Unsaturated Fatty Acid Supplementation Research Articles

Bacterial cellulose nanofibrils for the physical and oxidative stability of fish oil-loaded Pickering emulsions

Fish oil, a crucial unsaturated ω-3 unsaturated fatty acid supplement, is susceptible to oxidation. To improve the stability of fish oil, this study produced a fish oil Pickering emulsion via ultrahigh-pressure homogenization pressure (UHPH) using bacterial cellulose nanofibrils (BCNFs) as the water phase. The BCNFs exhibited a high aspect ratio fibril structure with an average diameter size of 12.64 nm. The results of particle size, zeta potential, emulsion properties, and oxidative stability showed that the emulsions with a 4:6 oil-water ratio and 0.15 % BCNFs exhibited excellent oxidative stability and good physical stability. The CLSM and rheological results suggested the BCNFs acted as a stabilizer and thickener, stabilizing the oil-water medium and enhancing the oxidation stability of fish oil Pickering emulsions. The Low-field nuclear magnetic analysis results indicated the emulsion had good physical stability, and water dispersed very well in the emulsion system. Moreover, the emulsions exhibited good stability at pH 6–12 and temperature 4–75 °C. This study provided a promising method for producing fish oil Pickering emulsions and improving the stability of fish oil.

The balanced unsaturated fatty acid supplement constituted by woody edible oils improved lipid metabolism and gut microbiota in high-fat diet mice.

The dietary intervention has demonstrated effectiveness in improving hyperlipidemia and obesity. Woody edible oils are rich in unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs) that could positively affect lipid metabolism. In this study, the blended oil (BLO), a balanced UFA supplement, constituted by Zanthoxylum bungeanum (Chinese Red Pepper) seed oil, walnut (Juglans regia) oil, camellia (Camema oleifera) seed oil and perilla (Perilla frutescens) seed oil was established referring to the Chinese dietary reference intakes, in which the ratios of monounsaturated/polyunsaturated fatty acids and ω-6/ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids were 1:1 and 4:1, respectively. The BLO was administrated to KM mice fed a high-fat diet (HFD) by gavage every day at a dose of 3.0 mL/kg·bw for 10 weeks to assess its effects on serum lipid levels, liver antioxidant activities and gut microbial composition. The results showed that the BLO improved hepatic steatosis, liver oxidative stress, and serum lipid levels. Additionally, there was an increased abundance of Lactobacillus, Allobaculum, and Blautia, along with a decreased abundance of Staphylococcus in cecal contents. These changes were found to be positively correlated with the metabolic improvements, as indicated by Spearman's correlation analysis. These findings implied the practicality of the balanced unsaturated fatty acid consumption in preventing hyperlipidemia and obesity.

Medical nutrition therapy for diabetes mellitus

Background: Lifestyle modifications including medical nutrition, exercise, and behavioral psychological therapy play a pivotal role in the treatment of diabetes mellitus. In this study, we discuss the fundamental and essential aspects of medical nutrition therapy for treatment of diabetes mellitus based on the medical nutrition recommendations of the Korean Diabetes Association.Current Concepts: Patients with diabetes should receive education for individualized medical nutrition therapy from a qualified clinical dietitian. Overweight adults or those with obesity must lose at least 5% of their body weight. The percentages of carbohydrate, protein, and fat intake are individualized based on treatment goals and preferences. A Mediterranean, vegetarian, low-fat, low-carbohydrate, and Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension diet may be used based on individualized plans and priorities. Patients with diabetes are recommended to consume carbohydrates from fiber-rich whole grains, legumes, vegetables, raw fruits, and dairy products and to reduce intake of sweetened beverages. It is not necessary to limit protein intake. Patients with diabetes are recommended to replace foods high in saturated and trans fatty acids with foods rich in unsaturated fatty acids. Routine administration of unsaturated fatty acid supplements is not recommended. Sodium intake should not exceed 2,300 mg/day. Routine use of micronutrient supplements such as vitamins and minerals to improve blood glucose levels is not recommended. Patients using insulin or insulin secretagogues should be counseled to avoid hypoglycemia if they consume alcohol.Discussion and Conclusion: Medical nutrition therapy, which has been shown to treat diabetes and prevent a variety of cardiovascular risk factors and complications, should be utilized aggressively by all healthcare providers who treat patients with diabetes.

