Unskilled Staff Research Articles

Pelaksanaan Discharge Planning Pada Pasien Postpartum: A Narrative Review

Objective: to describe the implementation of discharge planning by nurses in the Maternity Room. Methods: This literature review uses was a narrative review design. The databases used were EbscoHost, Sciencedirect, PubMed, and Google Scholar. The strategy for searching articles using the PCC framework with the keywords “nurse” OR “nursing” OR “health care professional” AND “discharge planning” OR “discharge process” OR “discharge management” AND “postpartum” OR “postnatal” OR “after birth ". Results: The results showed that 10 articles were analyzed and most of the articles said that the implementation of discharge planning was still not optimal. This was caused by several factors, namely unavailable guidelines, incomplete SOPs, busy staff, high workload, and unskilled staff. Conclusion: Overall, the implementation of discharge planning in the post partum area is still not done optimally. Nurses are expected to increase their role in providing discharge planning in the postpartum so that patients are able to carry out self-care independently at home.

A mapping review of literature on Blockchain usage by libraries: Challenges and opportunities

The Library and Information Science (LIS) community has started discussing some possible uses of Blockchain (BC) technologies in solving library-related problems and increasing the overall efficiency of libraries. This study aimed to systematically collect and review the relevant literature to comprehend the scope of BC for libraries, its benefits, as well as the challenges, and implications related to its use. The authors explored six reputed databases (Web of Science, Scopus, LISTA (Library, Information Science and Technology Abstracts), LISA (Library and Information Science Abstracts), IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers), and Google Scholar) to conduct this review. This study was conducted using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. After the final data extraction, 21 documents were considered eligible for the systematic review. A systematic review of the selected works indicated that the usage of BC in libraries ranged from record-keeping to processing payments and ensuring security and transparency. Some of the opportunities that can be hunted from BC were the elimination of corruption, enhanced security, improved efficiency of services, and better time management. Literature also indicated that a lack of awareness of technology, unskilled staff, and financial constraints could impede the adoption of BC by libraries. It is hoped that this study would provide a holistic overview of BC technologies for libraries, thus improving the effectiveness of the decision-makers. This study is first that collected (systematically) and reviewed the literature on BC usage in libraries. The review will help educational institutions and library professionals understand the usage, challenges, and benefits of BC for libraries.

Maternal mortality in Afghanistan: Challenges, efforts, and recommendations

Maternal mortality is a major concern in Afghanistan. Even though the mortality rate is decreasing, Afghanistan still ranks below most countries in terms of maternal mortality. Challenges such as political instability, the COVID-19 pandemic, and unskilled staff are proving to be a burden on the healthcare system of Afghanistan, which has become an obstacle for the aim of further reducing the rate. Along with the struggling healthcare system, illiteracy and ignorance are further exacerbating the maternal health issues. In order to address these challenges, the Taliban must work alongside international organizations on improving the basic healthcare facilities, build more maternity clinics, provide better training for the medical staff, and educate citizens.

Pass/Fail Quality Assessment in Last Mile Smart Metering Networks Based on PRIME Interface.

The pass/fail form is one of the presentation methods of quality assessment results. The authors, as part of a research team, participated in the process of creating the PRIME interface analyzer. The PRIME interface is a standardized interface—considered as communication technology for smart metering wired networks, which are specific kinds of sensor networks. The frame error ratio (FER) assessment and its presentation in the pass/fail form was one of the problems that needed to be solves in the PRIME analyzer project. In this paper, the authors present their method of a unified FER assessment, which was implemented in the PRIME analyzer, as one of its many functionalities. The need for FER unification is the result of using different modulation types and an optional forward error correction mechanism in the PRIME interface. Having one unified FER and a threshold value makes it possible to present measurement results in the pass/fail form. For FER unification, the characteristics of FER vs. signal-to-noise ratio, for all modulations implemented in PRIME, were used in the proposed algorithm (and some are presented in this paper). In communication systems, the FER value is used to forecast the quality of a link or service, but using PLC technology, forecasting is highly uncertain due to the main noise. The presentation of the measurement results in the pass/fail form is important because it allows unskilled staff to make many laborious measurements in last mile smart metering networks.

