Unshielded Twisted Pair Cables Research Articles

Comparison of Foiled and Non-Foiled Twisted-Wire Pairs Characteristics due to Coiling Stresses using the Feature Selective Validation Method

This paper presents a technique to evaluate the impact of coiling stresses on foiled and non-foiled twisted pair cables using the Feature Selective Validation Method. The use of twisted pair cables for Internet of Things (IOT) continues to grow due increasing demand for such applications. One of the ways devised by cable designers to minimize electromagnetic interference is the use of foils which comes with additional costs. However, in typical installations, cables could be subjected to repeated coiling and uncoiling stresses which affect performance. There is limited knowledge in literature on the evaluation of the impact of foils on the performance of unshielded twisted pair (UTP) cables when subjected to coiling stresses anticipated during installation, hence the need to conduct this research. In this paper, four UTP cables (foiled and non-foiled) were subjected to three rounds of coiling and uncoiling tests to mimic handling stress expected in typical installations. The Feature Selective Validation (FSV) method was used to assess the impact of the coiling stress test on major performance parameters like return loss, crosstalk and impedance of the four twisted pair cables. The result of the assessment shows that the foiled cables gave the highest resilience to the coiling stress tests in all the pairs for crosstalk, while for return loss and impedance it is in two pairs. The approach presented can be used by cable installers and engineers to undertake an evaluation of cables selected for deployment.

Pengenalan Internet dan Jaringan Serta Pembuatan Kabel Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP) pada Mahasiswa Universitas Muhammadiyah Jambi

Community Service Activities in the form of internet and network training as well as Making Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP) Cables for Muhammadiyah Jambi University Students aims to increase students' knowledge of network technology and the benefits of the internet as well as encouraging students to be able to independently manage networks and the internet. The training method used is a form of training outside the classroom using lecture, discussion and question and answer methods as well as direct networking practice. The lecture method used is intended to provide a theoretical explanation of internet and network material. The discussion method is used to explore students' understanding of the material given in lectures. The practical method is used to show directly how to make Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP) cables. The benefits gained from this training activity are that students are able to make network connections with Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP) cables and know the benefits of the internet.

Fault detection and localization in unshielded twisted pair cable based on observability analysis and reflectometry experimental measurements

In this paper, an efficient method is proposed for detecting and locating a soft fault, i.e. a physical degradation, in a Y-shaped network of unshielded twisted pair cables. The method uses jointly the observability analysis and time-frequency domain reflectometry experimental measurements. The fault detection consists in checking the consistency between the known characteristics of the cable under no-fault and faulty conditions, with the maximum value of a normalized time-frequency cross-correlation function computed on a sliding time window whose length is equal to the boundary exact observability time. The cable transmission speed and the wired network observability time are combined to locate precisely the fault. Soft faults are artificially created by connecting resistors of different values to the test cable. Experimental results show the efficiency of our fault detection and localization method.

2-Mbps Power-Line Communication Transmitter Based on Switched Capacitors for Automotive Networks

Nowadays, automotive wire harnesses have become very complex systems as the number of electronic components and Electronic Control Units (ECUs) inside a vehicle have increased dramatically. To manage this complexity, and to support the automotive systems of tomorrow, new communication techniques need to be investigated. In this work, a direct modulated Power-Line Communication (PLC) method is proposed to drastically reduce the number of interconnections and give advantages in cost, complexity, and weight. Two transmitter topologies based on a Switching Capacitor approach are presented and implemented in a Test Chip fabricated in a 180 nm HV-CMOS SOI technology. The proposal is validated by communication tests connecting the designed chip and a discrete component-based demonstrator receiver through an unshielded twisted pair cable. Compared to commercially available solutions, the proposed approach can reach a data rate of 2 Mbps, making it able to implement high-speed event-driven networks, such as the Controller Area Network (CAN).

