Unsaturated Fatty Acid Components Research Articles

Metabolome and Transcriptome Analyses Reveal Metabolomic Variations and Key Transcription Factors Involved in Lipid Biosynthesis During Seed Development in Carya illinoinensis.

Plant oils are a large group of neutral lipids that play a vital role in the food and oleochemical industries. The pecan (Carya illinoinensis) is a promising woody oil crop known for its high-quality sources of essential fatty acids and various bioactive compounds that may aid in preventing heart diseases. However, there is still a lack of understanding regarding the accumulation of lipids and the molecular mechanism of lipid biosynthesis during seed development. This study aims to analyze the metabolite variations and molecular mechanisms of lipid biosynthesis by integrating untargeted metabolomics and transcriptomics during pecan seed development. A total of 293 differentially accumulated metabolites were identified and further categorized into 13 groups, with lipids and lipid-like molecules constituting the largest group. The oil content and fatty acid compositions of pecan embryos were assessed at three stages of seed development. Oleic acid (c18:1) and linoleic acid (c18:2n6) were found to be the most abundant unsaturated fatty acid components in pecan embryos. Additionally, a comprehensive analysis revealed 15,990 differentially expressed genes, with a focus on the key genes related to lipid metabolism. Furthermore, the study identified 1201 transcription factors from differentially expressed genes. These transcription factors were divided into 65 families, with different members in the same family exhibiting different expression patterns during seed development. The expression patterns of ten transcription factor genes during seed development were verified by qRT-PCR. Two key genes, CiABI3 and CiFUS3 were further cloned and found to be localized in the nucleus. This study used metabolome and transcriptome analysis during key periods of pecan seed development to identify the key genes associated with seed development and fatty acid biosynthesis.

Changes in Fatty Acid Profiles in Seeds of Camellia oleifera Treated by Mycorrhizal Fungi and Glomalin

Camellia oleifera is an important oilseed forest tree, but it is unknown whether and how inoculation with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, as well as spraying easily extractable glomalin-related soil protein (EG), regulates the fatty acid profile in seeds of this species. This study explored how inoculation with Rhizophagus intraradices (800 g inoculum/tree) and spraying EG (2.5 L/tree, four times in total, once a week) modulated the fatty acid profile for potential nutritional qualities in the seeds of 20-year-old C. oleifera. Spraying exogenous EG significantly increased fruit transverse diameter, longitudinal diameter, fruit weight, number of seeds, and seed weight but had no significant effect on the root mycorrhizal colonization rate. Inoculation with R. intraradices had no significant effect on these fruit traits but significantly boosted the root mycorrhizal colonization rate. A total of 11 saturated fatty acids and 12 unsaturated fatty acids were detected from the seeds, with the unsaturated fatty acids consisting primarily of C18:1N-12, C18:1N-9C, and C18:2-N6. Spraying exogenous EG significantly increased the levels of major unsaturated fatty acid components such as C18:1N-12, C18:1N-9C, C18:1N-7, and C18:2N-6 by 140.6%, 59.7%, 97.6%, and 60.6%, respectively, while decreasing the level of C16:0. Inoculation with R. intraradices only decreased the levels of C16:0 and C18:0, while increased the level of C18:2N-6. Both treatments increased the percentage of unsaturated fatty acids in total fatty acids, resulting in an increase in the unsaturation index of fatty acids. In addition, inoculation with R. intraradices significantly up-regulated the expression of CoFAD2, spraying exogenous EG significantly increased the expression of CoSAD, CoFAD2, and CoFAD3, and both treatments also significantly suppressed the expression of CoFAE. These findings suggested that exogenous EG as a biostimulant, is more suitable to regulate the nutritional values of fatty acids in seeds of 20-year-old C. oleifera.

