Unprecedented Shift Research Articles

An Integrated Operations Management System for Enhancing Administrative Efficiency in Ghana's District Assemblies

The COVID-19 pandemic, driven by the SARS-CoV-2 virus, necessitated an unprecedented shift to remote work, revealing critical gaps in digital infrastructures capable of maintaining organizational operations. This challenge was particularly pronounced in district assemblies in Ghana, where traditional, paper-based workflows impeded the transition to remote environments, heightening operational vulnerabilities. Despite the World Health Organization (WHO) downgrading COVID-19 as a Public Health Emergency of International Concern (PHEIC), the global ramifications of the virus and potential for future pandemics underscore the need for resilient, adaptable digital solutions. This paper presents an online integrated business operation management system tailored for district assemblies in Ghana. The system was developed using the Rapid Application Development (RAD) methodology, facilitating rapid, iterative deployment and user-centric design. Technologies such as HTML, CSS, and PHP were utilized for the front-end, while MySQL ensured secure and efficient back-end data management. The approach helped to digitize core administrative processes and transition from paper-based operations to streamlined electronic workflows. The implemented system successfully digitalized essential administrative workflows, improving operational continuity and efficiency. By replacing conventional procedures with robust electronic processes, the system provides a sustainable framework for enhanced functionality in public sector management. Furthermore, it strengthens organizational preparedness for future disruptions, ensuring resilience in remote and hybrid work contexts. The scope of this research is limited to district assemblies in Ghana, which may constrain the generalizability of the findings to other administrative contexts or geographical regions. Further studies could explore customization for broader governmental structures and assess long-term impacts on service delivery and user satisfaction. This paper presents a novel application of digital transformation principles within the public sector, addressing a critical gap in e-governance solutions for district assemblies in Ghana. By integrating user-focused design and scalable technology, the proposed system not only meets current administrative demands but also positions district assemblies for enhanced functionality and resilience in the face of future challenges.

Joy, adaptation, and agency in the resilience narratives of primary caregivers during the COVID-19 pandemic

The COVID-19 pandemic has ushered in profound educational, occupational, and familial challenges for school-aged children and their primary caregivers. During this transitional period, resilience was often featured in pandemic discourse as a solution to managing these unprecedented shifts. However, very little concrete information was provided as to how caregivers should or could mobilize this oft-cited resource. Our qualitative study was designed to explore how primary caregivers survived or thrived, using resilience as an experiential window through which to better understand how they coped with the complex, unprecedented challenges ushered in by the COVID-19 pandemic. One-hour interviews were conducted with caregivers (n = 22, all but two identified as female). Analysis revealed that primary caregivers understood resilience to be surviving the pandemic and making it through with the fewest scars for both them and their children. Caregivers cultivated resilience through finding joy during the hardships, supporting their children’s adaptations to the changing context, and resisting rules. Surviving the pandemic required resilience, and while this emerged in caregivers’ definitions, their lived experience highlights how joy, supporting adaptations, and resistance were employed to cultivate resilience.

Prediction of atmospheric temperature in Sacramento area based on ARIMA and ETS models

Abstract. As global temperatures increased by 1.1 Celsius degrees, there has unprecedented shifts in climate systems. With the rising impact of global warming, exploring the warming trend helps to better understand and maintain the local environment and economy. This study focuses on predicting atmospheric temperature in the Sacramento area using ARIMA and ETS models. The research uses the temperature data from Sacramento Airport's Automated Surface Observing System (ASOS) and explores the prediction performance of ARIMA, ETS, and ARIMAX models in predicting daily average temperatures. The results indicate the ARIMAX (1,1,1) model is the most suitable for forecasting this temperature data with the lowest AIC and RMSE values. However, there are still challenges, in particular the dependence of the ARIMAX model on future exogenous variables, which leads to the forecast outcomes less accurate. To enable this ARIMAX models have better prediction performance, incorporating more exogenous variables is a potential solution. Therefore, the methods discussed in this paper provides ideas for the atmospheric temperature forecasting and points out the direction for further research.

