Unsatisfactory Position Research Articles

Not leaving your unsatisfactory job: analyzing female, migrant, elderly and lower-educated employees

PurposeEmployees facing challenges in their careers – i.e. female, migrant, elderly and lower-educated employees – might expect job searches to have a low likelihood of success and might therefore more often stay in unsatisfactory positions. The goal of this study is to discover inequalities in job mobility for these employees.Design/methodology/approachWe rely on a large sample of Dutch public sector employees (N = 30,709) and study whether employees with challenges in their careers are hampered in translating job dissatisfaction into job searches. Additionally, we assess whether this is due to their perceptions of labor market alternatives.FindingsFindings show that non-Western migrant, elderly and lower-educated employees are less likely to act on job dissatisfaction than their advantaged counterparts, whereas women are more likely than men to do so. Additionally, we find that although they perceive labor market opportunities as limited, this does not affect their propensity to search for different jobs.Originality/valueThis paper is novel in discovering inequalities in job mobility by analyzing whether employees facing challenges in their careers are less likely to act on job dissatisfaction and therefore more likely to remain in unsatisfactory positions.

Spiraling down the Smelting Pot: Economic Determinism and the Working-Class Hero in The Deer Hunter (Cimino, 1978) and Out of the Furnace (Cooper, 2013)

Abstract: Coming thirty-five years after The Deer Hunter, Out of the Furnace , a largely overlooked drama directed by Scott Cooper, seems to revisit Michael Cimino's Vietnam War classic: both focus on working-class Pennsylvania communities against the backdrop of industrial landscapes and decay, war trauma, and even deer hunting. Yet the resemblance between the two films should not overshadow their differences. Cooper's film acknowledges the material limitations of working-class life, which were partly dismissed in The Deer Hunter 's representation of a humble yet convivial Russian American community of steel workers, three of whom set out to fight for their country in Vietnam. Conversely, in Out of the Furnace , two brothers grow apart as one accepts his unsatisfactory working-class position and the other serves in Iraq, hoping to make enough money to escape the mill. This article proposes a parallel between the two films' treatment of working-class masculinity and class determinism in the Rust Belt region at two different yet comparable periods in American history.

Cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment in Australia’s criminal justice system: does human rights legislation provide accountability?

ABSTRACT Detention conditions in Australia’s criminal justice system have been a longstanding concern for human rights advocates, with several separate incidents of concern against detainees attracting renewed attention. The presence of human rights legislation protecting the right to not be subject to cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment (CIDTP) in certain Australian jurisdictions has done little to ensure accountability for violations of the right. Critical analysis of the case law and legislation in Australia demonstrates that courts have adopted an arguably flawed approach with respect to the scope and interpretation of CIDTP, undermining its legislated purpose. This approach has led to a dearth of successful cases claiming a violation of the right to not be subject to CIDTP, thereby providing limited protection to those within the criminal justice system. Legislative reform to alter the unsatisfactory positions adopted by courts, as well as greater transparency of detention conditions in Australia’s criminal justice system, is imperative to ensure the human rights of detainees are upheld and protected.

Engineering d-band center of FeN4 moieties for efficient oxygen reduction reaction electrocatalysts

Atomically-dispersed FeN4 moieties are emerging as low-cost electrocatalysts for oxygen reduction reaction (ORR), which can be applied in fuel cells and metal-air batteries. Whereas, the unsatisfactory position of the d-band center from the metal sites offered by FeN4 affects the adsorption-desorption behaviors of oxygenated intermediates, further impeding the improvement of their ORR performances. Herein, we report a well-designed diatomic Fe/Zn-CNHC catalyst on a microporous hollow support. This strategy drives the position of the d-band center of Fe upward, thus making FeN4 active sites more favorable and stable during the ORR kinetic processes. The material exhibits an excellent ORR activity with a half-wave potential of 0.91 V and excellent stability (insignificant attenuation after 5,000 cycles), surpassing commercial Pt/C and many other single-atom catalysts. DFT calculations further indicate that the tuning effect of Zn on the d-orbital electron distribution of Fe facilitates the stretching and cleavage of Fe-O, thus accelerating the rate-determining step. This work presents a simple strategy to fabricate well-defined diatomic coordination in single-atom ORR electrocatalysts and inspires future research on developing new syntheses to control the coordination of single-atom electrocatalysts.

