Unripe Fruit Extract Research Articles

Phytochemical composition and anti-oxidant, anti-Alzheimer and anti-inflammatory activities of pomegranate fruit as function of variety and ripening

IntroductionMedicinal plants are considered as rich resources of secondary metabolites and have been used for treating diseases. Pomegranate (Punica granatum) is considered “a pharmacy unto itself”. The current study aimed to evaluate the effect of ripening and variety factors on the antioxidant activity of pomegranate fruits and their capacity to inhibit three enzymes involved in degenerative diseases. Material and methodsThe fruits were collected from 4 Tunisian pomegranate varieties (Espagnoule, Rafrafi, Zaghwani and Zehri) during 3 maturity stages. Phytochemical content, the antioxidant activity by DPPH and ABTS assays and acetylcholinesterase, butyrylcholinesterase and 15-lipoxygenase inhibition activities were carried out. ResultsThe unripe fruits were found to be the richest in terms of total phenolic content. Total flavonoids, tannins, anthocyanins and acetylcholinesterase, butyrylcholinesterase and 15-lipoxygenase inhibition activities varied greatly during ripening process and within varieties. It was found that unripe fruits of Zehri (IC50 = 2.2 µg/ mL by ABTS assay) and Rafrafi (IC50 = 73.4 µg/ mL by DPPH assay) varieties exhibited the highest antioxidant capacities. The strongest extract against acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase was found to be the unripe fruit extract of Espagnoule variety with IC50 values of 86.7 and 58.0 µg/ mL, respectively. The ethanolic extract from the unripe fruit of Zehri pomegranate variety inhibited moderately 15- lipoxygenase activity with an IC50 value of 63.0 µg/ mL. ConclusionThe current study supported the popular use of pomegranate fruits, and highlighted also the potential effect of variety and ripening factors on their chemical composition and in vitro biological activities.

A Comparative Study of the Phenolic and Flavonoids Contents, and Antioxidant Activity of Ziziphus Mauritiana’s Leaves, Ripe and Unripe Fruit Extracts from UAE

This study evaluates the antioxidant properties of leaves, unripe and ripe fruits of Ziziphus mauritiana from the UAE. Phenolic compounds show a strong correlation with antioxidant activity, with the leaves exhibiting the highest efficiency. The results suggest that Ziziphus mauritiana leaves are a promising source of natural antioxidants with potential therapeutic applications.

Exploring the Antibacterial Properties of Carica papaya Unripe Fruit Extracts on Wound Isolates: Phytochemical Analysis and Susceptibility Testing

The rise of multidrug-resistant bacterial pathogens poses a significant challenge in wound management. In this study, we investigated the phytochemical constituents and antibacterial properties of unripe fruit extracts of Carica papaya on bacterial isolates from wounds. Phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of phenols, tannins, saponins, alkaloids, terpenoids, reducing sugars, and cardiac glycosides in both aqueous and 50% ethanolic extracts. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing demonstrated significant activity against Staphylococcus aureus, Protues vulgaris, Enterobacter aerogenes, and Escherichia coli, with aqueous extract exhibiting greater inhibition than the ethanolic counterpart. However, no activity was observed against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. These findings underscore the potential of Carica papaya extracts in combating opportunistic infections in wound management. Keywords: Carica papaya, wound, antibacterial, phytochemical, extracts, micro-organisms.