Navigating the Complexities of Inter-Religious Peacebuilding: Implications for Theory and Practice

As conflict dynamics become complex and escalate globally, especially identity-based conflicts, we are witnessing an unprecedented shift in the Conflict Analysis and Resolution and Peacebuilding field toward contextually innovative and effective community-led approaches. The inadequacies of liberal and neoliberal paradigms and the increase in identity-based conflicts, religious pluralism, and differences in communities have motivated evidence-based inter-religious community-level engagements over the past two decades. These interventions rely on the theoretical frameworks of emancipatory peacebuilding and compassionate reasoning, and reflect an in-depth sense of spirituality, longing, and the essence of human relationship building and practice. This study gathers data from primary sources (which include findings from hybrid interviews) through a semi-participatory and empirical qualitative explorative research process in order to critique the underlying philosophies of traditional paradigms and explore emerging alternatives. It also posits that inter-religious community-led interventions are founded on the emancipatory elicitive religious peacebuilding (EERPb) framework. They are adaptive to non-linear (and sometimes non-scientific) approaches and are less focused on international standards. The framework fundamentally embraces phenomenological, metaphysical, and ethical realities in peacebuilding, operationalizes the concept of just peace, and acknowledges a global approach to peace that offers the opportunity to resolve the difficulties encountered by the various CAR and peacebuilding theoretical schools.

Syringe services program staff and participant perspectives on changing drug consumption behaviors in response to xylazine adulteration

BackgroundXylazine is an increasingly common adulterant in the North American unregulated drug supply that is associated with adverse health outcomes (e.g., skin infections, overdose). However, there are significant knowledge gaps regarding how xylazine was initially identified and how syringe services program (SSP) staff and clients (people who use drugs) responded to its emergence.MethodsFrom June–July 2023, we conducted qualitative interviews with medical (e.g., clinicians) and frontline SSP staff (e.g., outreach workers) and adult clients with a history of injection drug use at a Miami-based SSP. Inductive memos identified emergent codes; thematic analysis involving team consensus established final themes.ResultsFrom interviews with SSP staff (n = 8) and clients (n = 17), xylazine emergence was identified at different times, in various ways. Initially, during summer 2022, clients identified a “tranquilizer-like substance” that worsened sedation and withdrawal and caused wounds. SSP medical staff later identified this adulterant as xylazine by treating new medical cases and through diverse information-sharing networks that included professional societies and news sources; however, frontline SSP staff and clients needed additional educational resources about xylazine and its side effects. With limited guidance on how to reduce harm from xylazine, SSP clients altered their drug consumption routes, reduced drug use, and relied on peers’ experiences with the drug supply to protect themselves. Some individuals also reported preferring xylazine-adulterated opioids and increasing their drug use, including the use of stimulants to avoid over sedation.ConclusionsXylazine’s emergence characterizes the current era of unprecedented shifts in the unregulated drug supply. We found that xylazine spurred important behavioral changes among people who use drugs (e.g., transitioning from injecting to smoking). Incorporating these experiences into early drug warning surveillance systems and scaling up drug-checking services and safer smoking supply distribution could help mitigate significant health harms caused by xylazine and other emergent adulterants.

Higher Education in China during the Pandemic: Analyzing Online Self-Learning Motivation Using Bayesian Networks

The COVID-19 pandemic has led to an unprecedented shift towards online learning, compelling university students worldwide to engage in self-directed learning within remote environments. Despite the increasing importance of online education, the factors driving students’ motivation for self-directed online learning, particularly those involving economic incentives, have not been thoroughly explored. This study aims to address this gap by analyzing large-scale data collected from 19,023 university students across China during the pandemic. Using mixed Bayesian networks and multigroup structural equation modeling, the study explores the complex relationships between personal characteristics, academic characteristics, the academic environment, and students’ motivation for self-directed online learning. The results reveal significant associations between online self-directed learning motivation and personal characteristics. such as gender and age, academic characteristics, such as education level and learning incentives, and the geographic location of the school within the academic environment. Moreover, the causal relationship between school location and online self-directed learning motivation varies by gender and educational level. This research not only provides new empirical support for the theoretical framework of online learning motivation but also contributes to the broader fields of educational psychology and online learning research.