Effect of sagittal screw angle and distance of screw apex to superior endplate on adjacent segment disease after posterolateral lumbar fusion: a retrospective study

BackgroundNumerous complications of lumbar fusion surgery have been reported, with adjacent segment disease (ASD) being one of the most important. Few studies describe the effect of sagittal, horizontal screw angles and distance of pedicle screw apex to superior endplate on the incidence of ASD in lumbar spine. The purpose of this retrospective study is to evaluate the hypothesis that unsatisfactory pedicle screw insertion positions would increase the likelihood of ASD.MethodsOutpatients with lumbar spinal stenosis underwent posterolateral lumbar fusion at L4-S1 with a least 2-year follow-up were studied. ASD at L3–L4 was defined as a condition in which intervertebral disk narrowing, posterior vertebral opening, and vertebral slippage progress at the last follow-up in comparison with the postoperative. Independent t test was performed to compare data between two groups; Spearman analysis was performed to analyze the relationship between two continuous variables. Multivariate binary logistic models were performed to identify the independent risk factors of ASD. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was performed to measure model discrimination and Hosmer–Lemeshow (H–L) test was used to measure calibration. ROC curve evaluated the discrimination ability of sagittal screw angle and distance in predicting incidence of ASD.ResultsPatients in ASD group exhibit higher incidence of osteoporosis, higher Visual analogue scale (VAS), Oswestry disability index (ODI), bigger sagittal screw angle, shorter distance of pedicle screw apex to superior endplate than those in non-ASD group (p < 0.05). VAS, ODI at the last follow-up were positively correlated with Pfirrmann grade of L3–4 disk and sagittal screw angle, while negatively correlated with distance of screw apex to superior endplate (p < 0.05). Multivariate binary logistic model indicated that follow-up time (odds ratio [OR] 1.637, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.186–2.260), distance of screw apex to superior endplate (OR 0.150, 95% CI 0.067–0.336), sagittal screw angle (OR 2.404, 95% CI 1.608–3.594) were statistically significant. The models showed great discrimination and calibration. The area under the curve of ASD identified by sagittal angle and distance was 0.895 and the cut-off values were 5.500° and 6.250 mm, respectively.ConclusionSagittal screw angle and distance of screw apex to superior endplate were significantly associated with the risk of ASD.

Analisis Sistem Penjaminan Mutu Internal MTsN 4 Pasaman Barat

The most important issue of education is related to quality, especially since global surveys still place Indonesia in an unsatisfactory position. This condition makes the government have to think harder to advance education in this country. Efforts to improve quality have become a national priority, among others, by setting eight national standards, which can be measured through an internal quality assurance system. This study aims to see the achievement of SNP at the education unit level, in order to make improvements to the achievement of quality that is still low. The method used is a qualitative approach with survey and observation methods. The results showed that MTsN 4 Pasaman Barat achieved 86.03% of the SNP component. The standard of content is the highest standard of achievement, and the standard of infrastructure is the lowest standard that can be achieved. In addition, there are five standard sub-components that are below expectations, namely (1) the implementation of the learning process, (2) the competence of the head of madrasah, (3) ownership of complete and proper supporting facilities and infrastructure, (4) cross-subsidy services, and (5) the capacity of madrasah capacity. Through this research, it will be easier to determine the direction of improvement in the future.

