Unrefined Oil Research Articles

ФИЗИКО-ХИМИЧЕСКИЕ СВОЙСТВА МОДИФИЦИРОВАННЫХ БИТУМНЫХ ПРАЙМЕРОВ ДЛЯ ПРОТИВОКОРРОЗИОННОЙ ЗАЩИТЫ СЕЛЬСКОХОЗЯЙСТВЕННОЙ ТЕХНИКИ И ОБОРУДОВАНИЯ

Compositions based on bitumen primers can be used for anti-corrosion protection of agricultural machinery and equipment. Their physicochemical properties were studied. It has been shown that the thickness of coatings, which is responsible for the effectiveness of barrier protection, increases as expected with an increase in the number of applied coating layers, and decreases even with a slight increase in temperature and with an increase in the amount of solvent in the case of coating by dipping. Increasing the amount of solvent added to the bitumen primer from 40 wt. % up to 67 wt. % leads to a reduction in coating thickness by 55 times. Brush application produces thinner finishes than dip application. Moisture absorption for modified BP with 67 wt. % solvent is 1-2 orders of magnitude higher than that of BP with 40 wt. % white spirit, therefore, a decrease in protective effectiveness can be expected for these materials. According to experimental studies, the contact angles for the original BP exceed 900C, which indicates the presence of hydrophobic properties. The type and concentration of additives affect the contact angles. Introduction 5 wt. % of modifying additives, paraffin P2 and Emulgin, reduces the contact angle of BP, the addition of KO-SZhK, on the contrary, increases it, improving hydrophobic properties. BP with 40 wt. % white spirit, including those with additives, shows good adhesion to carbon steel 0.8 kp. At 67 wt. % solvent in the presence of drying oil and unrefined sunflower oil additives, adhesion worsens. Viscosity-temperature dependences in semi-logarithmic coordinates for modified BP are close to linear in the temperature range 20 -60 0C with a high approximation reliability index R2 = 0.9543 - 0.9833. Based on the physicochemical properties, high anti-corrosion properties can be assumed.

Consumer perception and physicochemical properties of crude groundnut oil in comparison with selected vegetable oil

This study investigated the consumer awareness, consumption pattern and the quality of unrefined groundnut oil in comparison with soybean, sesame oil and palm olein obtained from stores in Ilorin South Local Government Area of Kwara State, Nigeria using a structured questionnaire administered to 400 respondents. Approximately 36% of the respondents claimed to know that oil from groundnut oil is different from other vegetable oils. A greater number of the respondents (47%) do not consume oil from groundnuts. About 54% of the respondents use palm olein, which could be due to its availability in the market. Oil type did not significantly (p > 0.05) affect the sensory properties of fried chicken. This study provided information on the consumption pattern of groundnut oil and revealed misconceptions about the presence of cholesterol in groundnut oil. Future studies are essential to educate consumers that groundnut oil is cholesterol-free.

Reducing Free Fatty Acids in Crude Palm Oil Using Diethylene Glycol and Zinc(II) Chloride Based Deep Eutectic Solvent

Deep eutectic solvents (DES) were prepared by precise combinations of mol fractions of chemical compounds, resulting in a lowered melting point due to hydrogen bonding. This research aimed to elucidate the physicochemical attributes of DES and its effectiveness in mitigating free fatty acid (FFA) levels in crude palm oil (CPO). Zinc(II) chloride (ZnCl2) served as the hydrogen bond acceptor (HBA) while diethylene glycol (DEG) as the hydrogen bond donor (HBD). Characterization included freezing point, density, viscosity, conductivity, and pH determination. At a ZnCl2 mol fraction of 0.30, the resulting DES exhibited homogeneity with transparent liquid properties, featuring a freezing point below −10 °C, density of 1.42 g/mL, viscosity of 1933.40 cP, conductivity of 66.13 µS/cm, and pH 3.42. FTIR spectra confirmed hydrogen bond interactions between HBA and HBD. Applied to CPO at a 1:1 volumetric ratio (DES:CPO), with 2 h of stirring time at 50 °C, FFA content decreased from 4.11 to 0.86%. This research highlights DES as an environmentally sustainable purification agent, significantly reducing FFA levels in unrefined palm oil.