Comparison of Fatty Acid Profile and Quality Properties of Commercial Apricot (Prunus Armeniaca) Kernel Oils

Prunus armeniaca L. known as apricot, is one of the important export products of Turkey and its kernel oil has become widely popular in different fields such as food pharmacy, aromatherapy and cosmetics industry. Apricot oil obtained from the kernels of apricots is characterized by high contents of oil, fiber, various minerals, proteins, vitamins and phenolics with health-improving effects. The aim of this study was to compare the fatty acid composition and some quality properties of 10 different kinds of apricot kernel oils produced by the different brands. The lowest value of free fatty acid with 0.30 % was determined in the A5 sample. The antioxidant activity results of A1 brand apricot oil sample were found similar to A4 brand apricot oil (P>0.05). In the results of the total phenolic content was lowest in A5 sample with 101.17 mg GAE/100g. The results of the highest antioxidant activity and total phenolic content were determined in the sample A3. The common major fatty acids in the analyzed oil samples were determined as oleic acid, linoleic acid, palmitic acid and stearic acid. Oleic acid was determined as the main unsaturated fatty acid component for all oil types except the A1 sample.

Effects of ca-soap protected vegetables oil in dairy ration on rumen fermentability and in vitro digestibility

Supplementing dairy ration with Ca-soap vegetable oils rich in unsaturated fatty acid components increases the fatty acid profile and conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) levels in dairy milk, but it might reduce fermentability and digestibility. This study aimed to identify the effect of vegetable oil supplementation protected by Ca-soap on rumen fermentability and digestibility. Parameters observed included pH score, protozoa population, total VFA (volatile fatty acid), ammonia concentration, dry and organic matter digestibility (DMD and OMD), neutral and acid detergent fiber (NDF and ADF) digestibility. The results showed that increasing Ca-soap-protected vegetable oil levels in dairy ration significantly decreased (P<0.05) pH score, protozoa population, NH3 concentration, and digestibility. Oil type also significantly influenced all parameters except for microbial fermentation. The interaction effect of oil types and their levels were found in pH score, protozoa population, NH3 concentration, DMD, and fiber digestibility in ADF. Vegetable oils that influenced optimally were corn oil and canola oil. It is concluded that Ca-soap-protected vegetable oil supplementation in dairy ration should be less than 4%. It is suggested to study at the lower level. The type of oil used should consider its linoleic acid content and availability.

Milk Properties and Morphological Characteristics of the Donkey Mammary Gland for Development of an Adopted Milking Machine—A Review

Donkey milk (DM) has been known in the world for 5000 years for its benefits for human nutrition and health. Nowadays, DM has become more and more attractive as a commercial product. DM contains several physiologically functional components, including high-quality whey proteins, vitamins, important minerals, unsaturated fatty acid and bioactive components. Therefore, it is not only consumed as food but also as a remedy. The average daily milk yield of a female donkey over the entire lactation season was 1.57 ± 1.12 kg/day and fluctuated between 0.20 and 6.00 kg/day. Average milk concentrations (±SD) of fat, protein, lactose, total solids and ash in DM were 0.63 ± 0.41%, 1.71 ± 0.24%, 6.34 ± 0.37%, 9.11 ± 0.95% and 0.39 ± 0.04%, respectively. Interestingly, DM is similar in composition to mare’s milk, and both are similar to mother’s milk. The anatomical and morphological properties of the mammary gland of the female donkey are special and can be compared with those of mare udders. However, the cistern cavity of the mammary gland of female donkeys is characterized by the presence of multiple pockets that open directly into the teat, instead of a single cistern cavity. Therefore, the mammary gland capacity in donkey mare is low and milking technique and routine are of most importance. So far there is no special milking machine for female donkeys and mares. The milking machines used nowadays were initially designed for smaller sheep and goat udders. The company Siliconform, Germany, has set itself the task of developing an optimized milking machine for donkey mares, which is adapted to the anatomical and morphological properties of the donkey mammary gland. Furthermore, it should achieve a physiologically ideal milking process meeting high animal welfare standards for increased milk production with high quality standards.