COVID-19 Pandemic and the Current Challenges of the Angolan Higher Education System

The COVID-19 pandemic has precipitated an unprecedented shift towards distance and online learning (DOL) globally, including in Angola, where the transition has revealed numerous challenges and uncertainties, especially within higher education. This paper delves into the historical context of DOL in America, Europe, and Africa, highlighting the diverse experiences and lessons learned in these regions. The emphasis is on the necessity of a well-planned, strategic approach to DOL implementation, tailored to the unique context of each region. In Angola, the Ministry of Education has initiated discussions around DOL, but the transition has been fraught with issues such as inadequate digital infrastructure, limited internet access, and a lack of training and support for both educators and students. This paper argues for a phased implementation strategy for DOL in Angola, incorporating comprehensive market research, meticulous project planning, and clearly defined deliverables. It also stresses the critical importance of involving all stakeholders, including government bodies, educational institutions, and private sector partners, to ensure the sustainability and success of DOL initiatives. By addressing these challenges and adopting a structured, inclusive approach, Angola has the potential to develop a more resilient and effective online education system. The paper concludes by outlining the steps necessary to overcome existing barriers and create a supportive environment for digital learning, ultimately aiming to enhance educational access and quality in the country.

Planning and teaching heritage languages in the translocal and digital space

ABSTRACT This Special Issue came about as the result of the COVID-19 pandemic, which brought unprecedented shifts in the conditions and opportunities for language education. In the context of heritage languages, there were significant challenges for learners, parents, and teachers, but there were also new opportunities for rethinking the ways in which languages were taught and passed on to the next generation. In this Special Issue, we take an ecological perspective on language policy and planning (henceforward LPP) and focus on micro- and meso-level LPP related to language learning and the intergenerational transmission of heritage languages. While the approach taken in this volume aligns with the notion that macro, meso and micro perspectives, goals and activities are not independent of each other but form a complex ecology (Baldauf, 2006), our focus here is not on formal policy making and implementation, but on the practices surrounding language learning, teaching and use, as forms of LPP (Liddicoat, 2020).

Protective or potentially harmful? Altering drug consumption behaviors in response to xylazine adulteration.

Xylazine is an increasingly common adulterant in the North American unregulated drug supply that is associated with adverse health outcomes (e.g., skin infections, overdose). However, there are significant knowledge gaps regarding how xylazine was initially identified and how syringe services program (SSP) staff and clients (people who use drugs) responded to its emergence. From June-July 2023, we conducted qualitative interviews with medical (e.g., clinicians) and frontline SSP staff (e.g., outreach workers) and adult clients with a history of injection drug use at a Miami-based SSP. Inductive memos identified emergent codes; thematic analysis involving team consensus established final themes. From interviews with SSP staff (n = 8) and clients (n = 17), xylazine emergence was identified at different times, in various ways. Initially, during summer 2022, clients identified a "tranquilizer-like substance" that worsened sedation and withdrawal and caused wounds. SSP medical staff later identified this adulterant as xylazine by treating new medical cases and through diverse information-sharing networks that included professional societies and news sources; however, frontline SSP staff and clients needed additional educational resources about xylazine and its side effects. With limited guidance on how to reduce harm from xylazine, SSP clients altered their drug consumption routes, reduced drug use, and relied on peers' experiences with the drug supply to protect themselves. Some individuals also reported preferring xylazine-adulterated opioids and increasing their drug use, including the use of stimulants to avoid over sedation. Xylazine's emergence characterizes the current era of unprecedented shifts in the unregulated drug supply. We found that xylazine spurred important behavioral changes among people who use drugs (e.g., transitioning from injecting to smoking). Incorporating these experiences into early drug warning surveillance systems and scaling up drug-checking services and safer smoking supply distribution could help mitigate significant health harms caused by xylazine and other emergent adulterants.

Biodiversity in changing environments: An external-driver internal-topology framework to guide intervention.

Accompanying the climate crisis is the more enigmatic biodiversity crisis. Rapid reorganization of biodiversity due to global environmental change has defied prediction and tested the basic tenets of conservation and restoration. Conceptual and practical innovation is needed to support decision making in the face of these unprecedented shifts. Critical questions include: How can we generalize biodiversity change at the community level? When are systems able to reorganize and maintain integrity, and when does abiotic change result in collapse or restructuring? How does this understanding provide a template to guide when and how to intervene in conservation and restoration? To this end, we frame changes in community organization as the modulation of external abiotic drivers on the internal topology of species interactions, using plant-plant interactions in terrestrial communities as a starting point. We then explore how this framing can help translate available data on species abundance and trait distributions to corresponding decisions in management. Given the expectation that community response and reorganization are highly complex, the external-driver internal-topology (EDIT) framework offers a way to capture general patterns of biodiversity that can help guide resilience and adaptation in changing environments.

