Unorganized Market Research Articles

Status of mushroom production: global and national scenario

Relevance. Mushroom farming has the potential to be a very profitable agribusiness venture that addresses several contemporary issues such as resource utilization, circular economy. Increasing mushroom production will increase its availability across the country, which will further help reduce food insecurity and also increase the income of small and marginal producers.Results. Mushrooms have enormous potential for medicinal and nutraceutical purposes. Over the past 20 years, global mushroom production has grown at a CAGR of 8.26%. This average annual growth rate is the highest for the Asian continent. Mainly six species of mushrooms dominate the global production and market, namely shiitake (26%), oyster mushroom (21%), black ear mushroom (21%), button mushroom (11%), flammulina (7%), straw mushroom (1%) and other types (13%). In the Russian Federation, industrial mushroom growing is actively developing. In recent years, 85 enterprises have been opened. The average annual growth rate of fresh mushroom production was 11.7%. Champignons and oyster mushrooms are mainly grown in Russia. Many obstacles faced by mushroom producers, including lack of technical knowledge, inadequate infrastructure, unorganized market, expensive inputs, etc., still need to be addressed through sufficient research and additional legislative solutions tailored to the requirements of Russian mushroom producers. Growing investments in smart automation to improve the efficiency and productivity of cultivated mushroom production involve advanced technologies such as robotics, artificial intelligence and the Internet of Things (IoT).

Financial Literacy of Street Vendors

Street vendors form a sector in the unorganized market of India. The advent of online payment, through platforms such as Paytm, PhonePe and Google Pay has helped them in understanding online finance, and assisted their business; however, there are milestones yet to be made in enhancing their financial literacy overall. As a part of this paper, we conducted a survey, not of the vendors themselves, but of certain members of the general public within our contact. It is known that the vendors lack a certain standard of living, and the survey was conducted in the direction of the public. We found that 58.3% of the respondents thought that the vendors contributed to the cultural vibrancy of the community, and that 75% of them thought that literacy was necessary. Despite this, 75% of them believed that the lack of education was the biggest barrier in financial literacy. It is our hope that this barrier ceases to exist for the vendors.

Ethical issues in un-organized market for fruits and vegetables in Mysore district

Ethical issues in un-organized market for fruits and vegetables in Mysore district

Economics of production of Sunkagati-1 variety of acid lime in Nepal

There is a huge opportunity for acid lime farming in Nepal. The demand is much higher than domestic production resulting voluminous import from abroad. This research aimed to assess the economics of production of Sunkagati-1 variety of acid lime in Nepal. Morang, Sunsari, Chitwan and Nawalparasi districts were selected for this study after consultation with the concerned agricultural experts and nursery entrepreneurs producing Sunkagati-1 saplings. The primary information was collected through the field survey whereas secondary information was obtained reviewing the relevant literatures. All total 70 farmers were selected as the samples through simple random sampling for the field survey. Financial analysis of farms with plant age between 3 to 7 years, was carried out which estimated the NPV (12% discount rate) NRs.4,48,672/ha, BCR 1.09, IRR 19% and the Pay-back period of 5 years, 5 months and 26 days. The value of BCR being greater than one, IRR higher than discount rate, positive NPV and short payback period indicated that commercial acid lime farming cultivating Sunkagati-1 variety is a profitable enterprise in Nepal. The unpaired t-test showed that there is no significant difference in productivity of Sunkagati-1 across eastern (Sunsari and Morang) and central (Chitwan and Nawalpur) regions; however, the price of acid lime in central region (NRs.102/kg) was significantly higher (1 % level of significance) than that of in eastern (NRs.93.8/kg). Moreover, this study revealed that porous border and unorganized market (I= 0.81) was the most severe problem followed by infestation of disease and insect pests (I= 0.76), inadequate quality seedlings (I= 0.68), inadequate technical knowledge and trainings (I=0.41) and inadequate storage and processing facilities (0.34). There is need of government intervention which would assure access to quality inputs & technology, marketing & value chain development and appropriate plant protection measures for the promotion of commercial acid lime farming in Nepal.