Supplements and Their Role in Reducing Chronic Kidney Disease Progression

Conservative treatment of chronic kidney disease, apart from simply treating symptoms and associated complications, consists in slowing chronic kidney disease progression, in order to improve patient and family quality of life, to postpone the need for renal replacement therapy and to reduce the treatment costs. Slowing chronic kidney disease progression involves therapeutic strategies, aiming to avoid/treat malnutrition and inflammation, correct anemia, treat mineral bone disorders of CKD and correct vitamin, mineral and microelement’s deficit. This review aims to shed light to the rationale behind these strategies through evidence from clinical studies and the recent guideline recommendations for use of ketoanalogues, essential aminoacids, calcium, Vit D3, iron, Vit B12, folates and unsaturated fatty acid supplements.

Association between chitosan and unsaturated fatty acids supplementation on ruminal fermentation, digestive metabolism, and ruminal kinetics in beef heifers

This study evaluated the effects of supplementation of chitosan and unsaturated fatty acid (UFAs) sources on intake, digestibility, ruminal and nitrogen metabolism, blood metabolites, and feeding behavior of beef heifers. Five crossbred Simental x Zebu heifers (335 ± 53.2 kg of initial BW), ruminally cannulated, were randomly assigned according to a 5 × 5 Latin square design containing the following treatments: 1) CON, the control diet without supplementation; 2) SO, control diet supplemented with 25.3 g/kg of soybean oil; 3) WRS, control diet supplemented with 160 g/kg of whole raw soybean (WRS); 4) SOCHI, SO diet plus 14 g/kg of CHI; 5) WRSCHI, WRS diet plus 14 g/kg of CHI. No interaction effects between CHI and WRS were observed on nutrient intakes and digestibilities. Heifers fed SO, or WRS diets with or without CHI had lower enteric methane (CH4) emissions (P < 0.01) than those fed CON. Moreover, animals fed SO and WRS had higher CH4 emissions than those fed SOCHI and WRSCHI. No interaction between CHI and WRS was observed on nitrogen balance. However, heifers fed SO or WRS diets with or without CHI had lower nitrogen (N) intake (P = 0.001) and fecal N (P = 0.015) than those fed CON. Besides, animals fed SO and WRS diets showed lower retained N (P = 0.010) and efficiency (P = 0.005) than those fed SOCHI and WRSCHI. Heifers fed SO, or WRS diets with or without CHI showed lower rumination efficiencies of dry matter (DM; P < 0.01) and neutral detergent fiber (NDF; P = 0.013) than those fed CON. Heifers fed SO or WRS with or without CHI, showed lower reticular flows of DM (P = 0.049), NDF (P = 0.002), and potentially digestible NDF (P = 0.002) than those fed CON. In addition, animals fed SO or WRS diets with or without CHI showed a lower rumen digestion rate of DM, turnover rates of DM and NDF, and passage rates of DM and pdNDF than those fed CON. The supply of CHI to beef heifers fed diets with SO and WRS alters ruminal fermentation, methane production, nitrogen balance, feeding behavior, and ruminal dynamics. Nevertheless, the results strengthen the evidence that the provision of CHI in beef cattle diets can positively influence the effect of fatty acid sources. Besides, fatty acids sources provided alone have a negative influence on most metabolism parameters in beef heifers.

Nutrient Analysis of &amp;lt;i&amp;gt;Chrysaora fuscescens&amp;lt;/i&amp;gt; (Cnidaria: Scyphozoa)

<i>Chrysaora fuscescens</i> is a kind of ornamental jellyfish with high economic value, and become to be a very popular giant medusa in aquarium. In the process of captive breeding, it was found that there are a significant number of deformed individuals In this study, we expected to select more suitable feeding combinations by comparing the differences in nutrient composition, we chose two groups of Chrysaora fuscescens domesticated in aquarium, one is the deformity group, and the other is normal group. We measured the conventional nutrients (water content, protein content, fat content, ash content), fatty acid composition and amino acid composition of the two groups. The results showed that the water content, ash content and protein content of deformity group were higher than those of normal group (P < 0.05). The contents of unsaturated fatty acids (C16:1n7, C18:1T, C18:3n3 and C20:4n6) in the deformity group were significantly lower than those in the normal group (P < 0.05). Sixteen kinds of amino acids were detected in both groups, among which the contents of Gly and Glu were the highest. The contents of Phe, Ala, Met and other amino acids in malformed group were lower than those in normal group (P < 0.05). The results showed that there were some differences in nutrient composition between normal and deformity group. In order to achieve the daily requirements, the supplementation of unsaturated fatty acids and the fortification of Glu should be increased in the selection of bait in the future.