Subnanosecond Time Synchronization Using a 100Base-TX Ethernet Transceiver and an Optimized PI-Clock Servo

This work presents a real-time 100Base-TX Ethernet physical layer (PHY) transceiver chip implemented in a 180-nm technology. The PHY chip implements highly accurate hardware timestamping by using an 8-bit digital-to-phase converter (DPC) generating 256 phases of the 125 MHz system clock. Using these clock phases, spaced 31.25 ps apart from each other, phase relationships can be evaluated to timestamp ingress and egress frames with improved resolution. Connected by up to 120-m-long category five unshielded twisted-pair cables, two of these PHY chips are used to demonstrate the synchronization in a two-node scenario. A proportional-integral (PI)-clock servo is used at the slave for the synchronization. To optimize the performance, the parameters of the controller need to be chosen carefully. To do so, a simple model is used to find a suitable bandwidth of the controller as a tradeoff between the noise of the timestamping and the noise of the oscillator. All in all, a synchronization accuracy with a standard deviation of only 64 ps and a mean offset of well below 100 ps is achieved in the given scenario. To the best of our knowledge, this is the highest synchronization accuracy over copper-based Ethernet reported to date.

Low power analogue equaliser with adaptive digital tuning for fast ethernet

This work presents an analogue equaliser with digital tuning. It compensates the losses introduced by up to 120 m long category 5 unshielded twisted pair cables and baseline wander (BLW). The equaliser is designed for Fast Ethernet with a symbol rate of 125 MHz. A g m -C filter, based on three first-order high pass filters, is used to compensate the cable loss. To minimise power consumption, three operational transconductance amplifiers (OTAs) are merged into a novel multi-input OTA structure. Additionally, a robust digital control logic is presented to automatically adjust the parameters of the equaliser for different cable lengths. A fast settling time below 250 µs is demonstrated for different scenarios. The equaliser is fabricated as part of a Fast Ethernet PHY chip in a 180 nm CMOS technology of GLOBALFOUNDRIES. Measurement results demonstrate error-free data transmission (bit error rate below 10 −12 ) for cable lengths up to 120 m. The power consumption of the analogue equaliser ranges from 2.3 mW (short cable) to 6.5 mW (120 m cable). To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this is the lowest power consumption of an analogue equaliser for Fast Ethernet, supporting additional BLW and flat loss compensation reported to date.

DESAIN JARINGAN WIRELESS MENGGUNAKAN DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM (WDS) DAN PENGUJIAN BERDASARKAN QUALITY OF SERVICE (QOS)

Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah merancang jaringan wireless yang memanfaatkan jalur wireless sebagai backbone pada semua access point kecuali basestation point yang tetap mempergunakan kabel UTP sebagai backbone-nya dan memperluas area jangkauan jaringan wireless yang mampu mencakup seluruh bagian di Universitas Widyatama. Hasil desain jaringan wireless dengan WDS akan diuji dengan melakukan simulasi. Kemudian pengujian akan difokuskan pada parameter delay, packet loss, throughput, dan jitter dengan menggunakan metode Quality of Service (QoS) menggunakan aplikasi Axence netTools. Desain jaringan wireless dengan Wireless Distribution System (WDS) memiliki tingkat fleksibilitas yang lebih baik daripada backbone yang menggunakan kabel Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP). Hasil pengujian menunjukkan bahwa throughput, delay, packet loss, dan jitter menunjukkan hasil yang bagus. Hasil pengujian throughput didapatkan nilai rata-rata throughput dengan presentase sebesar 90%, dapat dikategorikan BAGUS dengan indeks 3, sedangkan hasil pengujian delay didapatkan nilai rata-rata sebesar107,8 dapat dikategorikan SANGAT BAGUS dengan indeks 4, kemudian nilai rata-rata packet loss dengan presentase 2%, dapat dikategorikan BAGUS dengan indeks 3, dan hasil pengujian jitter diperoleh nilai yang bervariasi dengan nilai rata-rata jitter sebesar 1,71 ms, dapat dikategorikan BAGUS dengan indeks 3.