Atlas pistachio (Pistacia atlantica) unripe fruit extract as a source of phytochemicals with anti-tyrosinase, antioxidant, and antibacterial properties

The current need for biologically active substances that are sustainable, allegedly beneficial to health, and may be employed as ingredients in cosmetic products has encouraged numerous researchers. Pistacia atlantica is known to contain compounds that possess strong biological effects beneficial to health. The objective of this study was the quantification of the polyphenols in unripe Atlas pistachio (AP) fruit extract and the evaluation of hydro-methanolic extract and anthocyanins for their antioxidant, anti-tyrosinase, and antimicrobial effects. The results revealed that the yield of the hydro-methanolic extract was 22.15%, characterized by 75.12 mg GAE/g DM for total phenolics and strong content of hydrolysable tannins (400.16 mg GAE/g DM). 1,1-dimethyl-allyl caffeate, hydroxytyrosol, ellagic acid, rutin, and kaempferol-3-O-glucoside were the most abundant components quantified by HPLC-DAD. The tyrosinase enzyme was significantly inhibited by AP extract (EC50 = 0.70 mg/mL). For the antioxidant properties, the hydrolyzed anthocyanin extract exhibited the best action against reducing power and β-carotene, compared to anthocyanins crude extract and fruits. This extract showed its stronger antibacterial activity. In conclusion, unripe AP fruit is a promising source of diverse phytochemicals that can be applied in medicinal, nutraceutical, and cosmetic applications as antioxidants and antimicrobials.

Gastroprotective Effect of Aqueous Extract of Unripe Musa Paradisiaca (Banana) Fruit in Rats with Experimentally Induced Gastric Lesions

Background: Unripe banana fruit extract is used to relieve stomach distress in some countries. A few studies in India, China, Sudan, Nigeria and South Africa revealed protection of gastric mucosa after exposed to aggressive agent following administration of unripe banana fruit extract in experimental animals. Objective: To determine the protective effect of aqueous extract of unripe Musa paradisiaca (banana) fruit against ethanol induced gastric lesion in rats. Methodology: This was a prospective experimental study carried out in the department of Pharmacology, Dhaka Medical College, Dhaka within the period from January 2015 to June 2015. Aqueous extract of unripe banana fruit was prepared accordingly. Total 24 rats were randomly divided into 4 groups of 6 in each group. Group-A served as a control group and provided with distilled water (5 ml/kg/body weight) orally by gastric tube. Aqueous extract of Musa paradisiaca was administered orally as Group-B: 0.2 mg/kg/body weight/day, Group-C: 0.4 mg/kg/body weight/day and Group-D: 0.8 mg/kg/body weight/day for 7 days. After 7 days, 1 ml absolute ethanol (a known gastric lesion inducing agent) was orally administered to all groups by gastric tube. After 30 minutes of ethanol administration, all rats were sacrificed and dissected. After separating and opening stomachs, observed lesions were examined and measured with some morphological & histological parameters. Obtained data were subjected to analysis by Student’s unpaired t-test. p-value <0.05 was considered as statistically significant. Results: At the end of experiment, Group-A (control) showed a total of 33 gastric lesions. Group-B, Group-C and Group-D showed 22, 20 and 19 stomach lesions respectively. The difference between control group and experiment groups was statistically significant (p<0.01). Conclusion: The unripe banana fruit extract has dose-dependent gastroprotective effect on rats. So, it may be effective in treating peptic ulcer disease. Eastern Med Coll J. July 2023; 8 (2): 19-23

An In Silico In Vitro and In Vivo Study on the Influence of an Eggplant Fruit (Solanum anguivi Lam) Diet on Metabolic Dysfunction in the Sucrose-Induced Diabetic-like Fruit Fly (Drosophila melanogaster).

