Unreasonable Price Research Articles

Pengaruh Minimasi Pajak, Mekanisme Bonus dan Exchange Rate terhadap Transfer Pricing dengan Komite Audit sebagai Variabel Moderasi

Transfer pricing is a transaction of goods and services between several divisions in a business group at unreasonable prices, either by increasing or decreasing prices, mostly carried out by multinational companies that carry out cross-border activities. The aim, first, is to manipulate the amount of profit so that tax payments and dividend distributions are low. Second, inflating profits to polish financial reports. The country lost trillions of rupiah due to the transfer pricing practices of foreign companies in Indonesia. This research aims to obtain empirical evidence of the influence of Tax Minimization, Bonus Mechanisms, and Exchange Rates on Transfer Pricing. This research uses secondary data with a sample of mining companies for 2019-2022 on the IDX for 4 years. The result obtained is that Tax minimization variables have a significant effect on transfer pricing and the audit committee strengthens this effect, while the bonus mechanism and exchange rate have no effect on transfer pricing and the audit committee does not strengthen the effect.

Analisis Penyelesaian Perkara Persaingan Usaha Tidak Sehat pada Pelaku Usaha Sejenis Ditinjau dari Undang-Undang No. 5 Tahun 1999

Settlement of unfair business competition cases against similar business actors using Law Number 5 Year 1999. The settlement of unfair business competition disputes can be conducted through litigation (through the court) or non-litigation (outside the court). The purpose of this study is to analyze the settlement of unfair business competition cases in similar business actors and the impact caused as a whole. The research method used is normative juridical. The results of the research describe the elements of business competition violations, case settlement through arbitration, the impact caused, and legal protection efforts for consumers. The settlement of cases through non-litigation channels through arbitration by business actors who want to resolve disputes is considered more effective than through litigation. The impact of unfair business competition on consumers can cause unreasonable prices, reduce consumer choice, and hinder the development of science and technology.

Discussion on the Key Factors of Real Estate Bubble Formation in The Process of Urbanization

With the acceleration of global urbanization, the real estate market plays a vital role in urban development. However, the emergence of real estate bubble has become a global problem, which poses a serious threat to economic and social stability. The purpose of this study is to explore the key factors of real estate bubble formation in the process of urbanization, so as to reveal its complex mechanism and influence. It is found that financial factors are one of the main driving forces for the formation of the real estate bubble. Low interest rate policy, loose monetary policy and easy access to credit conditions have stimulated investors' funds to flow into the real estate market, which has led to unreasonable price increases. The relationship between supply and demand also played an important role in the process of bubble formation. In addition, speculation has also played a key role in the real estate market. Investors usually pursue quick profits, but the volatility of the real estate market attracts speculative investment and promotes the unreasonable rise of housing prices. The government's land policy, planning restrictions and development control also have a direct impact on the market, and government policies and measures can affect land supply and real estate market prices. Generally speaking, the formation of real estate bubble in the process of urbanization is a complex phenomenon of multi-factor interaction, and its mechanism involves finance, supply and demand, speculation, policy and external factors. This study is expected to provide powerful theoretical basis and policy suggestions for decision makers to deal with the real estate bubble in the process of urbanization.

Research on the Current Situation and Strategies of Independent Designer Brand Marketing

Independent designer brands are a large part of the market, and there is few analysis and research on their marketing strategies. It is necessary to analyze the successful brands in different marketing positions as models and evaluate the problems of their strategies for other new designer brands to consider further promotion, helping them avoid predictable failures and make appropriate choices. The author considers existing issues from the perspective of designer brand operators and provides some suggestions for the future development of independent designer brands. The paper reviewed some literature about designer brands from the past years and used the 4P model to analyze two typical independent designer brands, Alexanderwang and Ami Paris. The author indicated some problems with the marketing strategies of these brands, including the strong binding between designers and brands, the excessive online commercial, and unreasonable pricing, and analyzed the causes. This paper provided the methods of finding brand spokespersons and creating virtual characters for promotion as solutions for diluting designers bonding with brands. According to the article, Co-branding is a way to lower production costs and increase the popularity of independent designer brands.