Anatomy of Insolvent to Solvent Technology

“Anatomy of Insolvent to Solvent Technology“, implies finding problem solution from proper analysis. Paper presents initial steps to solve human being problems through computer. It includes the detailed information about problem, solution in terms of algorithm and analysis of algorithms in computer science field. Problem may be a state of mind of a living being, of not being satisfied with some situation. For problem the possible solution is a sequence of activities, that if carried out using available tools, leads us from the unsatisfactory position to an acceptable, satisfactory or desired position. One of the most important tool is to solve problem is an algorithm; algorithm can be implemented to the system as a program through any programming language. Analysis of algorithm is to determining the requirement of resources to execute it. The most important resources in computer system to execute the program are time and space. Analysis done in terms of complexity, complexity refers to the rate at which the required storage or consumed time grows with respect to the problem size. The absolute growth depends on the machine/compiler used to execute program. All algorithms falls in two classes known as deterministic polynomial (P) and non deterministic polynomial (NP) classes. The complexity class P is the set of decision problems that can be solved by a deterministic machine in polynomial time, i.e. O(nk) where k=1,2,3…. This class corresponds to set of problems which can be effectively solved in worst cases. The complexity class NP is a set of decision problems that can be solved by a nondeterministic machine in polynomial time. The time complexity of all NP class algorithms falls under exponential time such as O(2n), O(n!), etc., In this paper we will focus on P class algorithms to illustrate concept of algorithm and analysis..

Marking ground glass nodules with pulmonary nodules localization needle prior to video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery

To evaluate the efficacy and safety of marking ground glass nodules (GGNs) with pulmonary nodules localization needle (PNLN) prior to video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS). From June 2020 to February 2021, all patients with GGNs who received CT-guided localization using PNLN before VATS were enrolled. Clinical and imaging data were retrospectively analyzed. A total of 352 consecutive patients with 395 GGNs were included in the study. The mean diameter of GGNs was 0.95 ± 0.48 cm, and the shortest distance from nodules to the pleura was 1.73 ± 0.96 cm. All 395 GGNs were marked using PNLNs. The time required for marking was 7.8 ± 2.2 min. The marking success rate was 99.0% (391/395). The marking failure of four nodules was all due to the unsatisfactory position of PNLNs. No marker dislocation occurred. Marking-related complications included pneumothorax in 63 cases (17.9%), hemorrhage in 34 cases (9.7%), and hemoptysis in 6 cases (1.7%). All the complications were minor and did not need special treatment. Localization and VATS were performed on the same day in 95 cases and on different days in 257 cases. All GGNs were successfully removed by VATS. No patient converted to thoracotomy. Histopathological examination revealed 74 (18.7%) benign nodules and 321 (81.3%) malignant nodules. It is safe and reliable to perform preoperative localization of GGNs using PNLNs, which can effectively guide VATS to remove GGNs. • Preoperative localization of GGNs could effectively guide VATS to remove GGNs. • PNLN was based on the marking principle of hook-wire, through the improvement of its material, specially designed to mark pulmonary nodules. • The application of PNLN to mark GGNs had high success rate, good patient tolerance, and no dislocation. Meanwhile, VATS could be performed 2 to 3 days after marking GGNs with PNLN.

Risk Factors of Unsatisfactory Robot-Assisted Pedicle Screw Placement: A Case-Control Study.

ObjectiveTo identify potential risk factors of unsatisfactory screw position during robot-assisted pedicle screw fixation. MethodsA retrospective analysis of robot-assisted pedicle screw fixation performed in Beijing Jishuitan Hospital from March 2018 to March 2019 was conducted. Research data was collected from the medical record and imaging systems. Univariate tests were performed on the potential risk factors (patient’s characteristics and surgical factors) of unsatisfactory screw position during robot-assisted pedicle screw fixation. For statistically significant variables in univariate tests, a logistic regression test was used to identify independent risk factors for unsatisfactory screw position. ResultsA total of 780 pedicle screws placed in 163 robot-assisted surgeries were analyzed. The rate of perfect screw positions was 93.08%, and the unsatisfactory rate was 6.92%. In patients with severe obesity (body mass index ≥ 30 kg/m2) (odds ratio [OR], 2.459; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.199–5.044; p=0.014), osteoporosis (T ≤ -2.5) (OR, 1.857; 95% CI, 1.046–3.295; p=0.034), and the segments 3 levels away from the tracker (OR, 2.216; 95% CI, 1.119–4.387; p=0.022), robot-assisted pedicle screw placement has a higher risk of screw malposition. ConclusionDuring robot-assisted pedicle screw placement for patients with severe obesity, osteoporosis, and segments 3 levels away from the tracker, vigilance should be maintained during surgery to avoid postoperative complications due to unsatisfactory screw position.