Introduction: Africa faces immense food and health insecurity challenges, a problem partly attributed to food loss and waste during postharvest handling and distribution. In the context of research to meet the sustainable development goals, this project specifically addressed the postharvest loss of the ripe indigenous eggplant (Solanum anguivi lam) fruit called "Igba Yinrin" by Yoruba in South-West Nigeria, which is usually discarded in farms. The study was carried out on ripe and unripe fruits to better understand their value by comparing their effects in diabetes treatment. Methods: The study sought to assess the effects of a diet including ripe or unripe mature eggplant fruits in the sucrose-induced diabetic-like fruit fly. Bioactive compounds were identified and quantified with HPLC-UV, while the antioxidant vitamin (A, C, E), carotenoid, and mineral (Na, K, Ca, Mg, Fe, P, and Zn) content was analyzed in the fruits. Extracts were used to investigate their in vitro anti-inflammatory properties on cyclooxygenases (COX 1 and 2), 5-lipoxygenase (5-LOX), and anti-diabetes enzymes [α-amylase and α-glucosidase], while extract-supplemented diets (0.25-1% concentration) were fed to the fruit flies for 14 days. Results: Interestingly, the results showed that the ripe fruits had a significantly (p < 0.05) higher total phenol and flavonoid content, as well as a higher content of vitamins, carotenoids, and minerals, than the unripe fruits. The in vivo activities of antioxidant enzymes [superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione transferase (GST)] and the total thiol level increased, while the blood glucose, reactive oxygen species (ROS), and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels decreased in Drosophila melanogaster (fruit fly). An in silico docking analysis showed strong binding affinity of the above-mentioned enzymes under investigation with the ligands hesperidin, naringin, and myricetin, which are bioactive compounds contained in the examined extracts. Conclusions: There was no significant difference in the biological effects of the ripe and unripe fruit extracts on inflammatory and anti-diabetes enzyme activities, which means that the ripe fruit, usually discarded, could serve as a sustainable alternative source of food nutrients.

Classification of Makasar Fruit Extract (Brucea javanica L. Merr.) Based on The Level of Ripeness Using a Combination of FTIR and UV-Vis Spectroscopy with Chemometrics

Makasar fruit (Brucea javanica L. Merr) is a medicinal plant frequently utilized in Indonesia for its anti-malarial, anti-diabetic, antioxidant, and antibacterial properties. This research aims to classify extracts from B. javanica fruits based on their ripeness levels using a combination of FTIR and UV-Vis spectroscopy with chemometrics. Makasar fruits were extracted using methanol assisted by ultrasonic technology, resulting in a higher yield of extract from ripe fruit (black in color) than unripe fruit (green in color). The FTIR spectrum was measured at wavenumbers ranging from 4000 to 600 cm-1, while the UV-Vis spectrum was measured at wavelengths ranging from 200 to 800 nm. Notably, the UV-Vis spectrum revealed absorption peaks at 206 nm, attributed to the quassinoid group, and 265 nm, associated with the flavonoid group. Simultaneously, the FTIR spectrum showed various functional groups, including O-H, C-H, δ-lactone, C=C aromatic stretching vibrations, and C-O-C bending vibrations. Before conducting chemometric analysis, the FTIR and UV-Vis spectra were pre-processed as baseline and SNV. The research findings demonstrate that by employing UV-Vis and FTIR spectra in combination with chemometrics, it has been possible to distinguish Makasar fruit according to its ripeness level. Ripe and unripe fruit extracts were grouped with PC values of 88% for UV-Vis and 90% for FTIR, indicating distinct profiles between ripe and unripe fruit extracts of Brucea javanica.

Effect of Aqueous Extract of Unripe Musa Paradisiaca Linn on Parameters Affecting Reproduction in Rats.

Aqueous extract of unripe Musa paradisiaca fruit is commonly used for the treatment of ulcers in eastern Nigeria. This study aimed to assess the acute and subacute effects of an aqueous extract of unripe fruit on male and female fertility in rats. Aqueous extracts obtained by maceration were analyzed for acute and subacute toxicity and for the presence of phytochemical constituents using standard procedures. The extract (100, 500, and 1000 mg/kg) was administered daily to rats of both sexes for 28 d. Blood samples collected on days 0 and 28 were assessed for follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and malondialdehyde (MDA). Testes and ovaries were harvested for histopathological analysis. Sperm were also collected to determine the sperm count and motility. Phytochemical screening revealed the presence of saponins, tannins, alkaloids, and resins. After an oral dose of up to 5000 mg/kg, there were no deaths in the acute toxicity test. The extract (500 mg/kg) significantly (P < .05) enhanced sperm count and motility relative to the untreated control; significantly (P < .05) reduced SOD, CAT, and glutathione levels, while significantly (P < .05) elevated LH, FSH, and MDA levels in male and female rats. Histological examination revealed significant structural damage to the ovaries. Unripe Musa paradisiaca fruit exhibited an adverse toxicological profile following prolonged administration and caused oxidative stress in rodents.