Gattani Industries: growth strategy for India

Learning outcomes After completion of the case study, students will be able to understand general and specific challenges associated with carrying on a family business that faces market challenges including stiff competition from existing and newer players, understand the plywood manufacturing process and its supply chain management, understand the businesses operating in an organized versus the unorganized market, comprehend the marketing strategies adopted and identify a reasonable solution to address the challenges associated with the operations of a business. Case overview/synopsis This case study focuses on Gattani Industries (a plywood manufacturing company) located in the northeastern region of the Indian state of Assam. Headquartered at Cinnamara industrial zone of Jorhat district, Assam, the company began its operation in 1992 under the leadership of Makhan Gattani (Director). Gattani Industries catered to both residential and commercial demand. Its clients included the departments of central and state governments in India, public sector undertakings and civil contractors. The company had a wider distribution network across the country and adopted the one- and two-level marketing channels to reach consumers. It aimed to sell its products through dealers across the cities in India. However, in December 2019, Gattani faced the challenge of developing a growth strategy to overcome competition and use the upcoming market opportunities for business growth in the diverse and complex environment that existed in the country. Complexity academic level This case study is designed for use in graduate or undergraduate programs. This case study can be used in strategy, supply chain and marketing courses at Bachelor of Business Administration and Master of Business Administration levels. Supplementary material Teaching notes are available for educators only. Subject code CSS11: Strategy.

Integration of unorganized farming natural rubber markets in South Sumatra

The income of rubber farmers from the sale of rubber processing material received by farmers who apply an organized and unorganized marketing system is different. The prices received by organized farmers are higher because they participate in the Processing and Marketing Unit for Rubber Processing Material (PMU) and carry out auction system sales and partnerships. The income of organized farmers is very different from that of unorganized farmers. The determination of the research location was carried out purposively. Farmer price data was taken in Banyuasin, Musi Banyuasin (Muba), and Ogan Komering Ilir Regencies, South Sumatra Province. The three districts have the largest rubber plantation area in South Sumatra and Indonesia. The data used are primary and secondary. Data processing is done quantitatively and qualitatively. The analysis tool used is multiple linear regression with panel data with the help of R-Studio software with the Vector Autoregression (VAR) or Vector Error Correction Model (VECM) method. There is long-term integration of the rubber market between the three regencies and short-term integration in the Banyuasin and Ogan Komering Ilir districts. However, there is no short-term integration between unorganized farmers' markets in Banyuasin, Musi Banyuasin, and Ogan Komering Ilir District. If the rubber price in one of the sample districts experiences a shock, the district experiencing the shock can return to normal on an average of the 14th period or 14 weeks after the shock occurred.

Supply chain performance of fishing industry in Bangladesh: Emphasizing on information sharing and commitment

Supply chain management of the fishing industry has become increasingly important as globalization has increased competition. It is complicated due to the involvement of heterogeneous stakeholders and the establishment of an unorganized market structure. This study gave a holistic insight into the gaps in existing literature for measuring supply chain performance emphasizing the need to value multidimensional aspects, such as information sharing, commitment, efficiency, effectiveness, quality, reliability, flexibility, and capability in the inland fishing industry. Structural equation modeling was employed to analyze responses from 787 stakeholders randomly selected from 11 districts through a structured in-person interview covering 46 fish markets. The study revealed that information sharing and commitment both positively influenced the supply chain performance. Information sharing had a positive significant relationship with all mediators. In contrast, a positive significant relationship was found between the commitment, efficiency, effectiveness, quality, and reliability. Among the mediators, efficiency, effectiveness, and quality positively affected the supply-chain performance. Considering the finding of this study the stakeholders can outline, promote, and implement policies for the improved supply chain management.