Profils et représentations professionnelles des agents en centre de santé au Burundi : des groupes socio-professionnels aux savoirs cloisonnés

BackgroundThe professional identities, profiles and representations of Burundian health workers remain insufficiently explored. Our twofold objective is to identify the different socio-professional profiles of first-line caregivers and to explore their respective representations of health workers and work. MethodsThe first study describes the overall population of the 1047 staff members employed in 2014–2015 in 62 health centers. The second is a cross-sectional survey conducted in April 2014. Using IRAMUTEQ© software, we conducted textology analysis of the structure and contents of 911 respondents’ representations via 3 free associations with regard to 6 questions on the “good worker” and the “what renders one capable of doing good work”. ResultsAt the normative level, among all categories of staff, a relational role is a foundation of professional identity, while technical or administrative functions remain marginal. At the positional level, responses differed according to initial qualification level but not as a function of their role with patients or their professional experience. Three socio-professional categories emerged. The most qualified category (one-quarter of the population) consists primarily of male caregivers, with a high turnover rate (4 years) associated with prospects for further training and career development. These persons present the most professionalized representations of the worker and work. The second quarter has an average level of qualification and turnover (10 years), and is mainly composed of female caregivers with limited professional perspectives. This group's representations are less technical and more patient-centered. Finally, the remaining half consists of relatively low-skilled staff members in charge of technical and logistical support, who are likely to spend their entire career in the same center (>20 years). Largely disregarded by the health care system and its funders, they have few opportunities for training or advancement and despite their long experience, maintain profane representations of workers and work. ConclusionOur results shed light on the predicament of unskilled staff members whose expectations are rarely taken into consideration, even though they represent a significant proportion of the workforce, perform tasks essential to quality of care, and serve as bearers of the memory of their hospital center. These results also highlight the compartmentalization of practices and knowledge between categories of workers and underscore the failure of continuous training strategies targeting the unskilled.

Entrepreneurial Motivations, Opportunities, and Challenges: An International Perspective

ABSTRACT The current entrepreneurship research has primarily focused on external environmental factors that influence enterprise development in developed economies, whilst studies from developing economies are lagging. Yet, evidence from the World Bank and Global Entrepreneurship Index suggest that entrepreneurship practice in developing economies has peaked. Using semi-structured interview data from 20 entrepreneurs in The Gambia, we examined their motivations for entrepreneurship, the market opportunities and challenges hindering enterprise growth. We found the factors influencing motivation to be individual (necessity, poverty, job creation, personal knowledge, and experience) and contextual (opportunity recognition, ethnic and religious norms). Interestingly, three forms of opportunities were identified: entrepreneurial networks, competitive market, and discovery. Nonetheless, the entrepreneurs faced individual challenges – insufficient finance and unskilled staff – and contextual limitations such as political change, limited government reforms, high taxes, high business cost, and market uncertainty. We offer critical insights into individual and contextual motivations for entrepreneurship, extending the current discourse. In addition, we expose specific dynamic market influences for enterprise development in a developing economy.

Challenges for tuberculosis control at selected primary healthcare centers in Bangladesh: A mixed-method study