Anti-diabetic properties of the ethanolic extract of unripe Artocarpus heterophyllus fruit regulates glucose homeostasis in high-fat-fed diet-induced obese mice

Anti-diabetic properties of the ethanolic extract of unripe Artocarpus heterophyllus fruit regulates glucose homeostasis in high-fat-fed diet-induced obese mice

Uterodilation effect of unripe fruit extract of Crataegus azarolus var. aronia L. on rat uterine smooth muscles

Crataegus azarolus var. aronia L. (C. aronia) is one of the most important medicinal plants used widely in folk medicine for the prevention of several diseases due to its content of several bioactive compounds like phenolic acid, aromatic amines, proanthocyanidins and flavonoids. This study investigated the uterodilation effect of methanol extract (ME) of C. aronia unripe fruit on the uterine smooth muscle in rats. The mechanism of action underlying the plant's extract was also screened. The unripe fruits were cleaned and extracted in methanol. The extract (1.9–4 mg/ml) was tested on rat uterine relaxation in calcium-free Kreb's solution and potassium chloride-induced uterine contraction. The plant extract was also studied in the presence of antagonists in separate experiments to determine the role of various ion channels and hyperpolarizing agents. The plant extract showed an uterodilation effect on the uterus, in which the ME produced a considerable relaxant effect. The results confirmed that the induced dilation was mediated mainly by the nitric oxide pathway and the activation of potassium channels with a limited role of the prostaglandin pathway and calcium channel activation. This in-vitro study provides the first scientific evidence of the claimed effect of C. aronia on uterine relaxation.

ETHNO MEDICINAL SURVEY AND HEAVY METAL ANALYSIS ON MUD DAUBER NEST IN ZARIA, KADUNA STATE NIGERIA.

The emergence of pathogenic bacteria that are resistant to several antibiotics has recently presented a significant challenge to the healthcare system. Therefore, an alternative source of antimicrobial agents is needed. The study aimed to compare the antibacterial activities of aqueous and ethanol extracts of ripe and unripe fruits of red and yellow varieties of Anacardium occidentale against Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumonia, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus. Cold maceration method of extraction was used using water and ethanol. Antibacterial activities of the extracts against the isolates were evaluated by agar diffusion method while minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was determined using broth dilution method. In the determination of the antibacterial activities of all the extracts, the highest zones of inhibition were shown by ethanolic extracts of both ripe red cashew (25 mm) and yellow cashew (26 mm) against Escherichia coli. Both the aqueous and ethanolic extracts of unripe red and yellow cashew had no antibacterial effect against Klebsiella pneumoniae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. As well, both aqueous and ethanol extracts of ripe red and yellow cashew and ethanolic extract of ripe yellow cashew inhibited all the test organisms. Minimum inhibitory concentration ranged from 50 to 150 mg/ml. At 100 mg/ml, both ethanolic extracts of ripe red and yellow cashew were bactericidal to Escherichia coli while aqueous extract of ripe red cashew was bactericidal to Escherichia coli at 150 mg/ml. The antibacterial activities of A. occidentale apple (fruit) extracts underscore the credence to the efficacy of their use as traditional remedy against some human ailments.