Associations of genetically predicted fatty acid levels across the phenome: A mendelian randomisation study.

Fatty acids are important dietary factors that have been extensively studied for their implication in health and disease. Evidence from epidemiological studies and randomised controlled trials on their role in cardiovascular, inflammatory, and other diseases remains inconsistent. The objective of this study was to assess whether genetically predicted fatty acid concentrations affect the risk of disease across a wide variety of clinical health outcomes. The UK Biobank (UKB) is a large study involving over 500,000 participants aged 40 to 69 years at recruitment from 2006 to 2010. We used summary-level data for 117,143 UKB samples (base dataset), to extract genetic associations of fatty acids, and individual-level data for 322,232 UKB participants (target dataset) to conduct our discovery analysis. We studied potentially causal relationships of circulating fatty acids with 845 clinical diagnoses, using mendelian randomisation (MR) approach, within a phenome-wide association study (PheWAS) framework. Regression models in PheWAS were adjusted for sex, age, and the first 10 genetic principal components. External summary statistics were used for replication. When several fatty acids were associated with a health outcome, multivariable MR and MR-Bayesian method averaging (MR-BMA) was applied to disentangle their causal role. Genetic predisposition to higher docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) was associated with cholelithiasis and cholecystitis (odds ratio per mmol/L: 0.76, 95% confidence interval: 0.66 to 0.87). This was supported in replication analysis (FinnGen study) and by the genetically predicted omega-3 fatty acids analyses. Genetically predicted linoleic acid (LA), omega-6, polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), and total fatty acids (total FAs) showed positive associations with cardiovascular outcomes with support from replication analysis. Finally, higher genetically predicted levels of DHA (0.83, 0.73 to 0.95) and omega-3 (0.83, 0.75 to 0.92) were found to have a protective effect on obesity, which was supported using body mass index (BMI) in the GIANT consortium as replication analysis. Multivariable MR analysis suggested a direct detrimental effect of LA (1.64, 1.07 to 2.50) and omega-6 fatty acids (1.81, 1.06 to 3.09) on coronary heart disease (CHD). MR-BMA prioritised LA and omega-6 fatty acids as the top risk factors for CHD. Although we present a range of sensitivity analyses to the address MR assumptions, horizontal pleiotropy may still bias the reported associations and further evaluation in clinical trials is needed. Our study suggests potentially protective effects of circulating DHA and omega-3 concentrations on cholelithiasis and cholecystitis and on obesity, highlighting the need to further assess them as prevention treatments in clinical trials. Moreover, our findings do not support the supplementation of unsaturated fatty acids for cardiovascular disease prevention.

Impact of dietary supplementation of unsaturated and saturated fatty acids on bone strength, fatty acids profile of thigh muscle and immune responses in broiler chickens under heat stress

There have been some reports that supplementation of fat could alleviate the negative effects of heat stress on performance in broilers. However, information regarding compensation for the adverse effects of heat stress with diets differing in fatty acids source on immune system, bone strength and carcass quality of heat-distressed broilers is limited. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of diets differing in fat source on performance, immune system, bone strength, and carcass quality of heat-distressed broilers. In a completely randomized design with 4 × 2 factorial arrangement of the treatments, 320 24-day-old Ross 308 chickens, with average initial weight of 1220 ± 10g were divided into eight treatments included sesame oil, tallow, sunflower oil and palm oil in either 22 or 32 degree of centigrade temperature. The broiler performance of each fat source-treated group was not different in this experiment and decreased significantly in heat stress condition. Heat stress showed a significant increase on fat, energy and ash content of thigh muscle. Tibia absolute length, width, ash and bone breaking strength were affected by fat source and increased when sesame and sunflower oil were used. Data analysis revealed that hot temperature decreased tibia weight, length, width, ash and bone breaking strength. Heat stress led to decrease of immune system parameters. Results suggest that there is no beneficial effect of broiler performance due to adding different sources of fat in broiler chicken diet under hot condition. Furthermore, the unsaturated fatty acids could improve the profile of fatty acids in thigh and enhance immune responses in broiler chickens.