The Determinants of Price Earning Ratio: Evidence from Indonesia

Purpose: This paper aims to examine the determinants of the Price Earning Ratio of LQ45 Companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange 2016-2021.
 
 Theoretical framework: Price Earning Ratio (PER) is a comparison between market price per share and earnings per share, PER is the ratio used by investors to value a company's shares, Price Earning Ratio (PER ) as a way of valuation to find out the true value of shares of a company. This PER is used to analyze stock prices that show unreasonable prices, (Fahmi, 2016) . Meanwhile, (Wahyudiono, 2014) Price Earning Ratio (PER) is a ratio that shows the comparison between the price of shares in the primary market offered compared to the income received.
 
 Design/Methodology/Approach: Sampling in this study was carried out by purposive sampling, meaning that the sample selection method was selected based on judgment sampling, which means the selection of samples was not random, the information obtained with certain considerations. Using Panel Data regression to determine the determinants of the Price Earning Ratio in LQ45 companies in Indonesia from 2016 to 2021.
 
 Findings: This study reveals that the five determinants of the Price Earning Ratio (Debt to Equity Ratio, Return On Assets, Firm Size, Sales, and Dividend) have a significant effect on the price earning ratio. The Debt to Equity Ratio has a positive correlation with the Price Earning Ratio, while Return On Assets, Firm Size, Sales and Dividend has a negative correlation with the Price Earning Ratio. In addition, one other variable, the current ratio, has no significant effect on the Price Earning ratio. The shares of SMGR, ASII, HMSP, TLKM, BBCA are the most expensive shares when viewed from the ratio of share prices to earnings, and shares of TKIM, ITMG, INKP, ADRO, PGAS are the cheapest share prices when viewed from the ratio of share prices to company profits period 2016-2021
 
 Research, practical & social implications: where the findings of this study prove that ROA, Sales, and Dividend have a significant negative effect on PER, meaning that if a company wants a share price ratio (PER) value that is attractive to investors (the lower the PER the more attractive it is to investors), then the company must increase profits, sales growth and the value of the company's cash dividends. Furthermore, for investors, the findings of this study prove that SMGR, ASII, HMSP, TLKM, BBCA shares are the most expensive stock prices when viewed from the ratio of share price to earnings earned during the 2016-2021 period. And TKIM, ITMG, INKP, ADRO, PGAS shares are the cheapest share prices when viewed from the ratio of share prices to company profits for the 2016-2021 period. So this will be a consideration for investors in choosing the best stock portfolio for stock investment on the Exchange.
 Originality/Value: LQ45 companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange for the period 2016-2021 were recruited as the research sample. However, the controversy and inconsistency of the results is debatable.

A three‐stage economy optimization method for the aggregator based on electric vehicle user response volumes

AbstractWith the development of intelligent distribution networks and the proposal of the carbon peaking and carbon neutrality goals, the importance of demand‐side management for the improvement of flexible power operation systems is becoming increasingly prominent. To solve the problems of the excessive peak–valley load differences, the insufficient utilization of demand‐side resources, and the unreasonable pricing of aggregators, this paper proposes a three‐stage economy optimization method for the aggregator based on EV(electric vehicle) user response volumes. To gain the advantages of different types of EVs while increasing the dispatchable capacity, the contract mode between the aggregator and EVs is divided into three categories: complete dispatching, rolling reward and punishment mechanism dispatching, and free dispatching. Based on the cloud model, considering loss aversion, the user's own time flexibility, and the impact of the tariff set by the aggregator on the user's decision‐making, we introduced indicator weights to obtain the improved cloud model. Based on the improved cloud model, a user response volume model is obtained. Then, the aggregator performs a three‐stage pricing optimization operation for EVs based on the bid‐winning peak shaving capacity. In the first stage, the attraction between EVs and charging stations is determined based on the law of gravity, and the charging and discharging reward electricity price is set. In the second stage, the dynamic electricity price of three types of EVs and the charging punishment electricity prices of the rolling reward and punishment mechanism dispatching type are determined. In the third stage, the electricity price of the rolling reward and punishment dispatching EVs is further optimized based on their lack of peak shaving capacity. The method proposed in the paper has been verified to be effective in increasing aggregator profits, increasing EV dispatch capacity, and reducing EV charging costs through the example analysis.