Development of conditions for obtaining oil from sunflower oil hydration waste

The object of the study is the process of treatment of sunflower phosphatide concentrate using sodium chloride solution. Hydration is a stage of oil refining. The waste of the process is a phosphatide concentrate, the disposal of which is dangerous to the environment. The concentrate contains valuable components – oil and phosphatides. An important task is to separate these components for effective use in various industries. The process of extracting oil from phosphatide concentrate by hydration in the presence of sodium chloride solution was investigated. The influence of the concentrate treatment conditions on the oil yield was determined. A sample of concentrate according to SOU 15.4-37-212:2004 (CAS 3436-44-0) was used: mass fraction of moisture and volatile substances – 2.8 %, mass fraction of phosphatides – 41.5 %. The concentrate was treated with sodium chloride solution with a concentration of (5–20) %. The hydration time was 25 min., the temperature was 45 °C, and the mass ratio of the sodium chloride solution to the concentrate was 1:1. Conditions for the concentrate treatment were determined: the concentration of sodium chloride solution was 15 %, settling time was 5 hours. At the same time, the yield of oil was 86.9 %. The parameters of the extracted oil were determined: acid value 2.8 mg KOH/g, peroxide value 3.2 ½ O mmol/kg, mass fraction of moisture and volatile substances 0.12 %. According to these indicators, the extracted oil corresponds to first-grade unrefined unfrozen sunflower oil according to DSTU 4492. The mass fraction of phosphorus-containing substances in terms of stearooleolecithin was 1.7 %, which slightly exceeds the standard value. The research results make it possible to process hydration waste and obtain oil, which is a raw material for the products of many industries. This will help solve the problem of disposal of environmentally hazardous waste and improve the state of the environment

A comparison of indigenous vegetable oils and their blends with optimal fatty acid ratio

Oil blending is a trendy method of retaining their visual appeal, which also enhances their quality, stability, and nutritional content. The significance of this study lies in its pioneering approach towards determining the optimal fatty acid ratio through the blending of oils extracted from Bangladeshi origin rice bran, sesame seed, and mustard seed. Three blends were prepared, consisting of unrefined rice bran oil (RBO), unrefined mustard oil (MO), and partially refined sesame oil (SO) in different proportions: 70:20:10, 50:30:20, and 30:40:30, respectively. GC-MS (Gas Chromatogram-Mass Spectrometer) analyses revealed that the 50:30:20 (RBO:MO:SO) blend preserved the optimal ratio of fatty acids, 1:2:1; Saturated fatty acids (SFA): mono-unsaturated fatty acids (MUFA): poly-unsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), which closely matched the WHO/FAO standards. This blend was further evaluated and compared with each individual oil. Compared to the individual oils, the blended oil demonstrated superior physicochemical qualities. The blend of 50:30:20 (RBO:MO:SO) had a total antioxidant content of 96.046±0.11 %, with an IC50 value of 0.518±0.20 mg/mL. This value was much greater than that of the single oils and on par with standards BHT (butylated hydroxytoluene) (97.589±0.40 %) and BHA ((butylated hydroxyanisole) (96.528±0.83 %). Density, viscosity, acid value, peroxide value, p-anisidine value, saponification value, iodine value, totox value, and color values of blended oil exhibited a slow rise in comparison to other individual vegetable oils under deep frying. The intended fatty acid ratio in the designed oil contributed to improved durability and nutritional potency compared to the individual oils, making it a potentially commercially feasible edible oil. By focusing on indigenous sources, the study aims to harness the unique properties of these oils to create blends that align with the dietary needs and preferences of the local population.

Magnetic attapulgite synthesized via Sonochemistry: an innovative strategy for efficient solid phase extraction of As3+ from simulated and unrefined crude oil samples

Magnetic attapulgite synthesized via Sonochemistry: an innovative strategy for efficient solid phase extraction of As3+ from simulated and unrefined crude oil samples

К совершенствованию неинвазивного метода оценки обилия мышевидных грызунов и землероек в городской среде

Previously we proposed a new reconnaissance method for estimating the total abundance of small mammals in urban areas. The method includes placing plastic bottles with bait inside equal distances apart. In this research we examined two ways to improve the method: using bottles of smaller volume (0,25 liters instead of 0,5 liters) to increase the ergonomics and using opaque bottles to make them more attractive for animals. Bigger and smaller bottles with neck diameter of 38 mm were fastened in pairs which were set in a transect with a five-meter spacing. The same was done with pairs of opaque and transparent bottles. A bait (rye bread with unrefined sunflower oil) was put into all the bottles. During the following days we recorded animals’ visits into the bottles. It was found out that there are no significant differences in how often animals attend bottles of 0,25 liters and 0,5 liters, the same results were received for both transparent and opaque bottles. Thus, the simple method for estimating abundance of small mammals may be optimized by using smaller bottles, the colour of which is not important.

