Unpublished Files Research Articles

Religious difference, colonial politics, and Grierson’s Linguistic Survey of India

ABSTRACT Grierson’s Linguistic Survey of India (1903–1928) is one of the most complete sources on South Asian languages. It has influenced all subsequent studies of the language situation in India. However, there are indications in the Survey’s volumes, in its unpublished files, and in Grierson’s correspondence, that extra-linguistic considerations affected his approach to some Indian languages. Drawing on these sources, this essay focuses on Panjabi, Siraiki, Assamese, and Hindi-Urdu. It shows how factors stemming from Grierson’s views on religious difference and on language as a basis for nationality, as well as colonial politics of governance, may have influenced his characterisations of these languages. However, this does not invalidate the Survey, which is not straightforwardly ‘colonial’. Moreover, each of these languages is also described using linguistic argumentation, as reflected in the LSI’s skeletal grammars and its focus on dialectal variation. As such, we have to work with this tension in the LSI, without trying to resolve it either by rejecting the Survey in toto because of the instances of politics affecting its analyses, or by accepting it wholesale while ignoring the extra-linguistic considerations which influenced how it characterised some Indian languages.

The genesis of training in landscape architecture in Portugal

This article discusses the origin of Landscape Architecture in Portugal. It focuses, above all, on the principles of the Landscape Architecture course that Francisco Caldeira Cabral (1908-1992) launched at the Higher Institute of Agronomy, Technical University of Lisbon, in the early 1940s, with a clear influence on what he learned and experienced at the Berlin Agricultural College where he graduated in the late 1930s. To better understand the foundations behind the creation of the degree in Portugal it is necessary to look back to the 19th century in Prussia and learn about the scientific-pedagogical program of the Royal Gardeners Training School (Königliche Gärtnerlehranstalt) and the Berlin Agricultural College (Landwirtschaftliche Hochschule Berlin) founded in 1929 and considered the successor of that gardeners’ School. The texts and works of Caldeira Cabral, as a student and later as a teacher, were also of primordial importance. This study was developed having as basis recent research carried out on the German influence in the genesis of Landscape Architecture in Portugal. It made use, mainly, of primary sources of information, either published or unpublished files, accessed in public and private archives. Also, documents on the education of Caldeira Cabral in Berlin and on the first years of the Landscape Architecture degree were analysed.

Approaching Stanislavski’s work at the Opera-Dramatic Studio: part 2

ABSTRACT This is the second article written from an investigation of the Opera-Dramatic Studio (1935–1938) unpublished files, held at the Moscow Art Theatre Museum between November 2017 and February 2018. In it, we try to present an analysis of some new aspects of Stanislavski’s preparation of the Studio’s faculty and his practice with the pupils. After a short introduction to the research, we present the period of the faculty’s preparation (Jun-Oct 1935) and the training work conducted with the pupils (Nov-Dec 1935). We analyse three aspects of Stanislavski’s practice during his last years: the étude, the physical actions and the subconscious moment, as a triple basic-training structure used in the preparation for the future work on the play and the role. To finish, we present a short conclusion the analysed material.

Regional lexicography: zoological vocabulary in ideographic dictionary

In the article the working results on one section of the thematic dictionary of Samara dialects are summarized. The study is novel in the application of the ideographic description technique to the large lexical material, which was extracted from the unpublished files of dialectological expeditions in the villages of the Samara region. The author of the article reported that the language corps of vocabulary fixations was used as the main source of the thematic group of zoological vocabulary, which was compiled using the thematic questionnaire, given to respondents. The thematic zoological vocabulary was classified and divided into two main semantic blocks: Wild Animals and Home Animals.The author states that both semantic blocks represent complex system formations with developed differentiation of dialect nominations. Attention is drawn to the fact that the first block is dominated by the names of fish, birds, insects, and reptiles, while the most part of the second block consists of the animals and birds names grown in the household. In the Samara dialects there is a variety of word-formation dialect modifications of words, the presence of productive affixes. The author raises the question, if it is possible to represent systematically the names of individual members of the animal world, which were borrowed by Russians from the other languages of the Volga region people, in the dialect dictionary. The author claims that the material of the Samara dialects is optimally reflected in the dictionary compiled using the technique of ideographic description. The article concludes that the systemic connections identified as a result of the study in the thematic group of zoological names can be used in the complex characteristic of secondary dialects of the Volga region, along with the facts of other dialect languages levels.