Towards a digital zemiology

Surveillance capitalism (Zuboff, 2019) represents an unprecedented shift in modes and asymmetries of power. Operating within and through the digital sphere, this new era of capitalism has drastic implications for our understandings of modern surveillance, corporate power, and social control. The digital, in its diffuse simultaneously online and offline form, represents the spatialisation of control within which the user and the data they produce are commodified and their identities consolidated and dissected into knowable, marketable demographics which, once reassembled, no longer represent the human being once behind them (Hammond, 2016; Brusseau, 2020). The digital represents a new frontier of harm production, as user-generated data is exploited to serve corporate interests and the normalisation of digital surveillance has given way to user apathy and technological reliance, undermining user autonomy and opportunities for resistance, while commodifying not only our identities but the entirety of the human experience. Within this context an opportunity emerges to develop a zemiology informed by the digital context that can confront the deepening harms of technologisation and consider the future of resistance. By interrogating the intersection between developments in digital technology and harm production, this article aims to acknowledge the proliferation of normalised corporate surveillance through a development in capitalism (Zuboff, 2015; 2019), and to outline opportunities for theoretical development presented by the digital context, drawing upon works within zemiology (Pemberton, 2016), surveillance studies (Murakami Wood, 2007; Murakami Wood and Ball, 2013), postphenomenology (Ihde, 1990; Verbeek, 2011; Wood, 2021; 2022), and disconnection studies (Kuntsman and Miyake, 2022), to present an invitation to both a unique theoretical orientation and an emerging field of study: digital zemiology.

Unveiling the Surge: A Comprehensive Analysis of the Stimulating Impact of the Covid-19 Pandemic on Telemedicine and Its Academic Landscape.

The Covid-19 pandemic spurred an unprecedented shift towards digitalization, prompting a surge in telehealth practices. This paper explores the impact of the pandemic on telemedicine through a comprehensive analysis of scientific publications. Utilizing a bibliometric approach, the study examines trends in telemedicine research before and after the onset of Covid-19. The systematic search in PubMed yielded 8,454 pre-Covid-19 publications (2016-2019) and 16,633 post-Covid-19 publications (2020-2023). A total of 21,989 distinct keywords were extracted. Co-occurrence maps reveal evolving thematic clusters, with "mhealth" and "ehealth" dominating pre-Covid-19, while "Covid-19" emerges as a top keyword post-pandemic. The Top-10 keywords shift post-Covid-19, reflecting dynamic research priorities. The bibliometric approach illuminates a heightened exploration of telehealth solutions post-pandemic, emphasizing the enduring impact of the crisis on academic discourse. Changes in key terms and shifts in key term ranking indicate dynamic research priorities and a broader consideration of multidimensional healthcare challenges. Acknowledging study limitations, the analysis offers a high-level perspective, focusing on authors' keywords. Despite challenges, the study provides a systematic overview, revealing the emergence of new telemedicine application domains and the need for further in-depth analyses. Future research directions may explore the ecological impact of telemedicine applications and other intriguing aspects, contributing to a comprehensive understanding of telemedicine's scholarly trajectory.

A Mixed-Methods Approach for Evaluating the Influence of Residential Practices for Thermal Comfort on Electricity Consumption in Auroville, India

With rapid global economic growth and a rise in disposable household income, particularly within a progressively warming planet, the escalating demand for energy to achieve thermal comfort has become a salient concern in the Global South, notably in emerging economies like India. This burgeoning need for cooling solutions has not only underscored the vital role of energy consumption but has also accentuated the imperative of comprehending the ensuing implications for electricity policy and strategic planning, particularly within the ambit of the Global South. This study explored the nuanced landscape of active cooling within an intentional community, Auroville, in southern India, aiming to discern the factors underpinning household preferences and practices in the pursuit of thermal comfort. Employing a mixed-methods approach, this study contributed empirically and methodologically to the interdisciplinary discourse by analysing residential electricity consumption patterns and cooling practices within selected households in the specified community. The study unfolded in three methodological stages: firstly, an analysis of climatic data coupled with an environmental stress index (ESI) assessment; secondly, the monitoring of end-user electricity consumption followed by rigorous data analysis; and lastly, the utilisation of qualitative in-depth interviews and observational techniques. This study’s outcome yielded empirical insights into the unprecedented shifts in the ESI for Auroville since 2014. Furthermore, the study unravelled the intricate complexities inherent in occupant behaviour within residential structures, thereby offering valuable insights into the practices that shape householders’ cooling preferences. This research enriched the understanding of the dynamics of energy consumption in the pursuit of thermal comfort and contributes to the broader discourse on sustainable development and energy policy in the context of climate change.