BackgroundThe national tuberculosis control program in Bangladesh is progressing to end tuberculosis (TB) epidemic by 2035. Despite improved diagnostic and treatment facilities, the disease burden remains high. This mixed-method study aimed to identify existing challenges for successfully implementing the tuberculosis control program in primary healthcare centers (PHCs) of Bangladesh. MethodsQualitative data were collected by observing six PHCs and interviewing TB patients (n = 12) and healthcare providers (n = 12). Quantitative data were collected by interviewing 94 TB patients. Data were integrated through a narrative approach. ResultsMean patient and health system delay were 99.0 (SD = 98.7) and 42.9 (SD = 79.9) days respectively. Patient delay was related to poor care-seeking behavior, unfamiliarity with tuberculosis symptoms, and unavailability of healthcare facilities. About 74 percent of patients sought initial treatment from village doctors or drug vendors. Health system delay was related to inadequate manpower, unskilled staff, and limited diagnostic facilities. Every second patient reported non-adherence to the directly observed treatment short-course (DOTS) guideline. DOTS provider's inaccessibility, inadequate incentive, and unreasonable patient demand lead to non-adherence. Insufficient administrative and structural facilities for infection control were observed at the selected facilities. ConclusionsThis study provides an insight into the recent challenges in TB control at PHCs in Bangladesh.

The Challenges Faced by Mental Health Care Users in a Primary Care Setting: A Qualitative Study.

Over the past two decades, the value and benefits of integrated mental health care services have been increasingly recognised. Despite the potential benefits, barriers exist at primary care level to receiving mental health care services, interfering with continuity of care. We conducted semi-structured interviews with mental healthcare users at a primary care clinic in South Africa, to explore their experiences of receiving mental health care services. A convenience sample of 15 participants identified challenges such as limited infrastructure, organisation, medication, services in local communities, allied mental health care services, communication and long waiting times. Mental health care users felt uncared for and disrespected, especially if they were treated by unskilled and overworked staff. Mental health care users described clinic visits as stressful and frustrating. Mental health care users described marked challenges in mental health care service provision in a South African primary health care setting.

The potential for developing educational farms: a SWOT analysis from a case study

ABSTRACTPurpose: Educational farms (EFs) serve a number of social and economic functions and are part of the debate about new learning environments, multifunctional agriculture and firm diversification. Through the analysis of a case study, this paper aims to identify strengths and weaknesses, opportunities and threats (SWOT) of EFs and key factors for setting a development strategy.Design/Methodology/Approach: A direct survey to EFs in Molise region (IT) was implemented during April-May 2017 and results were assessed following a SWOT approach.Findings: Strong motivation and connection with agritourism activities are strengths of EFs in the region; small size, unskilled staff, lack of structured educational pathways, and limited profitability are the main weaknesses. Farms opportunities come from a territory rich in rural landscapes, environmental resources, and typical food products, and from a growing demand for educational tourism. Obstacles are in the institutional sphere and due to the absence of regional networks. Based on SWOT findings, key factors for EFs development are discussed.Practical implications: EFs development requires innovative educational and managerial tools, a more concerted and proactive role for multiple stakeholders, and the implementation of a network approach. Study findings solicit actions from public institutions and advisory services to improve farmers’ skills.Theoretical implications: The paper contributes to the theoretical debate about the need for a multidisciplinary approach in dealing with the analysis of EFs.Originality/Value: The analysis underlines the importance of internal and external drivers in stimulating farms and institutions to support diversification strategies, rural development and transformation processes in inner areas.

Blood Donation Systems in Bangladesh: Problems and Remedy

Every year patients of various diseases need blood. Among them some need regular transfusion of blood. Hence, safe blood save life but unsafe one takes life. Ensuring regular flow of safe blood is a great challenge for the community in developing countries. Various public and private organizations are working for this purpose. Although the number of blood donor is increasing, there is still a huge gap in demand and supply of blood. A study has conducted to find out problems in getting blood donor in Bangladesh. Data have been collected from 430 respondents in different urban and rural areas of Bangladesh. Moreover, in depth interviews have conducted with hospital authority, blood donating organizations, public and private organizations and volunteers who work for various blood donating organizations. This study finds that patients need blood for delivery case (76%), surgery (55%), kidney diseases (33%), thalassemia (37%) and anemia (41%). About 48% blood seekers report that they require about 19-24 hours for managing each bag of blood. The seekers also report that they collect blood from relatives (77%), blood donating organizations (33%) and blood bank (26%). About 26% donors report that they have to pass more than 6 km for blood donation. They also spend money more than 100 taka (12%) for this purpose. Before and during blood donation, donors face several problems such as transportation problem (38%), coping with emergency case (32%), unskilled staff (29%), health related problem (15%) and lengthy cross checking process (35%). There are a number of people want to donate blood willingly. However, they can’t donate due to lack of available communication with blood seekers. Maintaining database of donors, training staffs and using technologies and machines for blood donation process can solve problems in blood donation.