Infrabrow excision to correct upper eyelid dermatochalasis in middle-aged and elderly patients

AIM: To evaluate the effects, advantages, disadvantages, and indications of infrabrow skin excision to correct upper eyelid dermatochalasis in middle-aged and elderly Chinese women. METHODS: Sixty eyelids in 30 patients were subjected to this surgical procedure from January to June 2018. All patients had upper eyelid dermatochalasis, and the functions of their levator palpebrae were all normal. The primary indications of the procedure were upper lid dermatochalasis with lateral hooding. All 30 patients underwent infrabrow skin excision at Shanxi Eye Hospital. The degree of skin relaxation before and after surgery was evaluated in all patients, and surgical outcomes and postoperative complications were also assessed. RESULTS: All patients were female, ranging from 40 to 64 (mean: 53.20±7.10) years old. Skin relaxation of the upper eyelid was improved in all 30 patients. One month after the operation, 52 lids (86.7%) showed good results and 8 lids (13.33%) showed fair results. The objective Strasser system was applied to evaluate surgical results at 1 and 6 months. All patients had scores between 0 and 1 point, indicating good results. Preoperative unsatisfactory position and shape of the eyebrows were improved, and crow's feet and frontal lines were reduced. All patients were satisfied with the results. No complications related to wound dehiscence, lagophthalmos, or hypertrophic scars were observed. CONCLUSION: Infrabrow skin excision is a simple, useful operation to reconstruct the upper eyelids in selected patients of Chinese ancestry. This procedure not only retains the advantages of classic blepharoplasty, but also alleviates many eyebrow problems at the same time, and maintains the original shape of the eyelid, minimizes scarring, and produces a smoother, more youthful appearance.

CT-guided preoperative localization of ground glass nodule: comparison between the application of embolization microcoil and the locating needle designed for pulmonary nodules

To compare the efficacy and safety of pre-operative localization of ground glass nodule (GGN) using embolization microcoils and the locating needles designed for pulmonary nodules. From June 2019 to December 2020, 429 patients who received CT-guided localization of single GGN before video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS) were enrolled. The diameter and depth of GGNs were 0.84 ± 0.39 cm and 1.66 ± 1.37 cm. Among 429 cases, the first 221 GGNs were marked with microcoils (the microcoil group), and the remaining 208 GGNs were marked with the locating needles designed for pulmonary nodules (the locating needle group). SPSS 17.0 statistical software was used to compare the marking success rate, marking time, marking-related complications between two groups. p values < 0.05 were considered statistically significant. The marking time in the microcoil group was longer than that in the locating needle group (11.1 ± 3.9 vs 8.2 ± 2.0 min, t = -7.87, p = 0.000). The marking success rate in the microcoil group was lower than that in the locating needle group (91.4% vs 98.6%, χ2 = 11.27, p = 0.001). In the microcoil group, marking failures included 16 cases of microcoil dislocation and 3 cases of unsatisfactory microcoil position, while all 3 cases of marking failure in the locating needle group were due to unsatisfactory anchor position. No significant differences in the incidence of total complications (23.1% vs 22.1%), pneumothorax (18.1% vs 19.2%), hemorrhage (9.5% vs 9.1%), and hemoptysis (1.8% vs 1.4%) were observed between the two groups. All the complications were minor and did not need special treatment. Except for one case in the microcoil group, which was converted to thoracotomy, the remaining 428 GGNs were successfully resected by VATS. It is safe and effective to perform pre-operative localization of GGN using either embolization microcoil or the locating needle designed for pulmonary nodules. The locating needle is superior to microcoil for marking GGN in terms of procedure time and the success rate. The complication rate of both methods is similar. The locating needle designed for pulmonary nodules has recently been used to mark pulmonary nodule. Its structure can effectively avoid dislocation after localization, and the marking process is simple and quick. Compared with localization using microcoil, it takes less time and has higher success rate to mark GGNs using the locating needle. The complication rate of both methods is similar.