Wetness severity increases abrupt shifts in ecosystem functioning in arid savannas.

The accelerating pace of climate change has led to unprecedented shifts in surface temperature and precipitation patterns worldwide, with African savannas being among the most vulnerable regions. Understanding the impacts of these extreme changes on ecosystem health, functioning and stability is crucial. This paper focuses on the detection of breakpoints, indicative of shifts in ecosystem functioning, while also determining relevant ecosystem characteristics and climatic drivers that increase susceptibility to these shifts within the semi-arid to arid savanna biome. Utilising a remote sensing change detection approach and rain use efficiency (RaUE) as a proxy for ecosystem functioning, spatial and temporal patterns of breakpoints in the savanna biome were identified. We then employed a novel combination of survival analysis and remote sensing time series analysis to compare ecosystem characteristics and climatic drivers in areas experiencing breakpoints versus areas with stable ecosystem functioning. Key ecosystem factors increasing savanna breakpoint susceptibility were identified, namely higher soil sand content, flatter terrain and a cooler long-term mean temperature during the wet summer season. Moreover, the primary driver of changes in ecosystem functioning in arid savannas, as opposed to wetter tropical savannas, was found to be the increased frequency and severity of rainfall events, rather than drought pressures. This research highlights the importance of incorporating wetness severity metrics alongside drought metrics to comprehensively understand climate-ecosystem interactions leading to abrupt shifts in ecosystem functioning in arid biomes. The findings also emphasise the need to consider the underlying ecosystem characteristics, including soil, topography and vegetation composition, in assessing ecosystem responses to climate change. While this research primarily concentrated on the southern African savanna as a case study, the methodological robustness of this approach enables its application to diverse arid and semi-arid biomes for the assessment of climate-ecosystem interactions that contribute to abrupt shifts.

COVID-19 and Higher Education: Evolving teaching and learning for sustainability - A new era or temporary response?

The COVID-19 pandemic catalysed unprecedented shifts in higher education worldwide, prompting a reevaluation of teaching and learning practices amidst the backdrop of sustainability imperatives. This editorial synthesizes diverse scholarly contributions exploring the intersectionality of COVID-19, sustainability, and higher education. Amidst ongoing global grappling for a "new normal," this special issue poses a central question: How has higher education responded to sustainability amid the pandemic? Reflecting on institutional responses, the collection illuminates both challenges and opportunities in fostering sustainable futures. Themes of technological integration, social sustainability, and policy implications emerge, underlining the need for adaptive pedagogies and community-centered approaches. As higher education navigates this transformative era, the editorial calls for sustained innovation and a commitment to nurturing resilient, inclusive, and environmentally conscious learning environments.

A Phenomenological Study of Postgraduate Medical Trainees' Incidental Learning Experiences and Psychological Well-Being During the COVID-19 Pandemic.

During the COVID-19 pandemic, postgraduate medical trainees contributed significantly to the healthcare workforce, as multiple vulnerabilities in the healthcare system and medical training were expounded. The burden of training, learning, and working at this time introduced unique psychological and emotional stressors within a context of generalized volatility and radically different ways to work and learn. This study explored postgraduate trainees' experiences with coping, managing, and learning during the COVID-19 pandemic. Using a phenomenological approach, semistructured interviews were conducted with anintradisciplinary sample (n= 8) of postgraduate trainees in Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada, between May and October 2022. Five researchers performed inductive and deductive thematic analysis to develop a coding structure and identify common themes. The COVID-19 pandemic prompted the use of restrictive public health measures and an unprecedented shift from in-person to virtual learning. This affected trainees' exposure to normalized learning experiences, training rotations, and opportunities to learn from peers and staff. Certainly, trainees reported that virtual learning improved their educational experiences in unique ways, increased engagement and attendance, and enabled regular meetings and learning when in-person options were unavailable. Trainees also reported enhanced self-directed learning skills, greater ownership of and leadership in their education, and increased confidence and experience with virtual care. Some also reported a perceived increase in elements of emotional intelligence (e.g., self-awareness, empathy, and compassion). Trainees reported a variety of incidental learning experiences from working and training during COVID-19. Although some experiences were challenging, there was a perception that such experiences led to new learnings that were beneficial to one's professional development and future career, as well as implications for future training provided to trainees. While there was a reported shift in the culture surrounding postgraduate trainees' health and safety, respondents also described the need for additional support for postgraduate trainees' well-being during a pandemic.