A Bottleneck Analysis of Care and Feeding of the Small and Sick Newborn in Malawi: Findings and Proposed Solutions (P11-100-19)

ObjectivesThe objectives of this bottleneck analysis are to 1) Diagnose bottlenecks at the health facility and health system levels in the provision of care and feeding of the small and sick newborn (SSNB) within the context of the Baby Friendly Hospital Initiative (BFHI) in Malawi, 2) Provide recommendations to address the identified bottlenecks. MethodsThe Every Newborn Action Plan (ENAP) bottleneck analysis tool was adapted to provide an increased focus on care and feeding of the SSNB. Using the adapted bottleneck analysis tool, we conducted facility-based observations and interviews with clinical and supervisory staff at eight hospitals to assess for bottlenecks at the facility level. To identify health system bottlenecks, interviews were conducted with key district- and national-level Ministry of Health personnel, and a desk review of key national nutrition and child health policies and guidelines was conducted. Information collected from interviews and extracted from national policies and guidelines were collated and analyzed for the presence/absence of significant bottlenecks. ResultsSignificant bottlenecks were similar across the eight hospitals and included: unskilled staff in feeding concerns of the SSNB; overburdened and understaffed hospitals; lack of feeding cups for infants who are unable to suckle; limited space in the maternity ward for mothers and other caregivers to be present and feed their infant; no job aids or supportive supervision protocols or guidelines around care of the SSNB; no national policies in place to ensure monitoring of care of the SSNB. Key actions to address the identified bottlenecks are presented — including task shifting, improving mechanisms for monitoring care of SSNBs, and capacity-building of health providers — with consideration around how they could be implemented through Malawi’s existing and scaled Baby-Friendly Hospital Initiative platform. ConclusionsThis assessment revealed the need to strengthen the provision of care and feeding of the SSNB. Addressing gaps in each of the six ENAP building blocks will be critical for improving newborn nutrition and health outcomes, and Malawi’s already existing BFHI platform could provide an ideal platform for addressing the identified bottlenecks. Funding SourcesUnited States Agency for International Development (USAID).

The Role of the National Human Rights Commission (NHRC) in Post Conflict Situations in Nigeria

The main thrust of this paper is to examine the role of the National Human Rights Commission in post conflict situations in Nigeria. Given the series of conflicts and security challenges across the country, there is no doubt that with conflict underway, serious human rights violations will be recorded. And for there to be meaningful restoration of peace, issues of human rights must be addressed. Thus, the National Human Rights Commission established by the government in 1995 has the mandate of handling issues of human rights in areas where conflict has been experienced. However, it is pertinent to note that the mandates of the NHRC in post conflict situations differ from during times of peace as well as the challenges the face. Data from both primary and secondary sources reveal that the role of the Commission’s in post conflict situations includes investigation of post conflict complaints, encouraging human-rights negotiations with conflict parties; obtaining justice and reparation for victims, monitoring and evaluating governments’ post conflict policies inter alia. Though challenged by inadequate funding, lack of unskilled staff, lack of autonomy, the paper emphasizes that the NRHC is well-positioned to do significant and important work in post conflict situations.Key words: NHRC, Human Rights, Conflict, Post Conflict Situation, Nigeria

\u201cAn odyssey without receiving proper care\u201d \u2013 experts\u2019 views on palliative care provision for patients with migration background in Germany