Determination, distribution, and health risk assessment of 12 heavy metals in various edible oils in Taiwan

AbstractBackgroundMinimizing the risk of heavy metal pollution is of utmost importance to ensure consumer safety. In this research, we utilized inductively coupled plasma‐mass spectrometry to determine the presence of 12 heavy metals in Taiwanese commercial edible oils, both refined and unrefined.ResultsOur analytical findings revealed significantly lower levels of heavy metals in refined oils compared with unrefined oils. Through principal component analysis and cluster analysis of 19 types of edible oils, we identified Cd, Ba, Fe, Pb, and Co as the primary variables influencing heavy metal levels in edible oils. Notably, the heavy metal contents in the edible oils did not surpass international standards. Risk assessment results indicated that unrefined oils carried higher risk levels than refined oils. The incremental lifetime cancer risk values calculated for unrefined oils exceeded 10−6 in all age groups except for the 19 ~ 65 years category, while the noncarcinogenic risks remained well below 1, regardless of refined or unrefined oils.ConclusionsOur study sheds light on the distribution characteristics of heavy metal contents in edible oils, highlighting higher levels of heavy metals and associated risks in non‐refined oils compared with refined oils. Ultimately, the presence of heavy metals in edible oils poses low health risks to the human body.

Development of the composition of anoxidation-stable dressing with high nutritional value

The solution to the problem of developing an oxidation-stable dressing with high nutritional value based on unrefined first cold-pressed linseed, corn and sesame oils is considered. The objects of the study are the following indicators: antioxidant, fatty acid composition, induction period of accelerated oxidation of oils, blends and finished products. The rational range of oilratios in the blend, enriched with a-linolenic acid, stabilized against oxidative spoilage due to natural antioxidants – tocopherols, sesamol, sesamolin, is substantiated. The ratio of linseed, corn and sesame oils is 1:2:1, respectively. The characteristics of the blend are as follows: the ratio of ω-3:ω-6 fatty acids is 1:1.7; the induction period of accelerated oxidation (at 80 °C) – 4.1 h. A model sample of the dressing was produced using the developed blend. It was proven that the sample of the dressing of the proposed composition retains its organoleptic and physico-chemical parameters (titratable acidity, dry matter content, acid and peroxide values of the oil fraction) during 30 days of storage at a temperature of 8±1 °C. A feature of the obtained results is the possibility of increasing the nutritional value of the dressing based on unrefined oils while preserving the extended shelf life of products. From a practical point of view, the development of such products allows expanding the range of competitive dressings with high nutritional value. An applied aspect of using the obtained scientific result is the possibility of modeling the composition of dressings or other oil products based on valuable oil raw materials, depending on the ratios of the oil base components of the product

Lipid composition and physicochemical parameters of unrefined sunflower oil

Unrefined sunflower oil is obtained by pressing of the sunflower seeds and subsequent fine filtration. It contains more biologically active substances compared to the refined one, it is more stable to oxidation processes, for that reason it is widely used in the composition of the various food products. The main acids in the oil are oleic (56.5%), linoleic (31.7%), palmitic (6.4%), and stearic acid (3.2%). Total sterol content is 0.7%, with ß-sitosterol as a main component (84.0%). The quantity of tocopherol is 188 mg/kg and it consists of one compound α-tocopherol (100%). Different physicochemical parameters were obtained at temperature ranges (from 20 to 80°C). The values of these parameters decrease with an increase in temperature, density (from 0.938 to 0.901 g/ml), surface tension (from 44.124 to 31.787 mN/m), dynamic viscosity (from 29.195 to 14.913 mPa.s), and kinematic viscosity (from 31.125 to 16.552 mm2/s). All these changes are in confirmation of the data from the literature and are relevant in our next studies.