Design of Wireless Network System for Digital Village Using Wireless Distribution System

The purpose of this research is to create a wireless network design in Cijambe Village using WDS so that Cijambe Village can enjoy internet services through wireless networks, which can be used to find information, communication, and market products owned by village communities. A wireless network is one of the best alternatives in building a computer network that is practical and flexible and has high mobility. Most organizations use wireless networks to support existing cable networks, but in reality, the wireless network still uses Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP) cable media as the backbone of Access Points (AP). Cijambe Village is a village located in Paseh District, Sumedang Regency. Cijambe village is divided into two hamlets, namely Cijambe Hamlet and Parugpug Hamlet. Cijambe village has an area of 357 hectares. The research method used in this study is a qualitative descriptive research method. The steps taken in this research are analysis and design. the conclusion is that wireless network design for digital villages using Wireless Distribution System (WDS) has a better degree of flexibility than the backbone that uses Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP) cable. Radio wave signals from 19 AP units can reach the entire area of Cijambe Village which has an area of 357 hectares and is divided into 2 hamlets namely, Hamlet Cijambe and Parugpug Hamlet. The design made has thought of a standard level of security with routers and firewalls.

Application of the Feature Selective Validation Method and Kolmogorov-Smirnov Test to Evaluate Handling Effects on Crosstalk of Ethernet Cables

The use of Ethernet cables in internet of things (IoT) infrastructure continues to grow due to high demand as the reach of the IoT itself expands. Crosstalk is a major limiting factor in communications systems that need to be taken into consideration when selecting cables for deployment. In typical installations, these cables require a certain degree of manipulation that involves repeated coiling and uncoiling of a few meters which can adversely affect performance. It is thought that this is especially true with counterfeit or copper clad aluminum (CCA) cables often disguised as compliant Ethernet cables. In this paper, four unshielded twisted pair cables of which one of them is a CCA cable were subjected to three rounds of coiling and uncoiling tests representing installation manual handling. Given the visually complex measurements that are a feature of the Ethernet infrastructure, an approach to quantifying chances is needed that is particularly sensitive and nondiscriminatory. The Feature Selective Validation (FSV) method and Kolmogorov-Smirnov test is proposed as an appropriate method to use to assess crosstalk variations between the cables when subjected to this manipulation. The paper shows that the methods do allow quantified measurement of the variations between the tests which can lead to objective decision on the part of the cable installer.

Design of a Low Cost Remotly Operated Vehicle with 3 Dof Navigation

One type of underwater robot is the ROV (Remotely Operated Vehicle) whose movements are controlled directly by humans from the water surface. In this paper, ROV prototype has been designed and tested with three DoF (Degrees of Freedom) and controlled by a joystick which is connected with UTP (Unshielded Twisted Pair) cables as data transmission between joystick with a microcontroller embedded in the robot. This prototype has 3 thrusters with 3 degrees of freedom, 1 rotational motion (heave) and 2 translational motion (yaw and surge), with direction of movement up, down, forward, backward, turn right, and turn left. Speed mode setting when forward movement on PWM (Pulse Width Modulation) 75% = 0,037 m/s, 90% = 0.053 m/s and 100% = 0,071 m/s, while the reverse speed by 75% = 0,034 m/s, 90% = 0.045 m/s and 100% = 0.059 m/s, when the ROV moves up is 0,042 m/s, down 0.032 m/s, turn right 9 o/s and turn left 15 o/s set with fixed PWM value, is 100%.

A 280 Mb/s In-Vehicle LAN System Using Electromagnetic Clip Connector and High-EMC Transceiver

A 280 Mb/s non-contact in-vehicle LAN system using electromagnetic clip connectors is presented. The bidirectional transmission line coupler based electromagnetic clip connector, which can be used to make local area network connections similar to clips, suppresses the signal reflections on the bus enabling 280 Mb/s data rate which is 7 times faster than the state-of-the-art in-vehicle LAN transceiver. Since all modules are connected with the shortest distance, this connection system can reduce wire harness weight by 30%. Forward error correction is done by $N$ -x Manchester encoding on the transmitter side and majority voting on the receiver side. High noise immunity is achieved through synchronous receiving by the digital clock recovery circuit which is robust against noise. Communication tests were conducted at 280 Mb/s with 10 transceivers fabricated in 65 nm CMOS technology connected by a 10 m unshielded twisted pair cable. Evaluation of the bit error rate and radiation spectrum confirmed that the ISO specifications concerning electromagnetic susceptibility and the CISPR ones concerning electromagnetic interference are satisfied.