BackgroundMigrants seem to be underrepresented in palliative care in Germany. Access barriers and challenges in care remain unclear. We aimed to provide a comprehensive insight into palliative care for migrants, using expert interviews.MethodsInterviews with experts on palliative and general health care for migrants were audiotaped and transcribed. Data analysis followed a qualitative content analysis method for expert interviews proposed by Meuser and Nagel.ResultsIn total, 13 experts from various fields (palliative and hospice care, other care, research and training) were interviewed. Experts identified access barriers on the health care system and the patient level as well as the sociopolitical level. Services don’t address migrants, who may use parallel structures. Patients may distrust the health care system, be oriented towards their home country and expect the family to care for them. In care, poor adaptation and inflexibility of health care services regarding needs of migrant patients because of scarce resources, patients’ preferences which may contradict professionals' values, and communication both on the verbal and nonverbal level were identified as the main challenges. Conflicts between patients, families and professionals are at risk to be interpreted exclusively as cultural conflicts. Palliative care providers should use skilled interpreters instead of family interpreters or unskilled staff members, and focus on training cultural competence. Furthermore, intercultural teams could enhance palliative care provision for migrants.ConclusionsThough needs and wishes of migrant patients are often found to be similar to those of non-migrant patients, there are migration-specific aspects that can influence care provision at the end of life. Migration should be regarded as a biographical experience that has a severe and ongoing impact on the life of an individual and their family. Language barriers have to be considered, especially regarding patients' right to informed decision making. The reimbursement of interpreters in health care remains an open question.

Uplifting the Function of Maintenance Management towards Sustainable Performance of Laboratory and Workshop in TVET Institutions

Strengthening of technical and vocational education and training (TVET) is one of the Malaysian government’s efforts in producing a skilled and semi-skilled workforce towards meeting the requirement from domestic industry. Under TVET education, the graduates will undergo a various of skills and technical training in either laboratories or workshops (L&W). Of significance, the equipment in L&W plays a vital role in the realization of the roles of TVET. It demand effective management tool and necessity to be in 100 percent availability. However, the literature portrays that there are some risen issues related to maintenance management of L&W, particularly related to resources such as inappropriate budget allocated for maintenance activity, unskilled staff, poor monitoring technique and utilization of conventional maintenance management technique. Hence, this study is aimed at exploring the uncovered issue related to maintenance management of L& W at the selected TVET institutions. Qualitative research methodology will be adopted in the study. Data will be collected at three TVET institutions from different region of peninsular Malaysia. The main concern of this study is three fold, first is to identify the critical success factors (CSFs) in managing the equipment of L&W in the TVET institution. The second part of this study will examine how the MM of L&W can be optimized and embraced the digital age. The study will taking into account the complex interplay between equipment or system in the L&W and the digital systems. In the third and final part of this study, those identified CSFs will be integrated towards a holistic framework to manage the L&W of TVET institution. The framework is beneficial for all stakeholders that directly or indirectly involve in managing, uplifting and sustaining the L&W of TVET institution.

Restricted structure predictive control for linear and nonlinear systems

ABSTRACT An optimal predictive control algorithm is introduced for the control of linear and nonlinear discrete-time multivariable systems. The controller is specified in a ‘restricted structure’ form involving a set of given linear transfer-functions and a set of gains that minimise a Generalised Predictive Control (GPC) cost-index. The set of functions can be chosen as proportional, integral and derivative terms, however, a wide range of controller structures is possible. This is referred to as Restricted-Structure GPC control. The multi-step predictive control cost-function is novel, since it includes weightings on the ‘low-order’ controller gains and the rate of change of gains. This considerably improves the numerical computations ensuring critical inverse computations cannot lead to a singular matrix. It also provides the option of adding soft or hard constraints on the controller gains which provides additional flexibility for control design. The ability to include a plant model that can include a general nonlinear operator is also new for restricted structure control solutions. The low-order controller provides a potential improvement in robustness, since it is often less sensitive to plant uncertainties. The simple controller structure also enables relatively unskilled staff to retune the system using familiar tuning terms, and provides a potentially simpler QP problem for the constrained case.

