zagrożenia – nowe wyzwania

This paper analyzes the definitions and characterizes the elements related to national security. The author pays particular attention to the change of determinants and threats which significantly influence the way in which a given state’s security is perceived, and how it evolves. In the author’s opinion, at present one can observe the tendency to expand the subject matter and spatial range of national security in international relations, which follows from the internationalization of various realms of social life. It is impossible to improve the national security of a given state while tolerating the disturbances of peace that result from the widening gaps between different parts of the world, or unsolved regional and local conflicts. The main purpose of this paper is to draw the reader’s attention to the changes resulting from the need to adjust the national security system to the new challenges; the changes that not only aim to defy these challenges, but also to prevent the factors that generate them.

The evolution of gender equality and related employment policies

European Union (EU) law and policy on work–family reconciliation has developed by way of two parallel but often incoherent movements. The jurisprudence of the Court of Justice of the EU has been a driving force in its interpretation of sex discrimination provisions in the context of claims concerning women’s labour market experiences, which have subsequently been codified, for example, to provide positive rights in relation to pregnancy and maternity. Alongside this development, policy has been linked to wider economic concerns such as the goal of full employment leading to specific measures intended to equalize employment conditions for those with non-standard working arrangements and to encourage shared parenting between men and women. The lack of a specific focus on work–family reconciliation as a goal for law and policy in its own right has resulted in a patchwork of provisions rather than an overarching framework. The net result is that EU law provides an unsatisfactory response to what has been termed the unsolved conflict between paid work and unpaid care. Recent developments may provide a solution. The Commission has reinvigorated its interest through its ‘New Start’ initiative – a package of both legislative and non-legislative measures under the auspices of the European Pillar of Social Rights launched in April 2017. Provisions incorporate, inter alia, a proposed directive that would amend the parental leave regime and introduce paid paternity and carers’ leave. This article provides a critique of law and policy to date and assesses the potential for a coordinated EU strategy for work–family reconciliation, focusing specifically on gender equality. It is argued that, even with the enhanced interest of the Commission, it may be difficult to achieve a coordinated approach to what has always been a contentious policy area within a rapidly changing EU although the United Kingdom’s departure from the EU may provide an opportunity in this respect.

Visualizing complexities: the human limits of air traffic control

Air traffic management is organized into filters in order to prevent tactical controllers from dealing with complex conflicting situations. In this article, we describe an experiment showing that a dynamic conflict display could improve human performance on complex conflict situations. Specifically, we designed a display tool that represents the conflicting portions of aircraft trajectories and the evolution of the conflict zone when the user adds a maneuver to an aircraft. The tool allows the user to dynamically check the potential conflicting zones with the computer mouse before making a maneuver decision. We tested its utility on a population of forty students: twenty air traffic controller (ATC) students at the end of their initial training and twenty engineering students with the same background but no ATC training. They had to solve conflicts involving 2–5 aircraft with a basic display and with the dynamic visualization tool. Results show that in easy situations (2 aircraft), performance is similar with both displays. However, as the complexity of the situations grows (from 3 to 5 aircraft), the dynamic visualization tool enables users to solve the conflicts more efficiently. Using the tool leads to fewer unsolved conflicts and shorter delays. No significant differences are found between the two test groups except for delays: ATC students give maneuvers that generate less delays than engineering students. These results suggest that humans are better able to manage complex situations with the help of our conflict visualization tool.