An Analytical Study of Power Line Effect on UTP Cable using Lumped Circuit Components

The paper defines the term electrical noise with its types. Electromagnetic Interference (EMI), which is one type of electrical noise, is also defined and general techniques used for controlling EMI are described. Networking cables are affected by the EMI effect caused by a nearby power cable and data transmission through Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP) cable, which is the mostly effected cable by EMI, may be degraded for it. Today, UTP cable is the most popular networking cable supporting 10G Ethernet. The most common effective methods for reduction of EMI effect on UTP cable, physical separation and use of shielding are described. EMI is caused by coupling mechanisms between source of interference and receptor. The two types of couplings are capacitive coupling and inductive coupling. The paper analyses and models the two couplings using lumped circuit components and electric circuit analysis considering power cable as the source of interference and networking cable as the receptor circuit of EMI.

RF Transport Over Optical Fiber in Urban Wireless Infrastructures [Invited

The technology for transport of RF signals over optical fibers at long (metropolitan-scale) distances which enables today's hybrid fiber/coax networks for community antenna TV and cable modem access is being leveraged for coverage and capacity enhancements in wireless networks providing affordable anywhere/anytime services. This is particularly important in high-traffic urban and in-building arenas where RF propagation is challenging. A hybrid Fiber/Cable (HFCa) approach utilizing legacy urban cabling infrastructures is shown to be highly cost effective, since the installation cost (which often dominates over equipment cost) is greatly reduced or eliminated. Optimum HFCa system architectures are discussed in this paper with Ca = C (coax) and C5 (Cat-5 unshielded twisted pair cables) for outdoor urban/metropolitan and indoor/in-building arenas, respectively. The general results in this paper apply to both. A quantitative evaluation of capacity gain by traffic trunking in a distributed antenna system is given. All-fiber RF transport for remote radio head systems serving outdoor metropolitan areas is briefly discussed.

Choice Of Computer Networking Cables And Their Effect On Data Transmission

Computer networking is the order of the day in this Information and Communication Technology (ICT) age. Although a network can be through a wireless device most local connections are done using cables. There are three main computer-networking cables namely coaxial cable, unshielded twisted pair cable and the optic fibre cable. In this research work the cables that most effectively transmit data given some distance in a computer network, were determined. To achieve this, a signal strength meter Multiple Dwelling Unit (MDU) from Applied Instruments Inc is used to measure the signal strength at particular distances in the network. Results show that coaxial cable has a correlation coefficient of -0.66857to t he distance, unshielded twisted pair cable has -0.47362 while optic fibre cable has –-0.91674. From the analyses it was discovered that the signal strength is partially inversely related to the distance for coaxial cables and about half inversely related to the distance in unshielded twisted pair cables. While in optic fibre cables the signal strength is almost perfectly inversely related to the distance. Similarly the use of these cables was considered in download time. Download time for both plain text and graphics were recorded and from this it was discovered that the mean difference is significant at 0.05 level which shows that the unshielded twisted pair cable is better for plain text download while the optic fibre cable is better for graphic download Keywords : Networking, cables, transmission, measurements and correlation. Global Journal or Pure and Applied Sciences Vol. 14 (4) 2008: pp. 433-438

Performance Testing of Twisted Pair Cables

This work introduces characteristics of twisted pair cables which play an important role in transferring data. In this paper, category 5 enhanced as a type of unshielded twisted pair cables was selected to verify all tests on it according to ISO/IEC 11801 as one of international standard specifications. Random samples were selected from cables market. All tests were done on these samples to make sure of using validity and complying with the international standard. After testing the selected samples, it is found that 4% are not satisfying the international standard specification while as 96% are satisfying the international standard specification.

Wideband Unshielded-Twisted-Pair (UTP) Cable Measurements and Modeling for Multiple-Input–Multiple-Output (MIMO) Systems

The study of multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) systems over unshielded-twisted-pair (UTP) cables relies on or assumes models of the cable's transmission and crosstalk parameters. Several cable models have been proposed; however, there has been a lack of wide-scale line surveys to verify the applicability of these models. This paper presents the results of wideband-crosstalk and transmission-parameter measurements on UTP cables conducted at the laboratories of BTExact. The measurement results are then used to verify Joffe's MIMO channel model, which is one of the two available but mathematically equivalent models. It is shown that crosstalk estimates from measurements taken on very short cable lengths fail to account for the effects from the pair and bundle twisting. Model parameters measured on longer cable pieces yield more realistic frequency-dependent model predictions; these are, however, distorted at high frequencies due to resonance effects. In general, the model tends to overestimate far-end crosstalk and underestimate near-end crosstalk.