The Determinants of Price Earning Ratio: Evidence from Indonesia

Purpose: This paper aims to examine the determinants of the Price Earning Ratio of LQ45 Companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange 2016-2021.
 
 Theoretical framework: Price Earning Ratio (PER) is a comparison between market price per share and earnings per share, PER is the ratio used by investors to value a company's shares, Price Earning Ratio (PER ) as a way of valuation to find out the true value of shares of a company. This PER is used to analyze stock prices that show unreasonable prices, (Fahmi, 2016) . Meanwhile, (Wahyudiono, 2014) Price Earning Ratio (PER) is a ratio that shows the comparison between the price of shares in the primary market offered compared to the income received.
 
 Design/Methodology/Approach: Sampling in this study was carried out by purposive sampling, meaning that the sample selection method was selected based on judgment sampling, which means the selection of samples was not random, the information obtained with certain considerations. Using Panel Data regression to determine the determinants of the Price Earning Ratio in LQ45 companies in Indonesia from 2016 to 2021.
 
 Findings: This study reveals that the five determinants of the Price Earning Ratio (Debt to Equity Ratio, Return On Assets, Firm Size, Sales, and Dividend) have a significant effect on the price earning ratio. The Debt to Equity Ratio has a positive correlation with the Price Earning Ratio, while Return On Assets, Firm Size, Sales and Dividend has a negative correlation with the Price Earning Ratio. In addition, one other variable, the current ratio, has no significant effect on the Price Earning ratio. The shares of SMGR, ASII, HMSP, TLKM, BBCA are the most expensive shares when viewed from the ratio of share prices to earnings, and shares of TKIM, ITMG, INKP, ADRO, PGAS are the cheapest share prices when viewed from the ratio of share prices to company profits period 2016-2021
 
 Research, practical & social implications: where the findings of this study prove that ROA, Sales, and Dividend have a significant negative effect on PER, meaning that if a company wants a share price ratio (PER) value that is attractive to investors (the lower the PER the more attractive it is to investors), then the company must increase profits, sales growth and the value of the company's cash dividends. Furthermore, for investors, the findings of this study prove that SMGR, ASII, HMSP, TLKM, BBCA shares are the most expensive stock prices when viewed from the ratio of share price to earnings earned during the 2016-2021 period. And TKIM, ITMG, INKP, ADRO, PGAS shares are the cheapest share prices when viewed from the ratio of share prices to company profits for the 2016-2021 period. So this will be a consideration for investors in choosing the best stock portfolio for stock investment on the Exchange.
 Originality/Value: LQ45 companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange for the period 2016-2021 were recruited as the research sample. However, the controversy and inconsistency of the results is debatable.

Is market power the cause of asymmetric pricing in China's refined oil market?

The asymmetric response of Chinese refined oil prices to crude oil prices is essentially an issue of economic efficiency, and the collusion of the oil oligarchs is not conducive to the market-oriented reform and economic sustainability. The purpose of this paper is to test whether the prices of refined oil products in China does indeed have the asymmetric fluctuations of “rising more and falling less”, and to analyze whether there are unreasonable pricing behaviors colluding among oil companies. We first examine the relationship between refined oil prices and the crude oil price by applying the NARDL using the monthly data from June 2000 to May 2021, and then designs a two-stage regression process based on the EGARCH model to check whether the asymmetric pricing is the result of the market power formed by the oligopolistic collusion. The results show that the asymmetric reaction of gasoline and diesel prices to crude oil prices in China is basically the same. Only the long-run asymmetry has been confirmed while the short-run asymmetry has not passed the test. The long-term equilibrium price amid fluctuations in Chinese refined oil prices is slowly being pulled higher, most likely due to the increased market power of oil companies. Long term asymmetry means that the oligopoly market equilibrium is approaching monopoly. The cause is in the refining segment of refined oil, not in the retail segment because the EGARCH model has only successfully identified the market power in the refining sector. The joint tests indicate that the oil oligarchs may have passed the cost information, which is conducive to raising prices in the long term, to the price regulators, and there is an unreasonable part of China's refined oil prices that undermine market efficiency.