Brave New World: Navigating New Paradigms in the Educational Landscape for the Evolving Learner in a Rapidly Changing Era

This literature review explores the significant transformations in the educational landscape prompted by technological advancements and changing learner profiles in the digital era. The review examines the evolution of learner profiles, highlighting the shift towards multisensory learning, digital fluency, and a preference for interactive, personalized learning experiences. It delves into integrating innovative technologies such as virtual reality (VR), augmented reality (AR), and blockchain in education and discusses their implications for teaching and learning. The review also considers the impact of neuroscience on educational practices, emphasizing the importance of understanding brain functioning and neuroplasticity in developing effective teaching strategies. The unprecedented shift to online and blended learning models, accelerated by the COVID-19 pandemic, is analyzed for its long-term effects on educational delivery and pedagogy. Additionally, the review addresses the growing emphasis on interdisciplinary learning, sustainability, mental health, and well-being within educational curricula. The implications of these transformative trends for educators, policymakers, and learners are discussed, highlighting the need for adaptive and responsive approaches to education in the face of rapid technological and societal changes. The review concludes with reflections on the future trajectory of education, anticipating continued technical integration, evolving pedagogical theories, and an increased focus on preparing learners for global challenges and lifelong learning.

Beginning science teachers’ online classes: A narrative inquiry

With the unprecedented shift to online or flexible learning modes, both teachers and students adapt to the new normal of education. A qualitative study aimed to draw out the voices of three beginning science teachers, the study utilized the narrative inquiry approach through in-depth interviews. It was found that beginning science teachers are faced with challenges: transitioning to the actual teaching practice and adjusting to the new normal in education. Beginning science teachers voiced out their challenges, including adapting to the culture of the new generation of students, access to a stable internet connection, problems with technology use, and teaching-learning process adjustments. Coping strategies include creative and responsive adjustments to teaching-learning, assessment of learning, learning mode, and internet connection problems and online platforms. Their stories serve as a springboard for interventions that guide and assist beginning teachers.

Adapting Traditional Retail Models amidst Tech Disruptions: A Qualitative Inquiry

The retail industry is experiencing unprecedented shifts due to technological disruptions such as e-commerce, artificial intelligence, digital payments, and augmented reality. Traditional retail models, reliant on physical stores and conventional business practices, face the challenge of staying relevant in this rapidly evolving landscape. This paper explores how traditional retailers are adapting to technological advancements to maintain competitiveness. Through a qualitative inquiry, including an extensive literature review, detailed case studies, and interviews with industry experts, the study examines strategies, challenges, and outcomes of integrating technology into traditional retail models. Recommendations are provided to help retailers navigate this transformation while preserving their unique value propositions.

Teachers’ Lived Experiences With Engaging Elementary Students in Synchronous Virtual Learning

ABSTRACT The COVID-19 pandemic necessitated an unprecedented shift to virtual learning in the United States, even though there is limited research supporting virtual learning at the K-5 level. This study explored teachers’ lived experiences with engaging their K-5 students in a synchronous virtual setting. Data for the present study were collected through a survey of 60 teachers and two focus groups of 12 teachers total who taught grade K-5 online with a larger virtual learning provider in Missouri. Additionally, two one-on-one interviews with the assistant principals of virtual learning at this virtual learning provider were conducted. Findings suggest there were certain teacher dispositions that contributed to successful engagement in elementary virtual learning. In addition, several specific practices for cognitive, affective, and behavioral engagement were uncovered, as well as several challenges regarding engagement in K-5 virtual learning. This research begins the important work of uncovering best practices in virtual learning at the K-5 level and paves the way for future research on the topic.