Functional approach to D-fortification of sunflower oil as a factor of nutritional compensation of vitamin deficiency and immunoprophylaxis

In modern conditions of the spread of new strains of microorganisms, along with sanitary and hygienic issues of prevention, measures aimed at immunoprotection play an important role. Insufficient micronutrient supply of vitamin D contributes to a high susceptibility of a person to an infectious agent. Insufficient supply of vitamin D contributes to a high human susceptibility to an infectious agent. Adequate compensation for chronic deficiency of fat-soluble vitamin D in food belongs to a promising field of nutritionology. In the structure of oilseed production of Russian farmers, about 60% is occupied by sunflower oil, which practically lacks vitamin D. The development of fortified sunflower oil that compensates for this need solves a two-pronged task: as a preventive measure and as a biologically valuable food product. According to the research results, it has been established that the fortification of unrefined sunflower oil with the addition of 0.04... 0.20 ml of vitamin D3 oil solution with an activity of 50,000 M.E. provides coverage of 10-50% of the daily requirement for vitamin D3. In the samples of unpacked unrefined sunflower oil, the indicators of oxidative spoilage during storage up to 60 days corresponded to the normalized requirements for premium vegetable oil with lower indicators with an increase in the amount of vitamin D3 oil solution added.

Thermal degradation kinetic and thermodynamic investigation of two types cold-pressed vegetable oils

At long term storage the vegetable oils change their compound after oxidative and other processes. For this reason, the change of absorbance was measured and found that with increasing the time the absorbance decreases. Change of absorbance connected with oxygenate changing. Absorbance was measured at four temperatures 6, 25, 50 and 80°C during 55 days. The thermodynamic and kinetic parameters were obtained in temperature range. Based on these results the cold-pressed unrefined sunflower oil presented more stability compared with linseed oil.

Aspects of conducting a forensic commodity examination of sunflower oil

Vegetable oil production has been growing steadily, driven by increased consumption, including industrial consumption, and by producers developing the production of oils from fruits, nuts and grains. In this regard, there is a need for constant examination of vegetable oils, including the development of new testing methods, finding ways to improve the quality and safety of this product, and preventing the entry of falsified vegetable oil into the Ukrainian market. When conducting an examination of vegetable oils, the following research goals are determined: identification of the type of vegetable oil; methods of falsification and methods of their detection. Assortment falsification in vegetable oils is of the following types: re-grading is widespread, with highly refined vegetable oils being substituted for unrefined and technical oils most often. Also, more valuable types of oils: corn, sunflower can be replaced with low-value (soybean, cottonseed, rapeseed, etc.). Moreover, in a refined form, when specific aromatic and coloring substances have been removed, it is almost impossible to distinguish one oil from another by organoleptic indicators. It is possible to establish the origin of the oil only with physical and chemical parameters, in particular the composition of fatty acids. Quality falsification of vegetable oils can be carried out in the following ways: violation of production technology, violation of recipe composition, violation of purification (refining) technology.
 The article reveals the possibility of conducting a forensic examination of vegetable oil, considers the types of sunflower oil in terms of organoleptic, physicochemical and safety characteristics. The procedure for conducting the examination has also been considered. The article outlines the problems of falsification of vegetable oils, conducting commodity research, identifying commodity properties of vegetable oils, their technological features during forensic examination. Recommendations on quality control of castor oil for participants of foreign economic activity, expert organisations and consumers have been provided.

Comparison of the effect of various sources of saturated fatty acids on infant follow-on formulas oxidative stability and nutritional profile.

Fortification of infant follow-on formulas (IFF) with docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), which is prone to lipid oxidation, is required by European regulation. This study aimed to identify lipid formulation parameters that improve the nutritional profile and oxidative stability of IFF. Model IFF were formulated using different lipid and emulsifier sources, including refined (POM) or unrefined red palm oil (RPOM), coconut oil (COM), dairy fat (DFOM), soy lecithin, and dairy phospholipids (DPL). After an accelerated storage, RPOM and DFOM with DPL had improved oxidative stability compared to other IFF. Specifically, they had a peroxide value twice lower than POM and 20% less loss of tocopherols for DFOM-DPL. This higher stability was mainly explained by the presence of compounds such as carotenoids in RPOM and sphingomyelin in DFOM-DPL very likely acting synergistically with tocopherols. Incorporation of dairy lipids and carotenoids into DHA-enriched IFF compositions seems promising to enhance their stability and nutritional quality.