Energy saving and consumption reduction in the transportation of petroleum products: A pipeline pricing optimization perspective

Pipeline transportation is a low-energy and economical mode of transporting petroleum products in the downstream supply chain, however, there is almost no theoretical research on its pricing strategies. The unreasonable pricing strategy has resulted in low utilization of multi-product pipeline capacity as well as high energy consumption of petroleum products transportation. Therefore, this paper aims to improve pipeline turnover and promote the low-carbon transportation market from the perspective of pipeline pricing optimization. We propose an integrated framework for multi-product pipelines that couples pricing strategy and logistics optimization model. This framework simulates the pricing behavior of the pipeline carrier and the corresponding logistics planning behavior of the oil shipper. We apply the framwork to 10 pipeline pricing schemes for two regions in China with different logistics structures, and analyze the economic and environmental benefits of the new strategy. The results show that the well-performing scheme can increase pipeline carriers' revenue by 11.41 million CNY per month, significantly improve the competitive advantage of long-distance pipelines, and reduce energy consumption by 272 tce. Based on these findings, we provide recommendations for policymakers at four levels. In conclusion, the new pricing strategy will help reverse the disadvantageous situation of the pipeline in the competitive market and promote energy conservation in the petroleum products logistics industry.

Evaluation of grafting performances in Persian walnut affected by grafting methods and covering materials in Mugu district, Nepal

Walnut carries a great potential for cultivation in the high hills of Nepal, including the Mugu district. However, progress has not been as expected. Low graft survival rate and poor grafting practices account for inadequate number of quality saplings and consequently unreasonable price for successful ones. In this context, a field-based research was conducted in a two-factorial Randomized complete block design (RCBD) at Chhayanath Rara, 03, Mugu, to determine the suitable grafting method and covering material for grafting in walnut. Four different grafting methods viz. Tongue, saddle, cleft, and splice along with sawdust and grafting tape as graft covers were employed as treatments. The tongue grafting method yielded the highest callused rate (68.07%) and the highest graft take rate (48.07%). Similarly, sawdust used as a graft cover produced the most promising results on both the callused rate (56.37%) and the graft take rate (44.27%). Furthermore, the use of sawdust cover was found to have a greater callus quality (2.78) compared to that of using a grafting tape. No statistical differences were obtained in saleable plant rate and days to bud burst as a result of either of the factors. Apart from callus quality, the interaction between the two factors did not produce considerable variation in any of the variables. Hence, this study suggests the application of the tongue grafting method, along with the use of sawdust as a graft cover for enhanced grafting performance in agro-climatic zones similar to Mugu.

Sustainable Technology Diffusion Manufacturing Outwards FDI Firms: Evidence from China Using Numerical Simulation Methods

Technology diffusion plays an important role in the improvement of technological innovation capabilities and can provide strong support for sustainable economic development. This paper aims to analyze the influence mechanism of technology diffusion on sustainable development, such as the initial investment willingness, technology spillover effects and absorptive capacity, technology transfer prices and intellectual property protection, government subsidy support and penalties. However, there is a lack of systemic game mechanism and numerical simulation methods for heterogeneous enterprises. Based on the government, OFDI companies, and domestic companies that are not involved in FDI, we have proposed the evolutionary game model for technology diffusion on sustainable development. The results show that: (1) The government, OFDI firms, and domestic firms are influenced by each other’s initial willingness to a different extent; (2) Different combinations of technology spillover and absorptive capacity lead to different sustainable evolution results of technology diffusion; (3) Reasonable technology transfer pricing and enhancing the protection of property rights can improve the efficiency of the technology diffusion sustainable development system; (4) Both financial support and penalties encourage technology diffusion sustainable development, but excessive financial support reduces the government’s willingness to participate ultimately. Therefore, this paper proposes that the government should increase its willingness to participate and increase punishment for unreasonable pricing behaviors. The stronger the stimulus effect of OFDI firm technology spillover and domestic firm absorptive capacity, the stronger the stimulus effect; however, there is a certain threshold effect, at the same time increasing the property rights protection of OFDI firms and the penalties for opportunistic behaviors of domestic firms, and establishing a diversified financial support policy, will increase the efficiency of the technology diffusion sustainable development system.