The Effect of Fatty Acid Composition on Combustion Characteristics of Vegetable Oils

Vegetable oil is triglyceride molecules consisting of glycerol with three carbon chains as the backbone and three branches of fatty acids. Fatty acid molecules contain carboxylic acid and methyl ester (biodiesel). The properties of methyl esters from vegetable oils are almost similar to those of diesel oil. Therefore, fatty acids are a good potential source for diesel oil. This study aims to elucidate the effect of fatty acid composition on the combustion characteristics of vegetable oil. In this study, the combustion characteristics of the oil were observed experimentally by burning a single droplet on a heated stainless-steel plate. The results show that vegetable oil is burned in three stages: burning unsaturated fatty acids, saturated fatty acids, and glycerol at the first, second, and third stages, respectively. Compared to ceiba pentandra, cotton, and coconut oils, the combustion characteristics of jatropha curcas linn oil resemble most of the diesel oil. The burning of ceiba pentandra oil has two small explosions, while jatropha curcas linn, cottonseed, and diesel oils have only one small explosion, and no explosion occurs during the coconut oil burning. Unsaturated fatty acids and glycerol are highly explosive. The burning rate of the vegetable oil droplet is influenced by the flashpoints, fatty acid content, and dissociation energy of fatty acid bonds. The larger the number of the unsaturated fatty acid component, the higher the burning rate of the oil.

Physico-chemical and tribological properties of isopropyl-branched chicken fat

Unlike vegetable oils, extensive efforts have not been made to chemically modify animal fats so that to improve their physico-chemical properties and be utilized as renewable resources to replace petroleum-based products such as lubricants. In this study, we have explored the possibility of utilizing chicken fat as a lubricant by changing its physical and tribological properties through chemical modification. Chicken fat was chemically modified by introducing isopropyl group into the unsaturated fatty acid components of the triglyceride using the industrially produced Lewis acid, ethylaluminum sesquichloride. The modified chicken fat was characterized using a combination of different analytical techniques including GC–MS, NMR and GPC. The physical and tribological properties of the modified and regular chicken fat as well as their blends with high oleic sunflower oil (HOSuO) were investigated. Compared to regular chicken fat, the modified chicken fat displayed higher density but their solubility in HOSuO and Polyalphaolefin (POA-6) was found to be similar. The modified chicken fat also exhibited better oxidative-stability, higher kinematic viscosity but lower viscosity index compared to the regular chicken fat and HOSuO. Unlike the regular chicken fat, blending of modified chicken fat with HOSuO led to an increase in density and improvement in oxidative stability. The present study demonstrated that animal fats could be chemically modified to improve their physicochemical properties like that of vegetable oils and they can be considered as alternative renewable resources for generating value-added products such as biolubricants for various applications.

Disaccahrides-Based Cryo-Formulant Effect on Modulating Phospho/Mitochondrial Lipids and Biological Profiles of Human Leukaemia Cells.

The use of novel cryo-additive agents to increase cell viability post-cryopreservation is paramount to improve future cell based-therapy treatments. We aimed to establish the Human Leukemia (HL-60) cells lipidomic and biological patterns when cryo-preserved in DMSO alone and with 300 µM Nigerose (Nig), 200 µM Salidroside (Sal) or a combination of Nig (150 µM) and Sal (100 µM). HL-60 cells were pre-incubated with Nig/Sal prior, during and post cryopreservation, and subjected to global lipidomic analysis. Malondialdeyhde (MDA), released lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and reactive oxygen scavenger (ROS) measurements were also carried out to evaluate levels of lipid peroxidation and cytotoxicity. Cryopreserving HL-60 cells in DMSO with Nig and Sal provided optimal protection against unsaturated fatty acid oxidation. Post-thaw, cellular phospholipids and mitochondrial cardiolipins were increased by Nig/Sal as the ratio of unsaturated to saturated fatty acids 2.08 +/- 0.03 and 0.95 +/- 0.09 folds respectively in comparison to cells cryopreserved in DMSO alone (0.49 +/- 0.05 and 0.86 +/- 0.10 folds). HL-60 lipid peroxidation levels in the presence of DMSO + Nig and Sal combined were significantly reduced relative to pre-cryopreservation levels (10.91 +/- 2.13 nmole) compared to DMSO (17.1 +/- 3.96 nmole). DMSO + Nig/Sal combined also significantly reduced cell cytotoxicity post-thaw (0.0128 +/- 0.00182 mU/mL) in comparison to DMSO (0.0164 +/- 0.00126 mU/mL). The combination of Nig/Sal also reduced significantly ROS levels to the levels of prior cryopreservation of HL-60. Overall, the establishment of the cryopreserved HL-60 cells lipidomic and the corresponding biological profiles showed an improved cryo-formulation in the presence of DMSO with the Nig/Sal combination by protecting the, mitochondrial inner membrane, unsaturated fatty acid components (i. e. Cardiolipins) and total phospholipids.