Robust ultra-wideband range error mitigation with deep learning at the edge

Ultra-wideband (UWB) is the state-of-the-art and most popular technology for wireless localization. Nevertheless, precise ranging and localization in non-line-of-sight (NLoS) conditions is still an open research topic. Indeed, multipath effects, reflections, refractions, and complexity of the indoor radio environment can easily introduce a positive bias in the ranging measurement, resulting in highly inaccurate and unsatisfactory position estimation. This article proposes an efficient representation learning methodology that exploits the latest advancement in deep learning and graph optimization techniques to achieve effective ranging error mitigation at the edge. Channel Impulse Response (CIR) signals are directly exploited to extract high semantic features to estimate corrections in either NLoS or LoS conditions. Extensive experimentation with different settings and configurations has proved the effectiveness of our methodology and demonstrated the feasibility of a robust and low computational power UWB range error mitigation.

Comparison of the perspectives of the pediatric surgeons and pediatric urologists in management of cryptorchidism in Saudi Arabia.

Objectives:To evaluate the variability in perspectives between pediatric surgeons and pediatric urologists in managing cryptorchidism.Methods:We conducted this survey among pediatric surgeons and pediatric urologists managing cryptorchidism in Saudi Arabia in October 2020. We distributed a questionnaire to 187 consultants using the Google forms platform. We collected data related to the consultant’s experience, preoperative management, management of nonpalpable testes, management of palpable undescended testes, management of the cryptorchidism in special situations.Results:The response rate was 77% for pediatric surgeons (n=77) and 46% for pediatric urologists (n=40). The number of cases managed by each specialty per year differed significantly (p=0.02); however, there was no significant difference in their experience (p=0.37). The preferred age for orchidopexy was 6-12 months for both specialties. Pediatric surgeons tend to prescribe preoperative ultrasound more frequently for nonpalpable testes (p=0.05). Laparoscopy was the preferred surgical approach by both specialties. Management of intra-abdominal testes not reaching the contralateral internal ring differed between groups (p<0.001), and it was related to the number of procedures performed annually (p=0.03). Both groups responded differently to the management of unsatisfactory testicular position after orchidopexy (p<0.001). Pediatric surgeons managed it with either observation or re-operative inguinal orchidopexy; however, most pediatric urologists preferred re-operative inguinal orchidopexy. This response was affected by the number of procedures performed annually (p=0.04).Conclusion:In Saudi Arabia, practicing pediatric surgeons and pediatric urologists have different perspectives in the management of cryptorchidism. The results of this survey demonstrated the need to establish national guidelines to manage patients with cryptorchidism.

Результаты использования оригинальной техники фиксации яичка при трансскротальном доступе в хирургии крипторхизма у детей

Introduction. Transscrotal orchiopexy is gradually gaining more and more adherents and expanding the boundaries of its use. At the stage of funiculolysis, the use of the transscrotal approach is accompanied by extensive dissection of the tunica dartos, which makes it almost impossible to use the Shoemaker technique for testicular fixation. The described situation determines the need to develop a testicular fixation technique with transscrotal approach (TA). Material and methods. The study included 186 patients operated on for unilateral inguinal cryptorchidism in the period from 2009 to 2019 using TA Left-sided cryptorchidism was in 76 (41%), right-sided in 110 (59%) boys. Group I – 89 (47.8%) patients operated on TA according to the Bianchi technique, the average age of patients was 45.9 ± 39.6 months. Group II – 97 (52.2%) patients, mean age 47.8 ± 41.6 months, operated on TA using an original method of testicular fixation, consisting in the formation of a cuff from subcutaneous adipose tissue around the spermatic cord by suturing it from superficial inguinal ring, above and below the spermatic cord in the caudal direction to the entrance to the scrotum. In the postoperative period, the volume and position of the gonads in the scrotum were assessed at 3, 6 and 12 months after surgery. To determine the significance of differences between the groups, Student's t-test and chi-square test were used. Results. Unsatisfactory position of the gonads in the postoperative period in group I was noted in 6 (9.5 %), in group II in 1 (1.16%) cases (p &lt; 0.05). Testicular atrophy was detected in group I in 1 (1.59%) patient, in group II also in 1 (1.16%) patient (p&gt; 0.05). The testicular hypotrophy index decreased after 12 months. In group I from 60.7 ± 21.2% to 44.3 ± 23.9%, in group II from 63.1 ± 19.4% to 43.8 ± 19.1%, (p &lt; 0.05). Conclusions. The author's testicular fixation technique for transscrotal orchiopexy provides the safety of surgery comparable to the standard Bianchi and Squire technique, but higher efficiency in preventing testicular malposition after surgery.