FEATURES OF MARKETING PRICING IN MODERN BUSINESS CONDITIONS

Objective here is a study of the peculiarities of marketing pricing and its possibilities for ensuring business development in modern economic conditions. The methods used to achieve the goal: analysis, synthesis, generalization, grouping (to determine the essence of marketing pricing, outline modern problems and factors of its implementation), disaggregation (to distinguish modern influential factors of pricing), graphic method (to study the dynamics of price changes in economy), psychological methods (to explain the emotional motives of consumer behavior). The results. In the course of the study, the relevance of marketing pricing for conducting and developing business in modern business conditions in Ukraine was proven. The essence of marketing pricing is determined through the component of management activity, oriented to market and strategic business goals, the achievement of which is ensured through the organization of an effective pricing process and an eclectic compilation of economic and marketing levers of influence on the price behavior of business. Peculiarities of marketing pricing, which actualize its development: it is a strategically oriented activity; it is a professional activity that requires special knowledge, skills and implementation experience; it should be based on economic methods of price formation; the main orientation of marketing pricing is the consumer, his needs. For the effective implementation of marketing pricing, it is mandatory to take into account the psychological factors of consumers, which create emotional opportunities to change sales in the desired direction for the business, namely: the binding effect; the Weber-Fechner law; "stop at number 9" rules; combining products that are most often purchased; emphasis on benefit or pleasure; the magic word "free"; rules "focus on the time spent or saved"; "reliability is another magic word" rules, the taboo on unreasonable price comparisons, the "price tag matters" rule.

Strategic management during the contingency period in the regional real estate market

This research article discusses national and regional strategic instruments to counteract the contingency period in the real estate market. A contingency period refers to a period of unreasonable price increases in the market, characterized by excessive investment due to long-term speculative expectations of investors. The aim of the study is to identify the most effective strategic means of counteracting various phases of the contingency period in the regional real estate market. The theoretical basis of the article is primarily strategy theory and strategizing methodology of Doctor of Economics, Professor V. L. Kvint. As a result of the analysis of possible national and regional strategic decisions affecting the real estate market during the contingency period, the most effective in the author’s opinion were selected. The arguments presented in the article underscore the need to establish effective systems for identifying signs of the occurrence of the contingency period, as well as for evaluating different scenarios of the functioning of the economic system during that period and for exiting from it.

Effects of Black Soldier Fly, Hermetia illucens (Linnaeus, 1758), Larvae Incorporated Feed on Histomorphology, Gut Microbiota and Blood Chemistry of Cultured Fishes: A Review

Inadequate availability and unreasonable prices made fish meal an unreliable feed ingredient in aquaculture. Consequently, researchers have tested different plant and animal-derived protein sources as an option over the fish meal. The black soldier fly, Hermetia illucens (Linnaeus, 1758), larva, has been identified as a reliable protein source for fish meal replacement. Many studies have revealed the growth and microbiological impacts of H. illucens larvae as a protein source in finfish culture. However, a review of knowledge on histopathology, haematology and microbial changes modulated by H. illucens larvae when incorporated as a feed ingredient in finfish aquaculture is not available. Therefore, this study reviews the effects on the histopathology, haematology and gut-microbial properties of finfish fed diet incorporated with H. illucens larvae. A review of different finfish species tested up to 100 % inclusion of H. illucens larvae meal in their diets revealed mixed results in blood chemistry, gut microbiota, and gut histology. Most studies stated common positive effects such as reduced plasma cholesterol levels, increased microbial diversity, and increased intestinal absorption up to 50 % incorporation level. Despite the possibility of incorporating H. illucens larvae meal without any negative impacts on some carnivore fish species, most studies disclosed adverse effects beyond 50 % fish meal replacement due to high chitin and crude fat levels in H. illucens larval diets.