Advancing biodiesel production from microalgae Spirulina sp. by a simultaneous extraction–transesterification process using palm oil as a co-solvent of methanol

AbstractMicroalgae have been considered as a potential candidate for biodiesel feedstock. Single-stage simultaneous extraction–transesterification process is proposed for simpler and more effective biodiesel conversion. In this study, the experiment of biodiesel production from microalgae Spirulina sp. was performed in a batch-stirred reactor using palm oil as a co-solvent of methanol and catalyzed by potassium hydroxide at a percentage of 1 wt% (w/w of palm oil). The effects of methanol–palm oil molar ratio, palm oil–microalgae weight ratio, and temperature on biodiesel yield were investigated. The results showed that the best biodiesel yield was 85.28% (99.01% of partial biodiesel yield from palm oil and 16.69% of partial biodiesel yield from dry microalgae), obtained at a methanol–palm oil molar ratio of 10:1, a palm oil–microalgae weight ratio of 5:1, and at a temperature of 60°C. Upon comparison, the overall yield increased by 34.59% (37.73% of partial biodiesel yield from palm oil and 13.00% of partial biodiesel yield from dry microalgae) than that of the two-stage (conventional) method. Single-stage simultaneous extraction–transesterification process also reduced the number of unsaturated fatty acid components in biodiesel that will lower the biodiesel quality.

Structural basis for virulence regulation in Vibrio cholerae by unsaturated fatty acid components of bile

The AraC/XylS-family transcriptional regulator ToxT is the master virulence activator of Vibrio cholerae, the gram-negative bacterial pathogen that causes the diarrheal disease cholera. Unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs) found in bile inhibit the activity of ToxT. Crystal structures of inhibited ToxT bound to UFA or synthetic inhibitors have been reported, but no structure of ToxT in an active conformation had been determined. Here we present the 2.5 Å structure of ToxT without an inhibitor. The structure suggests release of UFA or inhibitor leads to an increase in flexibility, allowing ToxT to adopt an active conformation that is able to dimerize and bind DNA. Small-angle X-ray scattering was used to validate a structural model of an open ToxT dimer bound to the cholera toxin promoter. The results presented here provide a detailed structural mechanism for virulence gene regulation in V. cholerae by the UFA components of bile and other synthetic ToxT inhibitors.

Transcriptome and physiological analysis reveal alterations in muscle metabolisms and immune responses of grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idellus) cultured at different stocking densities

Grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idellus) is one of the most common aquaculture fish species around the world. High stocking density applied in the intensive C. idellus culture may have negative impact on fish health and flesh quality. To investigate the effect of stocking density on growth, flesh quality, and immune response of C. idellus, we conducted a comprehensive physiological, biochemical, and transcriptome analysis on fish reared at low stocking density (LSD) (5 fish per tank, 2.45 kg m−3), medium stocking density (MSD) (15 fish per tank, 7.44 kg m−3), and high stocking density (HSD) (30 fish per tank, 14.47 kg m−3), respectively. After 78-day culture, fish maintained at LSD exhibited the highest weight gain, followed by those in MSD and HSD. The highest levels of free amino acid and unsaturated fatty acid components were mostly found in the muscle of either MSD or HSD group. The level of saturated fatty acids (SFAs) with low carbon chains were significantly highest in LSD. However, C17:0-C22:0 SFAs were significantly elevated with the increase in stocking density. Transcriptome profiling of muscle tissue revealed a total of 394 differential expressed genes (DEGs) by pairwise comparisons among 3 groups. The flesh quality-specific differences at the transcriptional level were not only related to fat accumulation, but also affected lipids, proteins and carbohydrates biosynthesis and metabolisms. Functional enrichment analysis showed that response to stimulus, development process and signal transduction were also enriched within these DEGs. Our findings suggest that both HSD and LSD could lead to muscle fat infiltration, anti-oxidative inhibition, and lower expressions of immune factors, thereby obtaining higher fat deposition and lower disease resistance. In summary, C. idellus cultured at medium stocking density exhibited a higher muscle quality and healthier condition than those reared under crowding stress or at extreme low-stocking density.