OIL PRICE SHOCKS AND ITS EFFECTS ON INFLATION

The conflict between Russia and Ukraine had macroeconomic effects, caused especially by the sudden changes in the energy market. These destabilizations came on an economic background, already affected by the Covid-19 pandemic. We examined how the facts that happend lately had any influence on the global energy and oil market. On the other hand, we analyzed the connection between the changes of the oil prices and the level of inflation. This connection has been explored in the 1970s-1980s, when there was registered a great growth of the oil prices. In 2021, inflation began to register significant increases. We wanted to see how this trend of increasing inflation was influenced by the recent events from the oil market. We discussed how these changes determined the inflationary tension in the last period and how was the transmission of oil supply shocks in the US and Euro Area. The price of unrefined oil is not included in the calculation of the direct basket of inflation, but it is indirectly reflected in fuel prices, which determine the increase in transport costs and automatically lead to a series of price increases on the goods and services market. The objective of central banks to maintain price stability is very important, but also difficult, because every country can react differently to oil supply shocks.

Functionality and mechanistic parametric study of the potential of waste plantain peels and commercial bentonite for soybean oil refining

The consumption of unrefined vegetable oil poses acute and chronic health issues, yet improper disposal of waste plantain peels is not environmentally sustainable. This research investigates the feasibility, mechanism and thermodynamics of waste plantain peels, and commercial bentonite clay for soybean oil refining. Experiment was carried out using masses (1–4 g) of commercial bentonite clay, and unripe plantain peel ash (UPPA) to degummed and neutralized free fatty acid (FFA) contents in crude soybean oil at varying temperatures (50–120 °C), and time (15–35 min) for treatment of soybean oil. FTIR spectroscopy, SEM, and XRF techniques were applied to characterize the sample. The results established that at optimum 4.0 g dosage, the UPPA (97.73%) was more effective in the removal of FFA from oil at 50 °C and 20 min, while the clay (90%) was more effective in the removal of colour pigment from the vegetable oil 100 °C, and 25 min. The optimum efficiency of Clay-Ash-composite (70:30) in adsorbing pigment from soybean oil corresponds to 80%. The impact of changing viscosities, densities, and acid values on the performance of UPPA, clay, and clay-UPPA composite was investigated. Mechanistic studies confirmed the pseudo-second-order kinetics at 5 × 10–2 g/mg min−1 and 1.87 × 10–1 g/mg min−1, with corresponding adsorption capacity of 30.40 mg/g and 4.91 mg/g, at R2 ≤ 0.9982. The UPPA-driven sorption of FFA occurred as a physisorption and exothermic process (− 620.60 kJ/mol), while colour pigment removal occurred by chemisorption and endothermic process (22.40 kJ/mol). The finding recommends UPPA and composite as economically feasible for refining soybean oil.

Comparative Quality Assessment of Olive Oil Merchandized in Russian and Foreign Trading Enterprises

The lack of olive oil production in Russia and significant volumes of its imports determine the high importance of the correct identification and classification when imported into the customs territory of the Eurasian Economic Union. The research aims at a comparative analysis of the quality indicators of unrefined olive oil samples of the highest quality produced and sold abroad as well as sold in commercial enterprises of the Moscow region. The authors determined that the labeling and organoleptic characteristics of all samples formally comply with the requirements of Russian regulatory documents. The refractive index of each of five samples studied corresponded to the standard one for olive oil at T = 20 °C (1.4677–1.4705) and amounted to n = (1.4679 ± 0.0002), the permissible values of peroxide numbers – no more than 0.15 meq/kg. There were inconsistencies in the fatty acid composition of the Sitia sample sold in Russia: the linolenic acid content was six times higher than the standard values, probably indicating a possible blend of olive oil with lower-cost vegetable oils, such as soy or rapeseed. In order to provide Russian consumers with high-quality and safe olive oil, there is a need to tighten control over the safety and counterfeiting detection of olive oil when crossing the customs border, as well as the national or interstate olive oil standard development with clear quality indicators regulation, harmonized with the international regulatory document requirements.