Reduction of trochanteric fractures in lateral view is significant predictor for radiological and functional result after six months

The goal of our retrospective study was to determine which radiological parameter after fixation of trochanteric fractures type AO 31 A2 is most important for the position of the fracture after six months. The additional goal was to find how the end position influences mechanical failure and the mobility of the patients. We analysed 92 patients operated in one-year period for A 2 type trochanteric fractures with sliding hip screw or proximal femur intramedullary nail. They were divided in two groups according to the radiological position of the proximal fragment six months after the surgery. In group A we had 46 patients with satisfactory and in group B 46 patients with unsatisfactory position. In anteroposterior view we evaluated neck-shaft angle (NSA) and medial cortical support (MCS) and in lateral view anterior cortical support (ACS). Unsatisfactory position was recognized if NSA was in varus or ACS or MCS were negative. We compared the groups regarding basic patients characteristics (age, gender, ASA score, preinjury mobility, and degree of osteoporosis), type and quality of fixation, the position of the fracture (postoperatively and after 6 months), mechanical failure and mobility after 6 months. Statistical significance level was set to p ≤ 0.05. Basic patients' characteristics as well as type and quality of fixation did not significantly differ between the groups. After the injury the difference between the groups in reduction quality was significant in lateral view (ACS; p=0.001), while after half a year there were significant differences in both views: NSA (p=0.003), ACS and MCS (both p<0.001). Proximal fragment position after six months statistically significant correlated with postoperative ACS in B group (r=0.386, p=0.008), but not with NCA nor with MCS. There were also significantly more fixation failures in group B (p<0.001) and less patients regain preinjury mobility (p=0.029). In trochanteric fractures reduction in lateral view is the most important prognostic factor for favourable radiological result after half a year. Unsatisfactory position of the proximal fragment after six months influences mechanical failures and walking ability.

Консолидация принципов экономики знаний и цифровой экономики для повышения предпринимательской культуры

The paper explains the interaction of science, entrepreneurship and digital technology as a key factor in the formation of a new entrepreneurial philosophy. The prospects for the development of R&amp;D in the digital economy are examined, corresponding problems that are associated with the unsatisfactory position of Russia in the international scientific and technological exchange in terms of solving the problems of digitalization are identified. The development of the startup ecosystem in Russia is analyzed as a key result of intellectual entrepreneurship. The conclusion is drawn on the necessity of consolidation of digital and knowledge economies features for entrepreneurial culture boosting, which in its turn, is an important factor for the National economy growth.

Neonatal Nurse Practitioner Use of Ultrasonography to Verify Umbilical Venous Catheter Placement in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit.