Inclusive value chain development: experience of participatory market system development approach in Bangladesh

The aim of this article is to reflect lessons learned in developing an inclusive value chain through participatory market system development (PMSD) by Practical Action in Bangladesh. PMSD contains 10 structured sequences of steps (called a roadmap). This article captures eight steps of PMSD, which are Market system selection, Preliminary mapping and analysis, Strategic design and planning, Empowering marginalized actors, Engaging key actors, Participatory market mapping (PMM), Participatory planning, and Facilitating changes. Through PMSD we are selecting viable market systems for small-scale farmers; developing preliminary market maps, interventions, and sales and service centres for their empowerment; engaging value chain actors; organizing PMM workshops with market actors; and facilitating farmers’ groups to develop production plans. The challenges we face are: analysis and preparation of reports on all subsectors; the short time duration for intervention design; unskilled staff members of partner NGOs and, at the beginning, less cooperation from public and private sectors; ensuring participation of local government representatives and government officers; organizing follow-up PMM workshops at Upazila and district level; and involving traders to aggregate input demand and supply of product.

Emerging Technologies and their Impact on the Libraries

Objectives: Applications of new technologies in different areas of libraries, Changes in library system with the emergence of new technologies, Areas where new technologies applied, Problems in implementing new technologies. Methods/ Statistical Analysis: For the present study review of literature, personal observation as well as interview method is adopted. Visited some libraries in the near about areas and observe them and talk with their officials. Findings: Modern libraries are very rapidly adapted to the new technologies. With the help of web technologies, these can be access from anywhere, any time. Even then these advancements libraries are not properly working and adopting to it, because of many problems like money, unskilled library staff etc. There are very few libraries in Punjab which are fully automated even today. Application/Improvements: New technologies have come in the field of library science and are implementing in the different sections of the libraries. But due to some problems these technologies are not properly applied in all the libraries. Keywords: Emerging Technologies, Networking of Libraries, ICT, RFID, Web OPAC

The Effect of Marketing Strategies Construct on Firm Performance: Results from Pilot Survey

The difficulties that face small and medium organization in any field are severe nowadays. The importance of SMEs is vital. Different researchers have proposed different success factors for small and medium organization, like finance, skilled workforce, technology, innovation and most importantly marketing. Marketing is the spine of any organization, through marketing firms bring innovation, awareness of competitors, awareness of products, building relation with customers. A good marketing strategy increases the sale of product for sure. The small and medium organization face difficulties in doing marketing, because of limited finance, limited or unskilled staff, unawareness of marketing strategies, no or less use of media. This paper presents the pilot survey result for the study of effect of marketing strategies construct (entrepreneurial, guerrilla, relationship, ambush, viral and niche marketing), on firm performance. Descriptive statistics, normality, reliability and preliminary factor analysis (EFA) test were run, all the data were presented in tables below. The result shows that all the questionnaire were normally distributed, and the outcomes are all normal.

Monitoring Infants by Automatic Video Processing

Monitoring Infants by Automatic Video Processing

Boredom at Work and Job Monotony: An Exploratory Case Study within the Catering Sector

This article presents an exploratory study that examines workplace boredom in monotonous catering‐sector jobs. It investigates whether boredom is associated with monotonous tasks and explores strategies for minimizing it. Data were collected from multiple sources that included observation, company documentation, and interviews with management and unskilled staff engaged in simple, repetitive work in the catering department of a British university. The findings indicate that there is no linkage between boredom and monotonous tasks, and that job rotation and management support are the two key organizational mechanisms used to support the work of catering personnel. The reasons for the absence of boredom were found to be related to the workers’ job requirements, their interest in doing their jobs, the organization's strategies for alleviating workplace boredom, and the time lag of the tasks. The implications for human resource development (HRD) are discussed.