Unshielded Twisted Pair and Cat 5.

208 May/June 2002 Welcome to Part 2 of the Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP) review. In Part 1—published in the March/April issue of Biomedical Instrumentation & Technology—the discussion focused on basic cabling grades, transmission speeds, and the popular EIA/TIA 568 specification. In this issue, Part 2 continues the discussion started on Category 5 (Cat 5) cabling. Among the reasons for Cat 5’s popularity is its ease of installation. UTP installation requirements get tougher to keep as speeds increase. Last time, we covered Cat 5 cabling speed and connector specs as well as the different network protocols that can be run on a Cat 5 cabling plant. In this issue, we cover Cat 5 installation details beyond the connectors. The installation notes below also apply as a minimum for faster, higher grade UTP cabling. In addition, Part 2 reviews these higher grades as well as a UTP acronym list.

A 100 Mb/s multi-LAN crosspoint chip set for cable management

A multi-LAN, 0 dB insertion loss, analog crosspoint switch chip-set is described which forms the heart of a new LAN cable management product. The chip-set is capable of switching FDDI (TP-PMD), ethernet, token ring, and half-duplex protocols through a matrix of 108/spl times/108 differential cross-connects, for services using 100 m of unshielded twisted pair cabling and data rates of up to 100 Mb/s, using commercial CMOS and BiCMOS technologies. Using this chip set, it is possible to construct the largest 0 dB insertion-loss programmable analog crosspoint (108/spl times/108), operating at 100 Mb/s, currently available.

100BASE-T2: a new standard for 100 Mb/s Ethernet transmission over voice-grade cables

100BASE-T2 is a new physical-layer specification for IEEE 802.3 LANs operating at 100 Mb/s (Fast Ethernet). It enables users of the prevailing 10BASE-T Ethernet LAN technology to upgrade their networks from 10 to 100 Mb/s performance while retaining an existing voice-grade cabling infrastructure. 100BASE-T2 transceivers will operate over two pairs in unshielded twisted-pair cables corresponding to EIA/TIA category 3 (UTP-3), as minimally required for 10BASE-T. In a four-pair UTP-3 cable, simultaneous operation of two 100BASE-T2 links, or one 100BASE-T2 and one 10BASE-T link, is permitted. Since voice-grade cables exhibit more signal attenuation and significantly higher crosstalk coupling between adjacent pairs than data-grade cables, sophisticated digital signal processing techniques are needed to achieve reliable duplex 100 Mb/s transmission over two pairs. The 100BASE-T2 standard defines dual-duplex baseband transmission at a modulation rate of 25 Mbaud. During each modulation interval, a four-bit data nibble or Ethernet-specific control information is encoded into a pair of quinary signals. These signals are transmitted simultaneously on the two wire pairs in both signaling directions. In the receivers, adaptive digital filters are required for echo and NEXT cancellation, equalization, and interference suppression.

Adaptive analog equalization and receiver front-end control for multilevel partial-response transmission over metallic cables

This paper deals with multilevel partial-response class-IV (PRIV) transmission over unshielded twisted-pair (UTP) cables. Specifically, transmission at a rate of 155.52 Mb/s over data-grade UTP cables for local-area networking is considered. As a low-complexity method used to compensate for cable-length dependent signal distortion, adaptive analog equalization with two controlled parameters is proposed: one parameter determines a frequency-independent receiver gain, the other parameter controls the transfer characteristic of a variable analog receive-filter section. For the stepwise design of the transmit and receive filters, a combination of analytic techniques and simulated annealing is employed. First, the variable equalizer section, then the remaining fixed analog receive filter section are developed and finally the analog transmit filter is determined. The paper also describes the adjustment of the equalizer section, and the control of the sampling phase in the receiver front-end. The two equalizer parameters are controlled by an algorithm that operates on the sampled signals and adjusts these parameters to optimum settings independently of the sampling phase. The latter is controlled by a decision-directed phase-locked loop algorithm that becomes effective when equalization has been achieved. The dynamic behaviour and mean-square error in steady-state obtained with these control algorithms are investigated.