Literature dating back to 1982 supports the use of ultrasound to confirm UVC position as a more reliable method compared to x-ray. The use of ultrasound to confirm UVC position remains infrequent in the NICU. To determine the feasibility of training an NNP in the acquisition and interpretation of a parasternal short-axis (PSAX) image of the heart to confirm UVC position. A retrospective review of 48 charts evaluated descriptive data using standard technique of an x-ray to confirm UVC placement. An NNP was trained to acquire and interpret a parasternal short-axis (PSAX) cardiac view by a pediatric cardiologist. The NNP independently and prospectively evaluated 21 neonates and determined whether the UVC was in satisfactory or unsatisfactory position. The same image was blindly over-read by the pediatric cardiologist. Agreement between the NNP and pediatric cardiologist interpretations as well as the pediatric cardiologist and radiologist interpretations was evaluated using the κ-test. Initial pediatric cardiology interpretation of UVC position showed the UVC to be malpositioned in 66% of neonates (n = 14). NNP and pediatric cardiology interpretations in UVC position had 86% agreement (κ-0.667). Pediatric cardiology (ultrasound) and radiology interpretations (x-ray) in UVC position had 86% agreement (κ-0.69). It is feasible to train NNPs to perform and accurately interpret a single PSAX ultrasound image to determine satisfactory UVC position. Increasing the use of ultrasound to determine satisfactory position of UVCs in the NICU can reduce unnecessary exposure to ionizing radiation in neonates.

Losing the local? Public participation and legal expertise in planning law

AbstractLocal community opposition to environmentally significant development proposals is commonplace, with environmental issues often at the forefront of community concerns. Whilst the development consent system provides multiple opportunities for local community groups to participate in the initial decision-making process, a legal commitment to such participation ensures neither its quality nor its effectiveness. This is especially so for local group ‘have-nots’ who lack resource and expertise, and whose focus on locally-based objections can delegitimise their valid and often broader concerns about the proposed development. This paper argues that access to legal expertise plays a significant role in promoting principles of fairness and competence in participation by helping shape local opposition views in a way that is both understood and accepted as valid by the planning system. Whilst there are important and valuable sources of advice and support currently available, many local groups find themselves in the position of having to raise considerable funds to pay for the legal expertise they need. This unsatisfactory position needs to be addressed if local groups are to meaningfully engage with the planning process.

Unsatisfactory testicular position after inguinal orchidopexy: Is there a role for upfront laparoscopy?

ABSTRACTObjectives: To examine the role of laparoscopy in managing unsatisfactory testicular position after an open inguinal orchidopexy. We hypothesised that testes that were originally peeping, where short vessels represented a difficulty and testes that only reached a high scrotal position under tension, especially after an initial surgery performed with the appropriate expertise, are candidates for initial laparoscopic dissection.Patients and methods: Nineteen boys with an initial open inguinal orchidopexy, with a mean age of 31 months, were considered. Twelve were then treated by a laparoscopic-assisted orchidopexy technique. Standard laparoscopy was established and utilised to mobilise the spermatic cord from above, then completed by an open inguinal mobilisation.Results: The mean age at surgery was 26 months. The laparoscopic redo surgery took place at a mean interval of 11.9 months after the initial operation. The mean operative time was 72 min. A good position and size of the testis were achieved in all cases, evidenced by ultrasonography at 6 months postoperatively and clinically thereafter.Conclusion: An upfront combined laparoscopic and inguinal approach to redo orchidopexy for recurrent palpable undescended testes is suitable in selected patients. This study identifies the selection criteria and outlines the operative considerations. This laparoscopic-assisted approach is a safe and feasible way to correct unsatisfactory position of the testis, with diminished risk of injury to the vas and vessels, while gaining the maximum possible length by high retroperitoneal dissection.Abbreviation: UDT: undescended testis/testes

Ethics in Public Administration in Kosovo

It is important for the state to maintain and increase public confidence in the Public Administration. This trust grows and is kept in public only when civil servants, officials, perform duties with integrity, impartiality and fairness. Ethics is being discussed very recently and it is becoming an extremely mention topic for the business, public administration and in social private environments. Unethical and corrupt behaviour can not only be prevented by punitive measures, from inside and outside analysis, it has a negative perception on corruption in state institutions. Every day in the media, we can encounter information about the bad behaviour of public administration officials regarding corruption, Kosovo is ranked in unsatisfactory positions regarding this phenomenon. It is important to prepare the self-public manual institution guide, which should rely on international standards and policy implementation in practice.The question is whether only legal and sublegal acts are enough to keep this problem under control ? In this paper we will study the legislation, covering the field of ethical behaviour and good practices of combating these negative phenomena.