Approaching Stanislavski’s work at the Opera-Dramatic Studio. Part 1.

ABSTRACT This is the first of a series of two articles written as an investigation of the Opera-Dramatic Studio (1935–1938) unpublished files, held at the Moscow Art Theatre Museum, between November 2017 and February 2018. In it, I try to present an analysis of some new aspects of Stanislavski’s preparation of the Studio’s faculty and his practice with the pupils. After a short introduction to the research, I present, in this firt part, the period of the faculty’s preparation (Jun-Oct 1935). Subsequently, in the second part, I will present the training work conducted with the pupils (Nov-Dec 1935), and an analysis of three aspects of Stanislavski’s practice during his last years: the étude, the physical actions and the subconscious moment. These, as I argue functioned as a triple basic-training structure used in the preparation for the future work on the play and the role. To finish, I present a short conclusion on the analysed material.

Marktprognosen im Interesse der Strukturpolitik

Abstract The paper focuses on the forming of expectations by regulatory authorities in the case of merger control after 1973, when the German legislator stipulated a decision by its officials on future competition in relevant markets. The regulatory and decision-making behavior of officials is analyzed on the basis of selected merger procedures in the chemical industry, which underwent far-reaching structural change in the 1970s and 1980s. Here, institutionalization processes for overcoming information asymmetries and the formation of market expectations can be diagnosed inside the office as well as inside the firms. Adaptive expectations with regard to current market diagnoses and legal assumptions (“Vermutungstatbestände”) play a significant role for their forecast decisions. The study is based on previously unpublished files of the Federal Cartel Office.

México-La Habana-Madrid: Adolfo Sánchez Vázquez en el eje transatlántico de la guerra fría

Este artículo analiza la actividad intelectual del filósofo hispano-mexicano Adolfo Sánchez Vázquez en el eje transatlántico de la cultura comunista de la guerra fría. A partir del trabajo con documentación inédita de archivo, se reconstruyen las discusiones que Sánchez Vázquez sostuvo como militante de la delegación del Partido Comunista de España en México, su ruptura con la política centralista de la organización, su giro estético-praxeológico en la concepción del marxismo, su presencia en los debates de intelectuales y artistas posteriores a la Revolución cubana y, finalmente, su influjo en la crítica de arte del Estado español, vinculada al comunismo antifranquista. De este modo, se amplía el foco sobre las repercusiones de su relectura de los Manuscritos económico-filosóficos de 1844, que intentaban alejarse por igual de la ortodoxia del diamat y del estructuralismo althusseriano.

Coercion and Contract at the Margins: Deportable Labor and the Laws of Employment Termination Under US Capitalism (1942–2015)

In 1917, Congress created the status of temporary labor migrant. A new kind of restricted worker born from nineteenth-century free labor politics, employer and citizen worker demands under modern liberal capitalism, and state labor market regulation, temporary migrants have always had an employer-dependent legal status and been subject to deportation. Yet, since 1942, changing rights and legal processes have governed migrant employment termination across sectors. By drawing on employment cases from archival and unpublished files made available to me under FOIA, and court decisions, I compare the impact of laws of employment termination on deportable laborers beginning in 1942, when government agencies planned migration, and under privatized migration after 1964. From agriculture and war to today's service and knowledge economies, I demonstrate how employment rights have always shaped deportable workers' legal status. Yet, I also show how today's rights and legal processes, in contrast to the past, hardly mitigate employer control over migrants under contemporary capitalism.