Identification of nutrient composition of some isolated microalgae from mangroves of Xuan Thuy national park

Microalgae species, such as Amphiprora alata, Chaetoceros muelleri, Nannochloropsis oculata, Navicula tuscula and Chlorella vulgaris from mangrove area of Xuan Thuy National Park are usually used as food sources for fishes, shrimps and bivalves and very environment friendly. The samples of these microalgae were enriched, isolated and purified in F/2 medium with salinity of 20%. The purifed colonies were cultured in media with different salinity in 14 days to find out the most optimal medium for the best growth as well as the stage yielding maximum living mass. These microalgae were then cultured in their optimal media at salinity of 25% until they reached their maximum living mass stage. They were cultivated and analyzed of their fatty acid, protein carbonhydrate components and percentages. The research has identified 24 fatty acids in 5 phytoplankton species. Unsaturated fatty acids components of Chaetoceros muelleri, Nannochloropsis oculata are the highest (76,35% and 71,17%), and fatty acid components of are medium Chlorella vulgaris and Amphiprora alata (59,24% and 52,21%), meanwhile, Navicula tuscula has 29.56% of unsaturated fatty acids. Amphiprora alata and Chlorella vulgaris have protein content of 8.1g per 100g dry weight and 4.44g per 100g dry weight accordingly. Carbohydrate content of Nannochloropsis oculata and Navicula tuscula are 11.8g per 100g dry weight and 5.47g per 100g dry weight, respectively.

Fatty Acid Profile in Fat Obtained from Edible Part of Land Snails Harvested in Poland.

IntroductionThe objective was to determine the content of fatty acids in edible snail fat by snail species, collection site, and processing stage.Material and MethodsThe research material comprised 180 edible fat samples from the three genera of edible snails collected in Poland: free-living Helix pomatia (HP) and two cultivated Cornu subspecies: C. aspersa maxima (CAM) and C. aspersum aspersum (CAA). All snails came from the Greater Poland and Lower Silesian Provinces: HP from their natural habitat and CAM and CAA from heliciculture farms. The studies focused on the raw meat, cooked meat, and frozen meat processing stages. Fatty acid (FA) profiles were determined by the gas chromatography method.ResultsHelix pomatia fat showed a higher saturated fatty acid (SFA) content, whereas the fat of Cornu genus snails had a higher unsaturated fatty acid (UFA) component, i.e. monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA) and polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA). Thermal processing of snail meat increased all the determined SFA and decreased all the PUFA values, and increased the content of C18:1, C20:1, and C22:1 acids in the MUFA group. The material collection site had limited impact on FA content as differences were noted only in levels of C18:1, C18:2 n6, and C20:5. The differences pertained only to the fat of farmed snails of the Cornu genus.ConclusionDue to the high content of UFA and a favourable ratio of n6:n3 acids and PUFA:SFA, snail fat can be regarded as nutritionally valuable.

Hydrocarbon fuel from brown grease: Effects of reaction temperature profile on yields and product distribution

Pyrolysis of brown grease has been shown to produce kerosene-like hydrocarbons as well as ketones. The process involves several different chemical reactions of the saturated and unsaturated fatty acid components. The yields and product distributions are dependent on the reaction temperature profile, a factor that must be considered in reactor and process design. In this paper we investigated the parameters of reaction temperature and time as brown grease was preheated and held at a set of temperatures before distillation of the kerosene-like hydrocarbons. It was found that the heating and temperature profile has a significant effect on the relative yields of reaction products.

Changes of Intracellular Porphyrin, Reactive Oxygen Species, and Fatty Acids Profiles During Inactivation of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus by Antimicrobial Blue Light.