Mendelian randomization in blood metabolites identifies triglycerides and fatty acids saturation level as associated traits linked to pancreatitis risk.

BackgroundThere is very limited evidence on the causal effects of blood metabolites on pancreatitis risks. To reveal the causal associations between plasma metabolites and pancreatitis risks, we performed two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) and Bayesian model averaging (MR-BMA) analyses in European ancestry.MethodsThe summary-level statistics from two genome-wide association studies with 249 and 123 metabolic traits derived from two separate cohorts involving ~115,000 (UK Biobank) and ~25,000 individuals from European ancestry were used for the analyses. The summary statistics of four pancreatitis datasets from FinnGen R5 and two pancreatitis datasets from UK Biobank were exploited as the outcome. We first performed univariable MR analysis with different metabolic GWAS data on multiple pancreatitis datasets to demonstrate the association pattern among different metabolites categories. Next, we exploited the MR-BMA method to pinpoint the dominating factors on the increased risk of pancreatitis.ResultsIn the primary analysis with 249 traits, we found that plasma triglycerides were positively associated with pancreatitis risk. Intriguingly, a large number of traits associated with saturation or unsaturation of fatty acids also demonstrated causal associations. The replication study analyzing 123 metabolic traits suggested that bisallylic groups levels and omega-3 fatty acids were inversely correlated with pancreatitis risk. MR-BMA analyses indicated that the ratio of triglycerides to total lipid in various HDL particles played leading roles in pancreatitis susceptibility. In addition, the degree of unsaturation, the ratio of polyunsaturated fatty acids to monounsaturated fatty acids and the level of monounsaturated fatty acids showed causal associations with either decreased or increased pancreatitis susceptibility.ConclusionsOur MR study provided an atlas of causal associations of genetically predicted blood metabolites on pancreatitis, and offered genetic insights showing intervention in triglycerides and the supplementation of unsaturated fatty acids are potential strategies in the primary prevention of pancreatitis.

Highlights from Recent Cancer Literature

Highlights from Recent Cancer Literature

Diet and Male Fertility: The Impact of Nutrients and Antioxidants on Sperm Energetic Metabolism.

Diet might affect male reproductive potential, but the biochemical mechanisms involved in the modulation of sperm quality remain poorly understood. While a Western diet is considered a risk factor for male infertility, the Mediterranean diet seems to protect against male infertility; moreover, the role of a vegetarian habitus in the preservation of sperm quality is controversial. The aim of this review is to analyze the molecular effects of single nutrients on sperm quality, focusing on their involvement in biochemical mechanisms related to sperm bioenergetics. It appears that diets rich in saturated fatty acids (SFA) and low in polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) negatively affect sperm quality, whereas unsaturated fatty acids supplementation ameliorates sperm quality. In fact, the administration of PUFA, especially omega-3 PUFA, determined an increase in mitochondrial energetic metabolism and a reduction in oxidative damage. Carbohydrates and proteins are also nutritional modulators of oxidative stress and testosterone levels, which are strictly linked to sperm mitochondrial function, a key element for sperm quality. Moreover, many dietary natural polyphenols differentially affect (positively or negatively) the mitochondrial function, depending on their concentration. We believe that an understanding of the biochemical mechanisms responsible for sperm quality will lead to more targeted and effective therapeutics for male infertility.

Stearoyl CoA Desaturase 1 and Inositol-Requiring Protein 1α Determine the Efficiency of Oleic Acid in Alleviating Silica Nanoparticle-Induced Insulin Resistance.