Tourism marketing and urban politics: cultural planning in a European capital

ABSTRACTThe cultural heritage of capital cities is a local capital in the global competition for tourism income as well as a public good of urban societies and a symbol of national identities. When developing cultural heritage as an asset for tourism, city marketing turns these complex urban meanings into rather simplistic commercial images. Such symbolic manipulations of culture intervene in deeply affective, institutionalised structures and thus risk political conflict and public contention. The strongly controversial planning for the cultural flagship district of the Museumsquartier Vienna highlighted cultural diversity as an urban characteristic that remains often underweighted in urban political economy's focus on corporate dominance or local community. Enquiring into the discursive–institutional interactions which turned the political economic repositioning of urban culture into a plural political process, what lessons can we draw for tourism planning? As democratic societies meet diverse contemporary challenges in addition to tourism, managing the cultural heritage of cities is indeed a highly sensitive and controversial political task. But what initially appeared a planning failure and even deadlock of democratic government has since emerged as an urban space that is rather well accepted by local and international visitors. In the context of Vienna's international opening as a European capital, the controversial political emergence has contributed to constructing this cultural district as new interpretation of the historic city. Despite many shortcomings, unsolved conflicts and exclusionary decisions, the new landmark offers a specific combination of external images with internal visions, old paths with contemporary needs. Thus, instead of a rigid top-down plan, tourism planning needs to continuously consider diverse social, economic and political claims in an inclusive, differentiated and open-ended approach to urban development.

Relationship Satisfaction and Risk Factors for Suicide.

Previous studies suggest that troubled romantic relationships are associated with higher risk factors for mental health. However, studies examining the role of relationship satisfaction in suicide risk factors are scarce. We investigated differences in risk factors for suicide between individuals with high relationship satisfaction, individuals with low relationship satisfaction, and singles. Furthermore, we explored patterns of experiencing, and dealing with, conflicts in the relationship and examined associations with suicide risk factors. In this cross-sectional study, we assessed relationship status, relationship satisfaction, specific types of relationship conflicts, and suicide risk factors (i.e., suicidal ideation, hopelessness, depression) with questionnaires among 382 individuals in Austria. Risk factors for suicide were higher among singles than among individuals in happy relationships, but highest among those with low relationship satisfaction [corrected]. Participants reporting a high number of unsolved conflicts in their relationship had higher levels of suicidal ideation, hopelessness, and depression than individuals who tend to solve issues with their partner amicably or report no conflicts. Relationship satisfaction and relationship conflicts reflect risk factors for suicide, with higher levels of suicidal ideation, hopelessness, and depression reported by individuals who mentioned unsolved conflicts with their partner and experienced low satisfaction with their relationship.

Who Benefits from Couple Relationship Education? Findings from the Largest German CRE Study

ABSTRACTIn evaluation studies on couple relationship enhancement (CRE) programs, researchers are encouraged to also investigate which couples benefit from program participation. The authors qualified 104 university students to offer an evidence-based CRE program. Up to a 15-month follow-up, the participating couples (N = 234) reported a significant decrease in unsolved relationship conflicts. A 2-day-long intensive training led to better results compared with a weekly format regarding dropouts. Couples with lower pretest satisfaction ratings reported significant improvements over time, whereas couples with initial higher ratings reported no change or a deterioration. Further predictors were identified. The findings should be taken into account in future research.

A cause of hero's unsolvable conflict with reality in lyric poetry books 'Sleepless nights' and 'Seeing-through' P.K. Javorov

After 1901 Pejo K. Javorov ceased to write poetry. New lyrics, by this author, began to occur only in 1905. The fact that Javorov generates love poetry usually when his personal experience of love is relatively free of sharp conflicts is particulary interesting. The primary love poetry of Javorov is the lyrical hero tendency to defeat what surrounds it, to cleanse ourselves from the dust of the day with love. The meeting between love and reality is not the only conflict that is present in the love poetry of Javorov. It is quite logical, when one bears in mind that the love is a child of the world that does not exist outside and independently of him and despite the fact that it seeks to overcome. The unity between light and darkness is unchangeable, as for the lyrical element of knowledge of the subject. These concepts in his poetry are synonyms, as we can see from these verses that at Javorova's world and the country are still covered in darkness. The contrast achieved is being achieved in this way. The way to express irresolvable conflict with the reality that causes tragic lyrical hero by Javorov are black and white with their contrast and introduction in the text.