In Situ Gelling Gastro-retentive Raft Containing Ficus racemosa Fruit Extract: A Promising Approach to Treat GERD

Gastro-retentive drug delivery system has been widely used to prolong retention of dosage forms in stomach. Amongst various formulations and approaches, the raft formulations sustain the drug release as well as prolonged gastric retention, along with the added advantage of liquid dosage forms. The present study was an attempt to formulate and evaluate Raft forming floating gel for the extract of Ficus racemosa unripe fruit also known as Udumbar or Audumbar which is recognized for the treatment of ulcerative diseases in Ayurveda. To prepare the raft formulation natural polymers such as Gellan Gum, Xanthan Gum and Guar Gum were used along with gas forming ingredients. The formulations were prepared using 32 factorial design. The raft formulations are expected to prolong the retention of the medicinally active extract in stomach for longer duration of action. The evaluation was carried out for floating behavior, gel strength, viscosity, and in vitro dissolution for the gastro-retentive gels. The formulations were found to have floating duration upto 05 hr with a sustained release of active medicament.

Topical Analgesic and Anti-Inflammatory Properties of Bioengineered Juglans regia L. Silver Nanoparticles.

&lt;b&gt;Background and Objective:&lt;/b&gt; Research has demonstrated the antibacterial, anti-angiogenetic, antiviral, anti-inflammatory, anticancer and antioxidant properties of colloidal silver due to its biological, optical and electrical properties. The aim of this study was the anti-inflammatory effect of the silver bioengineered nanoparticles by using the acetonitrile-unripe fruit extract of &lt;i&gt;Juglans regia&lt;/i&gt; L., on experimental animal model. &lt;b&gt;Materials and Methods:&lt;/b&gt; The study uses various techniques to characterize nanoparticles, including ultraviolet spectra, dynamic light scattering and Fourier transform infrared. The study used carrageenan-induced rat paw edema as an induction model for inflammation and assessed its antinociceptive effects in mice using the formalin test. As well as evaluation of proinflammatory cytokines IL-6, TNF and IL-1. &lt;b&gt;Results:&lt;/b&gt; The produced AgNPs were more compact and stable, according to physical characterization methods compared to chemical prepared nanoparticles. The formulation combining unripe fruit bio-reduced nanoparticles and extract, UF, shows a greater acute anti-inflammatory effect, while leaf extract has a better late anti-inflammatory effect. These bioengineered nanoparticles show efficient &lt;i&gt;in vivo&lt;/i&gt; anti-acute inflammation, reducing skin inflammation through decreased cellular infiltrates and cytokine release. &lt;b&gt;Conclusion:&lt;/b&gt; &lt;i&gt;Juglans regia&lt;/i&gt; L., extract and silver nanoparticles show notable effects in both the early and late stages of the antinociceptive formalin test. While, bioengineered NP/UF and NP/LV can be used as topical analgesics. The potent topical anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects of these medications provide a sufficient basis for the use of this plant material in dermatological products.

Enhanced Anticancer Effect of Unripe Rubus occidentalis on Gastric Cancer Cells

Background Black raspberry ( Rubus occidentalis L.) has various bioactive properties, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer activities. Recently, it has been proposed that the pharmacological efficacy of black raspberry varies with its maturation stage. In the current study, we explored the relationship between maturation stage and anticancer activity in gastric cancer cell lines. Materials and Methods Black raspberry extracts were prepared from both ripe samples 41 days after the fruit set and unripe samples 22 days after the fruit set. Their anticancer activities were compared by assessing the effects on proliferation, apoptosis, invasiveness, and clonogenicity in gastric cancer cell lines. Results Both the ripe and unripe black raspberry samples were effective in inhibiting cell proliferation, invasion, and clonogenic activity. However, the unripe black raspberry extract showed a stronger effect on these activities compared to ripe black raspberry extract. Additionally, the unripe fruit extract increased apoptotic body formation, caspase-3 activity, Bak expression and decreased Bcl2 expression. Furthermore, the unripe black raspberry sample was found to contain higher contents of ellagic acid and gallic acid, and had a stronger suppressive effect on p-ERK and p-AKT protein levels compared to the ripe black raspberry sample. Conclusion Unripe black raspberry has greater anti-cancer effects than fully ripe black raspberry in gastric cancer cells.