Despite the widespread use of silica nanoparticles (SiNPs), their metabolic impact and mechanisms of action have not been well studied. Exposure to SiNPs induces insulin resistance (IR) in hepatocytes by endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress via inositol-requiring protein 1α (IRE1α) activation of c-Jun N-terminal kinases (JNK). It has been well established that stearoyl CoA desaturase (SCD1) and its major product oleic acid elicited beneficial effects in restoring ER homeostasis. However, the potential coordination of SCD1 and IRE1α in determining SiNP regulation of insulin signaling is unclear. Herein, we investigated the effects of SCD1 and oleic acid on IR induced by SiNPs or thapsigargin in hepatocytes. SCD1 overexpression or oleic acid efficiently reversed SiNP-induced ER stress and IR, whereas the effects of thapsigargin treatment could not be restored. Thapsigargin diminished SCD1 protein levels, leading to the accumulation of IRE1α and sustained activation of the IRE1α/JNK pathway. Moreover, knockdown of activating transcription factor 4 (ATF4) upstream of SCD1 suppressed SiNP-induced SCD1 expression, rescued the activated IRE1α, and inhibited insulin signaling but was not able to restore the effects of thapsigargin. Collectively, downregulation of SCD1 and excess accumulation of IRE1α protein prevented the beneficial effects of exogenous oleic acid on IR induced by ER stress. Our results provide valuable mechanistic insights into the synergic regulation of IR by SiNPs and ER stress and suggest a combinational strategy to restore ER homeostasis by targeting SCD1 and IRE1α proteins, as well as supplementation of unsaturated fatty acids.

A cryptic long-chain 3-ketoacyl-ACP synthase in the Pseudomonas putida F1 unsaturated fatty acid synthesis pathway

The Pseudomonas putida F1 genome contains five genes annotated as encoding 3-ketoacyl-acyl carrier protein (ACP) synthases. Four are annotated as encoding FabF (3-ketoacyl-ACP synthase II) proteins, and the fifth is annotated as encoding a FabB (3-ketoacyl-ACP synthase I) protein. Expression of one of the FabF proteins, FabF2, is cryptic in the native host and becomes physiologically important only when the repressor controlling fabF2 transcription is inactivated. When derepressed, FabF2 can functionally replace FabB, and when expressed from a foreign promoter, had weak FabF activity. Complementation of Escherichia coli fabB and fabF mutant strains with high expression showed that P. putida fabF1 restored E. coli fabF function, whereas fabB restored E. coli fabB function and fabF2 restored the functions of both E. coli fabF and fabB. The P. putida ΔfabF1 deletion strain was almost entirely defective in synthesis of cis-vaccenic acid, whereas the ΔfabB strain is an unsaturated fatty acid (UFA) auxotroph that accumulated high levels of spontaneous suppressors in the absence of UFA supplementation. This was due to increased expression of fabF2 that bypasses loss of fabB because of the inactivation of the regulator, Pput_2425, encoded in the same operon as fabF2. Spontaneous suppressor accumulation was decreased by high levels of UFA supplementation, whereas competition by the P. putida β-oxidation pathway gave increased accumulation. The ΔfabB ΔfabF2 strain is a stable UFA auxotroph indicating that suppressor accumulation requires FabF2 function. However, at low concentrations of UFA supplementation, the ΔfabF2 ΔPput_2425 double-mutant strain still accumulated suppressors at low UFA concentrations.

The Effects of Unsaturated Fatty Acid Supplementation to Ration on Superovulation Performance and Embryo Quality of Donor Cows

This study was conducted to determine the effects of omega-3 (α-linolenic acid) fatty acid supplementation to donor cow rations on superovulation performance, embryo number and quality, and blood-progesterone levels. The study was carried out with two groups, each consisting of 10 black-and-white breed dairy cows. Control group was fed with the basic ration prepared, and the experimental group was fed with the ration added with omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) source at a level of 3.82% of the basic ration dry matter (DM) for 60 days training period. Thus, each of experimental group’s cow consumed 900 g-day feed additives consisting 149.4 g omega-3 daily. The superovulation protocol was started at the 40th day of feeding period. According to the findings of the study, the difference between the groups in terms of the response to superovulation was found to be insignificant (P>0.05). Similarly, there was no significant difference in blood progesterone levels between the groups (P>0.05). However, the difference between the control group and the experimental group in terms of transferable and non-transferable embryo rates was found to be significantly important (P<0.05). The total number of transferred embryos was determined as 37 in the experimental group and 79 in the control group. The total number of non-transferable embryos was recorded as 78 in the trial group and 43 in the control group. At the end of the study, it was concluded that supplementation to donor cow rations with omega-3 fatty acid sources might have a negative effects on transferrable embryo number and quality.