Antimicrobial blue light (aBL) has attracted increasing interest for its antimicrobial properties. However, the underlying bactericidal mechanism has not yet been verified. One hypothesis is that aBL causes the excitation of intracellular chromophores; leading to the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the resultant oxidization of various biomolecules. Thus, monitoring the levels of redox-sensitive intracellular biomolecules such as coproporphyrins, as well as singlet oxygen and various ROS may help to uncover the physiological changes induced by aBL and aid in establishing the underlying mechanism of action. Furthermore, the identification of novel targets of ROS, such as fatty acids, is of potential significance from a therapeutic perspective. In this study, we sought to investigate the molecular impact of aBL treatment on methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). The results showed that aBL (5–80 J/cm2) exhibited a bactericidal effect on MRSA, and almost no bacteria survived when 80 J/cm2 had been delivered. Further studies revealed that the concentrations of certain intracellular molecules varied in response to aBL irradiation. Coproporphyrin levels were found to decrease gradually, while ROS levels increased rapidly. Moreover, imaging revealed the emergence and increase of singlet oxygen molecules. Concomitantly, the lipid peroxidation product malondialdehyde (MDA) increased in abundance and intracellular K+ leakage was observed, indicating permeability of the cell membrane. Atomic force microscopy showed that the cell surface exhibited a coarse appearance. Finally, fatty acid profiles at different illumination levels were monitored by GC-MS. The relative amounts of three unsaturated fatty acids (C16:1, C20:1, and C20:4) were decreased in response to aBL irradiation, which likely played a key role in the aforementioned membrane injuries. Collectively, these data suggest that the cell membrane is a major target of ROS during aBL irradiation, causing alterations to membrane lipid profiles, and in particular to the unsaturated fatty acid component.

Chemical composition and antioxidant capacity of extracts from the whole berry, pulp and seed of Hippophae¨ rhamnoides ssp. yunnanensis

In the present study, profiles of fatty acid, sn-2 fatty acid, triglyceride, phytochemical (including tocopherol/tocotrienol, phytosterol, flavonoid, carotenoid and polyphenol) and antioxidant capacity of extracts from the whole berry, pulp and seed of Hippophae¨ rhamnoides ssp. yunnanensis were investigated and compared. The distributions of fatty acid, sn-2 fatty acid and triglyceride that was identified using ultra-performance liquid chromatography tandem quadrupole time of flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-Q-TOF/MS) showed obvious differences among the different parts of the ssp. yunnanensis. The whole berry and pulp extracts exhibited high flavonoid, carotenoid and polyphenol contents, whereas, the seed portion expressed high tocopherol/tocotrienol and phytosterol concentrations. Results deduced from this study demonstrated that ssp. yunnanensis is a rich source of unsaturated fatty acid and bioactive minor component, which should be further developed and utilized by breeders and planters.

Microwave-assisted cationic polymerization of palm olein and their urea inclusion products

Cationic polymerization is affected by the relative amount of unsaturated bond (C=C) in the compound. The enrichment of an unsaturated triglyceride fraction from oils may be performed using urea inclusion techniques. In this study, palm olein was enriched-unsaturated fraction using urea-methanol system. The palm olein and its urea-inclusion products were cationic polymerized with ethereal boron trifluoride catalyst and followed by irradiation using a commercial microwave (microwave-assisted). The microwave irradiated products were cured at 110 °C for 24 hours. Fatty acid composition of the palm olein and its urea-inclusion products were analyzed by gas chromatography. Iodine numbers, functional groups, and ultraviolet absorption spectra of all palm olein origin, urea inclusion products and polymerization products were analyzed using titrimetric, ultraviolet spectrophotometric, and Fourier Transform infrared spectrophotometric methods. Differential scanning calorimetric (DSC) was used to observe the thermal characteristics of the polymer. Urea-inclusion process increased the unsaturated fatty acid components as indicated by the increased iodine number, intensity of alkene band absorptions in the infrared spectra, and the absorbance of the ultraviolet spectra. The polymer formation is converting the C=C group to C-C, which is indicated by the opposite of the urea inclusion process. The curing process results in reformation of new C=C bonds that were similar to that of the urea inclusion process. The DSC thermogram curve shows that the enrichment process improves the thermal stability of the polymer formed.