Coumarin Derivative from the Unripe Fruit of Mengkudu (Morinda citrifolia Linn) and Cytotoxic Activity

A coumarin derivative namely scopoletin (7-hydroxy-6-methoxychromen-2-one)had been isolated from the methanol extract of unripe noni fruits (Morinda citrifolia Linn.). The extraction was conducted by maceration, continuing with separation and purification using several techniques of chromatography. The yellowish isolated compound showed a melting point at 200 – 202 C. The compound structure was analyzed based on spectral data 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR, and NOE 1D. The inhibition of methanol extract of noni fruits and scopoletin against murine leukemia P388 cells using MTT assay showed IC50 were &gt; 100 μg/mL and 65.69 μg/mL respectively. These showed that scopoletin was more cytotoxic than methanol extract but weaker than artonin E as a positive control IC50 0.48 μg/mL).

Evaluation of Antibacterial Effect against &lt;i&gt;Pseudomonas aeruginosa&lt;/i&gt; and &lt;i&gt;Bacillus subtilis&lt;/i&gt; Using Different Solvents of &lt;i&gt;Neolamarckia cadamba&lt;/i&gt; Fruit Extracts

Neolamarckia cadamba is a commonly found tree in India and is known for its large green leaves and ball shaped flowers and fruits. Also tree is culturally and economically important plant of India and is traditionally used for preparation of herbal medicines because of its various pharmacological properties. Although bark and leaves are mostly utilized whereas fruits are somewhat lagging behind in terms of its medicinal usages. This present study deals with the antibacterial properties of Neolamarckia cadamba (ripe and unripe) fruits. Six different solvent extracts which includes acetone, benzene, water, DMSO, ethanol and methanol (mg/ml) were prepared for the screening of antibacterial properties of Neolamarckia cadamba fruits against gram negative bacteria Pseudomonas aeruginosa and gram positive bacteria Bacillus subtilis. It was observed that zone of inhibition was highest in ethanolic extract (14 mm) of ripe fruit against the Bacillus subtilis. Zone of inhibition was found lowest in acetonic extract (5 mm) of ripe fruits whereas no zone of inhibition was found in benzene and ethanolic extract of unripe fruits. Out of both fruits, ripe was found to be most effective against both strains whereas out of six solvents ethanolic and methanolic extracts were found to be most effective.

Comparative evaluation of the antioxidant activity, trace elements, and phytochemical analysis of the extracts of unripe plantain whole fruit and pulp

Plantains make a substantial contribution to food security and malnutrition eradication, thus making them a staple food in several tropical and subtropical climates. This research determined the mineral contents, antioxidant capacities and phytochemical constituents of plantain whole fruit (pulp and peel) and pulp extracts. To this end, the plantain samples were evaluated for their phytochemicals, mineral element content, and in vitro antioxidant properties. The phytochemical screening showed that the plantain whole fruit and pulp extracts contained phenols, terpenoids, flavonoids, cardiac glycosides, reducing sugars, alkaloids, and steroids. Tannins, on the other hand, were detected only in the plantain whole fruit extract. The mineral elements in the whole fruit were higher than those in the pulp, especially for iron, sodium, calcium, phosphorus, zinc, and copper. Among the mineral contents, sodium was predominant. In comparison to the plantain whole fruit extract, the pulp showed better scavenging activity for nitric oxide, DPPH, and hydroxyl free radicals. In conclusion, the findings revealed that unripe plantain whole fruit and pulp extracts may be a promising source of critical nutrients and bioactive substances.