Metabolic Engineering for Improved Curcumin Biosynthesis in Escherichia coli

The biosynthetic efficiency of curcumin, a highly bioactive compound from the plant Curcuma longa, needs to be improved. In this study, we performed host cell and biosynthetic pathway engineering to improve curcumin biosynthesis. Using in vivo-directed evolution, the expression level of curcuminoid synthase (CUS), the rate-limiting enzyme in the curcumin biosynthetic pathway, was significantly improved. Furthermore, as curcumin is a highly hydrophobic compound, two cell membrane engineering strategies were applied to optimize the biosynthetic efficiency. Curcumin storage was increased by overexpression of monoglucosyldiacylglycerol synthase from Acholeplasma laidlawii, which optimized the cell membrane morphology. Furthermore, unsaturated fatty acid supplementation was used to enhance membrane fluidity, which greatly ameliorated the damaging effect of curcumin on the cell membrane. These two strategies enhanced curcumin biosynthesis and demonstrated an additive effect.

Cross Regulation of Phospholipid and Unsaturated Fatty Acid Biosynthesis

As most cellular phospholipids require unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs), we investigated the potential cross regulation of phospholipid and UFA biosynthesis. The Δ‐9 desaturase, encoded by OLE1, is the sole source of endogenous UFAs in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Inspection of the OLE1 promoter revealed several sequences that are close matches to the regulatory sequence UASINO found in many phospholipid biosynthetic genes, which is the target of regulation by Ino2p, Ino4p and Opi1p. We examined if these proteins also play a role in regulation of OLE1 expression. Reporter gene analysis showed that when uracil prototrophy was placed under control of the OLE1 promoter, poor expression was observed in the opi1 and ino4 mutants. When lacZ was placed under control of the OLE1 promoter, reporter assays confirmed that expression was poor in the tested mutants. qPCR analysis demonstrates that the down regulation of OLE1 occurs normally in opi1, ino2 and ino4 mutants, however, its expression under growth conditions without exogenous UFAs is poor compared to wild type cells. Fatty acid analysis revealed that normal regulation of OLE1 occurred in response to unsaturated fatty acid (UFA) supplement in the opi1 mutant, indicating that post‐transcriptional regulation is still functional. Finally, the 2‐hybrid assay was used to examine potential interactions between Ole1p and Opi1p, Ino2p, Ino4p and known OLE1 regulators Mga2p and Spt23p, however no unexpected interactions were detected. This preliminary work indicates that phospholipid regulators Opi1p, Ino2p, Ino4p play a role in OLE1 expression, but not through regulation in response to UFA supplements or through Mga2p and Spt23p.Support or Funding InformationResearch reported was supported by the National Institute Of General Medical Sciences of the National Institutes of Health under Award Number R15GM132853

Abstract P436: The Role of Free Fatty Acids in Patients With Obesity and Heart Failure With Preserved Ejection Fraction: A Post-hoc Analysis of the UFA-preserved Pilot Study

Background: Increased circulating free fatty acids (FFA) are associated with an increased risk for heart failure (HF). Interestingly, in the setting of established HF, the failing heart relies heavily on the use of FFA as energetic substrate, and therapeutics aimed at reducing FFA in HF have been found to worsen cardiac performance. A dietary intervention aimed at increasing unsaturated fatty acids (UFA) was associated with favorable changes in cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) in patients with obesity and HF with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) in the UFA-Preserved Pilot Study, although the mechanism remains largely unknown. We hypothesized that dietary UFA supplementation is associated with an increase in circulating FFA and may improve determinants of CRF such as cardiac function and body composition. Methods: Eight subjects with obesity and HFpEF engaged in 12 weeks of UFA supplementation by increasing intake of foods rich in monounsaturated fatty acids (i.e., oleic acid) and polyunsaturated fatty acids (i.e., α-linolenic acid, linoleic acid) under instruction and monitoring of a research dietitian. Measures were performed at baseline and 12 weeks. Subjects underwent venipuncture to measure circulating FFA, plasma biomarkers of UFA consumption, and NT-proBNP.. Bioelectrical impedance analysis was used to estimate skeletal muscle mass (SMM). Maximal cardiopulmonary exercise testing was performed to measure CRF defined as peak oxygen consumption (VO 2 ). Data are presented as median and interquartile range. Within group changes were assessed using Wilcoxon rank test and correlations were performed using Spearman rank test. Results: Five subjects were female and median age was 53 [50-59] years. The dietary intervention resulted in a significant increase in FFA (from 0.29 [0.20-0.43] to 0.37 [0.32-0.73] μmol/L, p=0.012) and plasmatic UFA (from 1319 [1224-1477] to 1620 [1268-2110] μg/mL, p=0.05). Changes in FFA were positively associated with changes in plasmatic UFA (R=+0.74, p=0.035). Changes in FFA were associated with a trend toward improvement in peak VO 2 , although it did not reach statistical significance (R=+0.72, p=0.068). Changes in FFA were also positively and significantly associated with an increase in SMM expressed in kg (R=+0.99, p&lt;0.001) and % of body weight (R=+0.90, p=0.006) and inversely associated with changes in NT-proBNP (R=-0.85, p=0.007). Conclusion: In patients with obesity and HFpEF, dietary UFA supplementation increases FFA, which are associated with favorable changes in cardiac function and body composition. This supports a novel mechanism through which UFA may positively affect CRF. Ongoing randomized controlled trials (NCT03966755) are underway investigating UFA supplementation as a therapeutic strategy to improve CRF in obesity and HFpEF.