Analysis of ortho-phthalates and other plasticizers in select organic and conventional foods in the United States.

ortho-phthalates and other plasticizers impart flexibility to plastics in food production, processing, and packaging; food consumption is a dominant plasticizer exposure pathway. Lower molecular weight ortho-phthalates are being replaced in plastic products due to toxicity concerns, but toxic hazards of and exposures to replacementortho-phthalates and other plasticizers are poorly understood. We measured 12 ortho-phthalates and 9 other plasticizers in conventional and organic U.S. food products to assess magnitude and profiles of contamination. We measured plasticizers in 34 vegetable oils, 10 milks, 18 infant formulas, and 9 cheese powders from macaroni kits using gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC-MS). We analyzed plastic packaging composition using FTIR spectroscopy. We detected eight ortho-phthalates and three alternatives ((1,2-cyclohexane dicarboxylic acid diisononyl ester (DINCH), diethylhexyl terephthalate (DEHT), and diisobutyl adipate (DIBA). Diethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP) was measured in all 71 products. DEHT had the highest concentration of any plasticizer (>10,000 ng/g in three oils). Oils had the highest total plasticizer (median = 770 ng/g, max = 14,900 ng/g) and milk the lowest (median = 88 ng/g, max = 120 ng/g). Organic milk and refined oils had higher median plasticizer levels than conventional. Refined oils had significantly lower concentrations than unrefined oils. Maximum contributors for every category were non-ortho-phthalates: DEHT (powdered infant formula and oils) and DIBA (cheese powder, milk and liquid formula). Plasticizers were not detected in packaging except epoxidized soybean oil in liquid formula lids. Human exposure to plasticizers is a significant public health concern. Nevertheless, sources of such exposures are poorly characterized. This study adds valuable information for estimating legacy and alternative plasticizer exposures from foods. The method developed for measuring DINCH, DINP and DIDP broadens the range of plasticizers other researchers may analyze in future work. The profiles of plasticizer contamination varied depending on the food type. We also document that food processing may be a source of plasticizer contamination in foods.

Increasing the oxidative stability of linseed oil

The object of the research is the process of oxidation of linseed oil at elevated temperature. Linseed oil is a valuable raw material for the chemical, food, cosmetic and other industries. The use of linseed oil is complicated by intensive oxidation processes associated with a high content of unsaturated fatty acids. Therefore, an important task is to develop and improve methods of oxidative stabilization of linseed oil. The oxidation process of unrefined linseed oil (CAS Number 8001-26-1) at a temperature of 110 °C in its original form and with the addition of antioxidants was studied. The effect of antioxidant concentrations (tocopherol, butylhydroxyanisole and butylhydroxytoluene) in the mixture on the induction period of linseed oil was found. The induction period was determined by differential scanning calorimetry. The total concentration of the mixture of antioxidants in each experiment was 0.02 %. The induction period of the initial oil was 155.31 min. Rational ratios of antioxidants in the mixture were found: tocopherol: butylhydroxyanisole (50:50) %; tocopherol: butylhydroxytoluene (50:50) %; tocopherol: butylhydroxyanisole: butylhydroxytoluene (33.33:33.33:33.33) %. At the same time, the oil induction periods are 295.7 min., 290.1 min. and 290.2 min., respectively. The quality indicators of the initial linseed oil and with the addition of the determined rational ratios of antioxidants after 2 hours of aging at a temperature of 110 °C were determined. The peroxide values of the samples were 8.5, 3.2, 3.6, 3.7 ½ O mmol/kg, respectively. The research results make it possible to introduce antioxidants in the production of linseed oil in rational concentrations. This will help increase the production of linseed oil resistant to oxidation at elevated temperatures, which will provide various industries with high-quality raw materials

Identification of colourant-carrier migrants from polyethylene terephthalate bottles into vegetable oils

To protect unrefined oils from oxidation, dark-coloured polyethylene terephthalate (PET) bottles are used. Plastic packaging may contain chemicals, such as monomers, colourants, additives, etc. which may migrate into the food and thus cause potential toxic effects on human health. In this study, an omics-based strategy using liquid chromatography coupled with high-resolution mass spectrometry and a non-targeted workflow has been applied for the identification of the main migrants in vegetable oils from PET bottles, both clear and dark-coloured. The multivariate analysis allowed us to differentiate packaging samples and to detect signals present in the coloured PET only. These main components were identified using quadrupole time-of-flight-mass-spectrometry and specialised chemical databases. The migrants found at the highest signal intensity were tentatively identified as 12-(acetoxy)-stearic acid, 2,3-bis(acetoxy)propyl ester and octadecanoic acid, 2,3-bis(acetoxy)propyl ester, two intentionally added compounds used primarily as plasticizers, but in this were being used as colourant carriers. The migrant 12-(acetoxy)-stearic acid was detected in commercial olive and sunflower oils packaged in dark-coloured PET bottles.