Big data service investment choices in a manufacturer-led dual-channel supply chain

This paper investigates the impact of different supply chain members invest in big data service on profits by developing game-theoretic models for a dual-channel supply chain consisting of one manufacturer and one retailer. We consider the difference between big data service impacting both channels and impacting only one (traditional retail channel or online direct marketing channel). The results show that whether the manufacturer or the retailer invests in big data service, the impact of big data service on two channels at the same time is more attractive to the manufacturer and the retailer than just one channel. There are three models of investing in big data services that only affect a single channel, resulting in unreasonable pricing decisions and big data service level. In the other three models, when the fixed cost of big data service investment is large, the manufacturer and the retailer are reluctant to invest in big data service. When the investment cost is small, both parties are willing to invest in big data service. This will lead to the manufacturer and retailer making different choices, and the manufacturer as the leader will adopt the cost-sharing strategy to motivate the retailer to agree to choose the same model with the manufacturer. However, when the investment cost of big data services is moderate, the manufacturer and the retailer will choose the manufacturer to invest in big data service. Moreover, the manufacturer and the retailer will not choose the model where the manufacturer invests in big data service only affect the online direct marketing channel, because this model cannot maximize profit of them. Finally, according to the conclusion, management suggestions and enlightenment are obtained.

Changing Characteristics of Pharmaceutical Prices in China Under Centralized Procurement Policy: A Multi-Intervention Interrupted Time Series.

Objective: National centralized drug procurement organized by the Chinese government currently represents the largest group purchasing organization worldwide, to establish a reasonable price formation mechanism. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of centralized procurement policy on drug price and price ratio in China. Method: Monthly drug procurement data of public medical institutions were extracted from the national procurement database, including 11 pilot cities and 36 months from January 2018 to December 2020. Centralized procured INNs (International Nonproprietary Names) (n = 25) and their alternative INNs (n = 96) were selected as study samples. Centralized procured INNs were divided into bid-winning and non-winning products according to the bidding results. Drug price, price distribution, and price ratio were measured. Multi-intervention interrupted time series analysis was performed to estimate the policy impacts in two centralized procurement periods. Results: The price of centralized procured INNs showed an immediate drop of 44.57% (β = -0.59, p < 0.001) at the policy implementation, among which bid-winning drugs decreased by 61.71% (β = -0.96, p < 0.001). No significant change in the price level or trends was found for non-winning products and alternative drugs in the first-year procurement period (all p-values > 0.05). During the second-year procurement period, alternative drugs in four therapeutic categories detected significant increases in the price level (all p-values < 0.05). The overall coefficient of variation of price distribution exhibited upward trends after policy implementation. Among the most centralized procured INNs, the price ratio between certificated generics (generics that have passed the consistency evaluation) and original drugs declined significantly after policy intervention (p < 0.05), whereas the price ratio between uncertificated and certificated generics increased significantly (p < 0.05). Conclusion: Chinese government-organized group purchasing resulted in prominent price reduction of bid-winning drugs. The policy observed a short-term “spillover” effect of synergistic price reduction, while the effect wore off after 1-year procurement period. The extremely dispersed price distribution, as well as unreasonable price ratios, requires further effective price regulation means.