Notes on Palaearctic species of the family Leucospidae (Hymenoptera, Chalcidoidea), with new records from North Africa and Middle East

A b s t r a c t : New records of the family Leucospidae (Leucospis biguetina JURINE, 1807, L. brevicauda F ABRICIUS, 1804, L. dorsigera F ABRICIUS, 1775, L. elegans KLUG, 1834, L. gigas FABRICIUS, 1793 and L. intermedia ILLIGER, 1807) are provided from North Africa and Middle East. The publication date of KLUG's paper (Die europaischen Arten der Insekten-Gattung: Leucospis) is 1812. In this paper the species occuring in North Africa, Middle East countries (excluding Turkey), Afghanistan and Pakistan are treated and only papers dealing with this area are listed. Synonyms or misidentifications are marked with an asterisk (*). The general dis- tribution data are based on an unpublished catalogue compiled by M. Madl. In the last years we have identified Palaearctic material of the Biologiezentrum des Oberosterreichischen Landesmuseums at Linz (Austria) and the Naturhistorisches Museum Wien (Austria). New records of Leucospis biguetina J URINE, 1807, L. brevicauda FABRICIUS, 1804, L. dorsigera FABRICIUS, 1775, L. gigas FABRICIUS, 1793 and L. intermedia ILLIGER, 1807 from the southern Palaearctic region (North Africa and Middle East) are dealt with. The material listed below is deposited in the Biologie- zentrum des Oberosterreichischen Landesmuseums at Linz unless stated otherwise. The material of the Naturhistorisches Museum Wien is indicated NHMW. Prof. R. Abraham (Hamburg, Germany) kindly sent us the unpublished file with the data of the Leucospis species housed in the Zoologisches Museum Hamburg (ABRAHAM & PETERS 2011: 267). The exact data of Leucospis gigas from Algeria and Israel and L. dorsigera from Israel are also listed.

Le testament de Grimm

Grimm's will. Presented by Sergei Karp. An unpublished file in the archives of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs in Paris (Political correspondence, Ducal Saxony, vol. 1) provides new information concerning diplomatic representations in favour of the heirs of Frédéric Melchior Grimm in 1817, as well as the authentic text of this last will.

The changing epidemiology of human hookworm infection in Australia.

To document the distribution of human hookworm infection in Australia. A retrospective study of published data and accessible archival records. The core data were derived from the report of the Australian Hookworm Campaign, annual reports of various State health departments and the Queensland Institute of Medical Research, and unpublished files of the former Queensland Aboriginal Health Programme. Today, hookworm infection is endemic only among Aboriginal communities of northern Western Australia and the Northern Territory, where Ancylostoma duodenale may be the sole species. Early this century, infection was also established in Queensland and northern New South Wales, in both Aboriginal and white communities, and Necator americanus predominated. The origin of these parasites is obscure. Sustained control programs seem to have eradicated hookworms from Queensland. Improved sanitation, hygiene and chemotherapy have eliminated hookworms from white populations of Australia. Continued anthelminthic campaigns will also clear the parasites from Aboriginal communities, but unless living conditions improve significantly infection will recur.

Drugs and Breast Milk

In Reply.— In response to Dr Dorfman's concern regarding naproxen, the revised commentary included information only on drugs for which there was peer-reviewed published information. Information in the 1983 commentary which was based on personal communications, unpublished files, or secondary references and which could not be corroborated was not included in the revised commentary. We were unable to find published data on naproxen excretion in breast milk or absorption by the nursing infant. As stated in the current commentary, "the fact that a pharmacologic or chemical agent does not appear in the Tables is not meant to imply that it is not transferred into human milk... but indicates that there are no reports in the literature."