Antioxidant Activity of Unripe Sapodilla Fruit Extract (Manilkara zapota L.) through Nrf2 and SOD Expression in Type 1 Diabetic Mice

This research aims to analyze the effect of unripe sapodilla fruit extract on endogenous antioxidant expression in T1DM BALB/c mice and its free radical scavenging activity. Manilkara zapota extract (MzE) is an aqueous extract of unripe sapodilla fruit and was obtained by maceration and freeze-drying process. This study used 25 male BALB/c mice with 7-weeks-old of age. They were divided randomly into five groups (n=5) before treatment. A single high dose (145 mg/kg BW) of streptozotocin (STZ) was intraperitoneally injected to induce type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM). MzE was given orally once each day for 14 days. Liver cells were isolated and immunoassay with anti-superoxide dismutase (SOD) and anti-nuclear factor erythroid 2-related Factor 2 (Nrf2), and then the results were analyzed by flow cytometry. Diphenylpicrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay was performed to analyze free radical scavenging. Data were analyzed statistically with one-way ANOVA (p&lt;0.05). The result showed that the glucose levels in diabetic mice after MzE administration were significantly lower than in the DM group. MzE treatment increased the expression of Nrf2 and SOD in diabetic mice. MzE could scavenge DPPH with the IC50 value obtained at 48.35 μg/mL, while ascorbic acid as a control could scavenge DPPH with the IC50 value at 22.24 μg/mL. The increase in the scavenging activity is in line with the increase in extract concentration. In conclusion, this study revealed that MzE can be an endogenous antioxidant enhancer by improving the expression of Nrf-2, SOD and can inhibit free radicals as an exogenous antioxidant in T1DM

Memory Enhancing Activity of Unripe Fruits of Elaeocarpus ganitrus (Rudraksha) in Albino Wistar Rats

Learning, the process of acquiring memory such as changing behavior due to previous experiences which is mostly studied subjects in neuroscience. Elaeocarpus ganitrus (EG) is traditionally used to treat psychoneurosis and other neuronal disorders in humans. In this EG extract doses (100, 150, and 200 mg/kg) (p.o.) were used. Learning and memory activity of EG extract was assessed in albino wistar rats using the elevated plus maze, acetylcholinesterase enzyme level in whole brain tissue homogenate and was determined using one-way ANOVA by Dunnett's test. Rats pre-treated with EG extract and piracetam showed significant reduction in TL in elevated plus maze test. In addition, level of acetylcholinesterase enzyme was also decreased compared to the negative control group in dose-dependent manner which showed increase in learning and memory. The data showed that ethanolic extract of unripe fruits of Elaeocarpus ganitrus has significant effect on improving memory in the treated animals.

Mineral Profile, Antioxidant, Anti-Inflammatory, Antibacterial, Anti-Urease and Anti-α-Amylase Activities of the Unripe Fruit Extracts of Pistacia atlantica

Pistacia Atlantica in folk medicine is used by Algerian traditional healers for treating a wide variety of diseases and conditions including dyspepsia, digestive problems, peptic ulcers, and, in particular, inflammatory diseases. The present study aimed to assess the phytochemical composition, in vitro antioxidant activity (using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), ABTS+, and reducing power methods), enzyme inhibitory activity (towards α-amylase and urease), antibacterial activity, and in vivo anti-inflammatory activity of the unripe fruit extracts of Pistacia atlantica collected from different parts of the Djelfa region of Algeria. According to the findings, various aqueous extracts exhibited significant antioxidant and enzymatic activities in all tests, but showed that they have a weak inhibitory effect against all tested bacterial strains. Twenty-one minerals comprising both macro- and microelements (Ba, Br, Ca, Cl, Co, Cr, Cs, Eu, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Mo, Na, Rb, Sb, Sc, Sr, Th, U, and Zn) were determined using the technique of neutron activation analysis (INAA). The result indicates that the concentration of the mineral element is close to the minimal FAO recommendation. In addition, the result revealed significant anti-inflammatory activities. The data generated can be a valuable source of information for the pharmaceutical industry and medical research. These results suggest that the unripe fruit extracts of Pistacia atlantica have an appropriate potential to be utilized across a wide range of contexts as an agent with multifunctional uses, as well as a natural remedy for other physiological diseases.