Advancing UN Comtrade for Physical Trade Flow Analysis: Addressing the Issue of Outliers

The UN Comtrade is one of the most widely used data sources for physical trade analysis. However, the issue of outliers would result in misleading interpretations and biased results, limiting its applications. Assuming that no deals would be made at unreasonable prices, we define an outlier as the data record whose unit price (trade value divided by net weight) is unusually high or low. To address the outlier issue, we develop a framework of first applying the kernel density estimation method to detect outliers and then using different statistical models to handle them based on their potential causes, then develop a deviation index to assess the impacts of outliers, and present the data quality improvement and the significance of our framework; and finally evaluate its performance by comparing with previous methods to show its outperformance on adaptability to different commodities’ data. Our results reveal that outliers exist for almost all reporters (207 in 209, 99%), all commodities, and all years, and most outliers (92%) are with wrong net weight values. With a higher deviation index, reporters are Canada, China, France, etc., while commodities are high-price electronic products, clocks, etc. The data quality would be greatly improved by addressing the outlier issue, thus benefiting UN-based physical trade analysis.

The way OLX transformed pre-owned automobile market; an empirical analysis on users’ experience

OLX, the world renowned web / mobile based classifieds application is one of the leading platforms for buying and selling preowned automobiles. Along with digitalization in all spheres of human life, pre-owned auto marketplace also has taken a digital turn. This paper is an attempt to understand users’ experience with OLX, the leading platform in India that connects buyers and sellers of pre-owned vehicles. The researcher has chosen two wheelers and four wheelers market for the study as they are the commonly bought and sold items via OLX. The survey was undertaken among OLX users with at least one buying or selling experience. The study primarily examines the factors such as price, time taken for completing the deal, number of enquiries made/received and quality of deals on one hand. Secondly it studies the reasons for not choosing second hand dealers offline for selling or buying by users. The study reveals the most important fact that the users are provided with a cheap and best experience with thousands of buyers and sellers connected on their fingertips. They are now able to connect to thousands of buyers and sellers and get rid of unreasonable prices charged by second hand dealers.

Carbon price forecasting based on CEEMDAN and LSTM

After signing the Paris Agreement and piloting carbon trading for many years, China has taken a significant step toward carbon neutrality. Carbon price forecasting is helpful to construct an effective and stable carbon pricing mechanism and provide practical guidance for production, operation, and investment. This paper builds multiple one-step-ahead predictors to analyze and forecast carbon prices, based on Complete Ensemble Empirical Mode Decomposition with Adaptive Noise (CEEMDAN) and Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) recurrent neural network, with the close prices of Guangzhou Emission Trading Scheme (Guangzhou ETS) from March 14, 2014, to August 31, 2021. After an initial period of unreasonable pricing and market adapting, the carbon price of the Guangzhou ETS began to recover gradually. According to previous literature, this paper summarizes two fundamental CEEMDAN–LSTM frameworks and proposes a hybrid one combined with Variational Modal Decomposition (VMD). With the help of adaptive reducing learning rate Adam optimizer and the early stop mechanism, the forecast turns out stable and reliable results, with a best average coefficient of determination (R2) of 0.982 and Mean Absolute Percentage Error (MAPE) of 0.555%, which shows that Sample Entropy integration and re-decomposition methods are conducive to carbon price forecasting. Validations of four ETS and different timesteps also verify the effectiveness of the hybrid VMD LSTM method, but it still needs to be optimized for practice.

Auction mechanism on construction land quota with selection on land location.

Due to unreasonable pricing, farmers have low enthusiasm for reclaiming their homesteads, which can be used to generate construction land quota. This paper studies how to design a feasible pricing mechanism to stimulate the enthusiasm of farmers. First, we analyze the practice that the local government gives the developers with quota the selection, the right to select the location of the land to be auctioned. Then, applying sequential auction theory, we propose first- and second-price sealed-bid sequential auction models and design quota auction pricing mechanisms. Through theoretical and numerical analysis, we obtain the equilibrium strategy and analyze the impact of selection and on developers’ bidding pricing on quota. The results show that the selection can enhance the developer’s quota bidding price and farmers’ income. And the higher the value of selection to the developer, the higher the quota bidding price and farmer’s income. Contrarily, the larger the number of developers, the smaller the quota bidding price and farmers’ income. Finally, the quota bidding price and farmers’ income in the second-price sealed-bid sequential auction are higher than in the first-price sealed-bid sequential auction.