The control of Nezara viridula L. with introduced egg parasitoids in Australia. A review of a 'landmark' example of classical biological control

The history of Nezara viridula egg parasitoid introductions into Australia is critically reviewed. Using largely unpublished file material information is presented on the source of parasitoids, specific identification of parasitoids, numbers of parasitoids reared and released, and establishment and effects in the field. At least four species of egg parasitoids, in three genera, have been introduced and liberated into Australia since biological control efforts were first begun in 1933. There are records of 11 introductions involving Trissolcus basalis (Wollaston) (Egypt 1933; West Indies 1952-53; South Africa 1980; Brazil 1980; U.S.A. 1979-8 l), Trissolcus mitsukurii (Ashmead) (Japan l962), Ooencyrtus submetallicus (Howard) (West Indies 1952-53), and Telenomus chloropus (Thomson) (Japan 1962; Japan via U.S.A. 1980). Doubt is cast on the specific status of introductions from Italy (1956) and Pakistan (1 961), which are recorded in the literature as T, basalis. Evidence is presented that there is currently not enough information available to determine the specific classifications of these importations. Three programs in which Australian field populations of Trissolcus were bred and released elsewhere in Australia are also recorded. Post-release evaluation of introduced N. viridula egg parasitoids in Australia is reviewed. It is proposed that there is only circumstantial evidence to support the claim that N. viridula is under 'good' biological control by T. basalis in Australia. Areas of investigation that are of the most significance to current workers in N. viridula biological control are highlighted in the discussion.

Temporal variation of the activity of intermediate and deep focus earthquakes

The appendix is available with entire article on microfiche. Order from American Geophysical Union, 1909 K Street, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20006. Document J79‐003; $1.00. Payment must accompany order.The temporal variation of the activity of intermediate and deep focus earthquakes for the period from 1904 to 1974 is investigated on the basis of a uniform body‐wave magnitude scale. The mb scale has been traditionally used for intermediate and deep focus earthquakes. However, the period of seismic waves and the Q function used for the magnitude determination have changed as a function of time, so that uniform evaluation of the activity is difficult. In this study, we used a body‐wave magnitude mB determined from the maximum amplitude of body waves recorded by broad‐band or long‐period instruments to investigate the temporal variation. For the period from 1904 to 1952, mb values were calculated from the unpublished material of Gutenberg and Richter. For 1953 to 1958, mB values were calculated from the amplitude and the period data in Gutenberg's unpublished file. For the period from 1959 to 1974, seismological bulletins from various stations were used to determine mB. Consistency between the values of mB calculated from these different sources was carefully checked. The temporal variation of the number of intermediate‐deep events with mB ≥ 7 is remarkably similar to that of shallow earthquakes with Ms ≥ 7. The temporal variation of the energy release in intermediate‐deep earthquakes shows a maximum around 1910. The sum of the energy release curve of intermediate‐deep and shallow earthquakes shows a good correlation with the amplitude of the Chandler wobble. The energy release becomes maximum at the depth of 350 and 600 km.