Antimelanogenesis and cellular antioxidant activities of rubber (Hevea brasiliensis) seed oil for cosmetics

The abundant rubber seed, the by-product of rubber tree (Hevea brasiliensis), is used for tree plantation, biodiesel production, coating, and animal feed. The reported major unsaturated fatty acid components of rubber seed oil are involved in the biological activities and may potentially be employed in the cosmetics. Nevertheless, the biological activity study of rubber seed oil for cosmetic application is limited. The aims of study were to extract the rubber seed oil, analyze the fatty acid components, and evaluate for the cytotoxicity by sulforhodamine B assay and biological activities, including melanogenesis assay and antioxidant activity, in cell culture. The extraction yield of rubber seed oil was 19.32±0.54%. The fatty acid components of rubber seed oil were palmitic (18.90±0.55%), stearic (10.91±0.25%), oleic (35.91±1.97%), and linoleic (33.31±1.56%) acids. The non-cytotoxic concentrations of rubber seed oil at 0.0001-0.1mg/mL were shown the cell viability higher than 80% in B16-F10 melanoma cells and 3T3-L1 cells. The concentration of rubber seed oil that inhibited cell viability at 50% (IC50) was 0.29mg/mL in B16-F10 melanoma cells. The melanogenesis assay of rubber seed oil at 0.1mg/mL was shown the inhibitory effect on melanin content (46.24±2.64%), tyrosinase activity (53.85±5.04%) and tyrosinase-related protein-2 activity (66.01±1.84%). The antioxidant activity of rubber seed oil was demonstrated the cellular protective effect at 0.001mg/mL with cell viability of 99.72±6.92%. The results of study have been supported the potential utilization of rubber seed oil as a functional raw material to be incorporated into the personal care and cosmetic preparations.

Supercritical fluid extracts of Moringa oleifera and their unsaturated fatty acid components inhibit biofilm formation by Staphylococcus aureus

Biofilm formation by Staphylococcus aureus plays a critical role in the persistence of chronic infections because of the ability of the bacterium in biofilms to tolerate antibiotics and host defenses. S. aureus produces hemolysin, which has been implicated in the pathogenesis of sepsis and pneumonia. Hence, the inhibitions of biofilm formation and/or toxin production by S. aureus are viewed as alternative means of addressing infections. In the present study, the antibiofilm activities of Moringa oleifera extracts were examined. Of the various solvent extraction methods examined, the supercritical carbon dioxide extracts of the leaves and seeds of M. oleifera were found to efficiently inhibit biofilm formation by S. aureus. Analyses of the extracts by GC-MS revealed the presences of palmitoleic acid, oleic acid, linoleic acid, linolenic acid, cis-11-eicosenoic acid, and cis-11,14-eicosadienoic acid at concentrations of 0.01% significantly inhibited S. aureus biofilm formation. In addition, supercritical fluid extract of the leaves of M. oleifera and its major component cis-11-eicosenoic acid significantly decreased the hemolysis of human red blood cells by S. aureus. These findings suggest supercritical carbon dioxide fluid extract of M. oleifera and its unsaturated fatty acids are potentially useful for controlling biofilm formation by and the virulence of S. aureus.

Fatty Acid Analysis of Leaf and Berry of Solanum villosum Mill. and its Prospect as Diet and Bactericide

Unsaturated fatty acids (FA) are required for various biological processes of animals including human. They are used as supplementary diet in treating many diseases and have large-scale industrial uses. In the present study, oils from leaves and berries of Solanum villosum Mill. (Solanaceae:Solanales) were extracted with petroleum ether (60-80°C) and subjected to Gas Liquid Chromatography (GLC) to identify the available FA. The antibacterial potential of the petroleum ether extract against some pathogenic bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa) was demonstrated by disc diffusion method and Minimum Inhibitory Concentrations (MIC) was also determined. In the extracted oil, major unsaturated FA components were identified as lenoleic acid and oleic acid and saturated FA were palmitic acid and stearic acid. Tested bacteria showed high to moderate sensitivity to the extracts, except B. subtilis exhibited resistance to the extract of leaves, whereas E. coli and P. aeruginosa to the extract of berry. So, oils from S. villosum leaf and berry can be considered as an important source of unsaturated FA, specially the linoleic acid and can be used as a healthier alternative to commonly used oils opening good prospects in many industries. Moderate antibacterial property may provide an added advantage.