Effect of Almond Supplementation on Non-Esterified Fatty Acid Values and Exercise Performance.

Several studies have investigated the effects of fat intake before exercise on subsequent substrate oxidation and exercise performance. While some studies have reported that unsaturated fatty acid supplementation slightly increases fat oxidation, the changes have not been reflected in the maximum oxygen uptake or in other performance and physiological parameters. We selected almonds as a fatty acid (FA) source for acute supplementation and investigated their effect on non-esterified fatty acid (NEFA) values and exercise performance. Five physically active male subjects (age 32.9 ± 12.7 years, height 178.5 ± 3.3 cm, and weight 81.3 ± 9.7 kg) were randomly assigned to take an almond or placebo supplement 2 h before participating in two cycling resistance training sessions separated by an interval of 7–10 days. Their performance was evaluated with a maximal incremental test until exhaustion. Blood samples collected before, during, and after testing were biochemically analysed. The results indicated a NEFA value average increase of 0.09 mg·dL−1 (95% CI: 0.05–0.14; p < 0.001) after active supplement intake and enhanced performance (5389 ± 1795 W vs. placebo 4470 ± 2053 W, p = 0.043) after almond supplementation compared to the placebo. The almond supplementation did not cause gastrointestinal disturbances. Our study suggests that acute almond supplementation 2 h before exercise can improve performance in endurance exercise in trained subjects.

Pre-fermentative supplementation of unsaturated fatty acids alters the effect of overexpressing ATF1 and EEB1 on esters biosynthesis in red wine

The production of esters is largely influenced by functional gene expressions and the nutrition status of grape must. In this study, the effects of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs) mixture (including linoleic acid, oleic acid and linolenic acid) on volatile esters of wine fermented with T73::ATF1 (overexpressing ATF1-encoded alcohol acetyltransferases) and T73::EEB (overexpressing EEB1-encoded acyl-CoA: ethanol O-acyltransferases) were investigated in alcoholic fermentation, respectively. The inoculation of T73::ATF1 into UFAs added juice significantly increased acetate esters production (ethyl acetate, isoamyl acetate and phenylethyl acetate) compared to in the control juice. The promotion on ethyl esters biosynthesis was also found in T73::EEB1 when supplemented with low level of UFAs, but the function became inhibition with the further increment of UFAs concentration. The levels of higher alcohols, medium fatty acids and the major genes expression (ADH1, BAT1, PDC1, ACC1, FAS1 and IAH1) were changed and varied among the both strains. These results indicated that UFAs can modulate the effect of overexpressing ATF1 and EEB1 on esters biosynthesis by influencing the substrates availability. The combination of increasing ATF1 and EEB1 expressions and modulating UFAs content is a potential means to increase the esters production and improve the aromatic quality of wines.

Effect of Unsaturated Fatty Acids Supplementation on Productive and Reproductive Performance of Ram Lambs

Effect of Unsaturated Fatty Acids Supplementation on Productive and Reproductive Performance of Ram Lambs