Clermont-Ganneau's Visit to Cyrenaica in 1895

The official visit to Tripolitania, Cyrenaica, Crete and Tunisia made in 1895 by the French orientalist Charles Clermont-Ganneau (1845–1923) seems to have been quite forgotten, apart from a brief note by F. Chamoux (Cyrène sous la monarchie des Battiades, 1953, 19, n.5) describing the acquisition of certain antiquities by the Museum of the Louvre. Clermont-Ganneau himself produced no report. His references to his journey were brief and scattered (thus CRAI 1901, 42–3; Rec. Arch. Orient. VI, 1905, 53) and his publication was limited to illustrations without comment in his Album d'antiquités orientales, recueil de monuments inédits ou peu connus (Paris, Leroux, 1897), an uncompleted piece of work of which only plates I–II (Neirab), III–VI (Cyrenaica, miscellaneous objects), VII (Crete), and XLIII–L (Syria, Cyprus, Nendjirli, Malta etc.) ever appeared.Thanks to the help of Mr. Bernard Delavault, an unpublished file has now come to light in the office of the Corpus Inscriptionum Semiticarum at the Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres, which fortunately supplements the record. It includes sixteen pages of an unfinished manuscript report of the 1895 journey by Clermont-Ganneau, together with a number of transcriptions and letters which contain interesting information.Clermont-Ganneau left Paris on 17th January and returned on 7th April, having made stops of some duration at Tunis, Malta, Tripoli in Libya (where he collected antiquities, including coins), Benghazi (where he spent a fortnight), Crete (his travels in the island, which lasted for twenty-five days, will be described elsewhere), Alexandria; then Malta and Tripoli both for the second time, Homs (for a visit to Lepcis Magna), Gabès, Sfax, Sousse and Tunis again. Conditions in Cyrenaica made it impossible for him to get to the Cyrene area as he had hoped, and this accounts for the length of his stay at Benghazi where he collected the documents which are the subject of this paper; for while there he bought or was given antiquities which went to the Louvre and acquired from various sources copies of inscriptions.

Spring-Fall Calf Mortality in an Alaska Moose Population

Calf mortality was studied in a population of moose (Alces alces) near Palmer, south-central Alaska, from May through October, 1965. During this period, the number of calves per 100 cows decreased from 84.3 to 36.2, suggesting a spring-fall calf mortality of more than 50 percent. Drowning, entrapment by vegetation, abandonment, injury inflicted by the dam, and predation by brown bears (Ursus arctos) were observed causes of calf mortality. Exclusive of hunting deaths, the major mortality of Alaska moose occurs during the first year of life. Thus recruitment at the yearling level is often less than half the potential delivered at calving the previous spring (Alaska Department of Fish and Game, unpublished files). Logically, harsh winters account for some mortality; yet, in an average year, the moose calf is perhaps most vulnerable to the environment during its infancy-the first spring, summer, and fall of its life-when it is still very small and relatively weak. This paper reports an assessment of the magnitude and nature of calf mortality during this period in a small population. I am grateful to Robert A. Rausch and Arthur E. Bratlie for advice and assistance

German Diplomacy and the Sudeten Question before 1938

T | SHE post-war publication of captured German diplomatic documents has revealed that German diplomacy, until shortly before the Munich crisis of I938, was apprehensive of any openly aggressive policy towards Czechoslovakia, since it assessed Czech-German relations within Czechoslovakia in a way quite contrary to National Socialist propaganda slogans. This impression is reinforced by a study of the unpublished files of the Foreign Ministry in Berlin and of the pre-war German Legation in Prague. They confirm the fact that there was no really serious friction between Germany and Czechoslovakia before Hitler's accession to power and that any unavoidable small conflicts between these two countries, one of which had only come into being in I9I8, were but slightly concerned with the Sudeten German question. On the contrary, German diplomacy before I933 deliberately rejected any policy of German interference in Czechoslovak affairs, though it was frequently sought by certain Sudeten German circles, and supported as far as possible the active participation of German political parties in the Government of Czechoslovakia. In a secret report, dated as early as I9 April I9I9, Count Wedel, the German Ambassador in Vienna, definitely countered the belief that the Germans in Bohemia fervently desired to be attached to Germany after the break-up of the Hapsburg Monarchy:'

The Effect of Urbanization on Regional Vocabulary

IN A METROPOLITAN AREA what happens to the regional vocabulary of the original settlers? Although dialect geographers have defined general factors that affect vocabulary change in such areas-population mixture, commercial pressure, technological progress, and economic development, for examplethe degree to which specific regional vocabulary items persist in a particular metropolitan environment is somewhat less clear. To investigate that problem is the purpose of this article. The materials which I have employed include Hans Kurath's A Word Geography of the Eastern United States and, from the unpublished files of the Linguistic Atlas of North America, 139 check lists, together with charts of the Atlas field interviews in northern Ohio. For access to these Atlas ma-