Lakshya Food India Limited (LFIL): Finding the Right Position in Dairy Business

Laxman and Joel, managing directors of Lakshya Foods India Ltd., faced a positioning issue for their milk brand. The young entrepreneurs had acquired a stake from Mr Redu, the founder and owner of Lakshya, a regional dairy company based out of Haryana, India, in 2012. While designing their annual marketing plan for 2019, they were not able to figure out what made Lakshya different from its competitors. The dairy market dynamics were changing with varying consumption patterns, people becoming more health-conscious, a rise in disposable income and consumer demand for variety in the product range. Due to these changes, the competition was growing intense in the dairy business. From renowned national brands such as Amul, Mother dairy, Madhusudan etc., establishing foothold to various app-based online milk vendors such as Daily Ninja, Milk Basket and Country Delight entering dairy space, everyone was fighting for more market share. There was a substantial unorganized market that had a loyal customer base. Different brands were using different value propositions to compete in the market, such as quality, purity or attractiveness of the packaging to pull consumers. The two young entrepreneurs were unsure about what would work better with the Indian buyers; purity, freshness, taste or health. These milkpreneurs wanted to convey a proposition that was deeper and moved Lakshya from mundane milk to a preferred choice of every household. Until now, there was no clear communication strategy, and various channels were used at any time of the year to reach customers, which led to target bullets in the air and wasting marketing effort. They wanted to make Lakshya a national dairy brand, but they were uncertain how to differentiate their dairy brand. They had to decide a value proposition that would help Lakshya position itself firmly in the dairy market.

Implementing Indian Innovations through Trained Extension Functionaries for Improving the Agriculture in Africa and Asia

Agriculture in India has metamorphosed a lot during the last seven decades from being a subsistence farming to commercial agriculture. The innovations in Indian agriculture have paved the way for seeing agriculture as an agri-business enterprise. The creation of diverse agribusiness opportunities amidst the existing constraints and challenges has reoriented the farming in India. Having seen the positive changes in agriculture due to the agribusiness orientation in India, other countries in Asia and Africa are keen to adopt this approach in their countries. The selected officials representing Government, civil society and private firms from Africa and Asia were trained under Feed the Future India Triangular Training during 2019 on Agribusiness innovations in India and the opportunities for their countries. Following the training, the research study conducted showed that, Indian agribusiness innovations in supply chain management, good agriculture practices and promoting Farmer Producer Companies (FPCs) are perceived as best interventions by the trainees to address the problems of lack of improved technologies for small farmers, unorganized market, lack of institutional resources and lack of agri mechanization in their countries.

Reduction of Post-Harvest Losses: A Gateway to Improving Livelihood of Smallholder Farmers and Ensuring Food Security in Nigeria

Nigerian smallholder farmers suffer huge losses on annual basis in terms of monetary value as a result of postharvest losses due to factors such as inadequate storage/processing facilities, poor transportation system, lack of power supply and unorganized marketing network. With the largest population on the African continent and a spiraling increase, a corresponding increase in food supply is inevitable. The food security situation in Nigeria is already challenged by a growing pressure on land and water resources due to population increase, farmers-herders clashes and terrorism which has adversely disrupted farming activities particularly in the northeastern part of the country. With all these challenges, high loss of farm produce due to post-harvest loss is indeed another great threat to the attainment of food security in Nigeria. This paper focused primarily on postharvest losses which are like a recurring decimal in Nigeria’s agricultural sector, it discussed the driving factors, highlights its impacts and suggest some viable solutions and measures that can be adopted to tackle the problem with a view of increasing farmer’s income and ensuring food security in Nigeria. Keywords: Post-harvest loss, Smallholder farmers, Livelihood, Food security and Nigeria. DOI: 10.7176/JBAH/11-22-04 Publication date: November 30 th 2021

ANALYSIS OF INDIAN REAL ESTATE SECTOR IN COVID-19 POSED BUSINESS ENVIRONMENT

The real estate sector of India is one of the largest sectors of economy contributing to 6 to 7%. The real estate sector provides immense employment opportunity in unorganized labour market. Owing own house is prominent amongst dreams of all individuals and this sector helps to convert this dream into reality. India is witnessing large section of middle class and there is rise in disposable income. This is creating thrust for real estate sector in India. With market size increasing from 120 billion US dollars in 2017 to whopping projected size of 1000 billion US $ in 2030, the sector is projected to experience boom. The most noticeable change in real estate business is shift from family oriented set up to professionally managed ones. Although there are numerous growth drivers for the sector, but the threats and challenges too are simultaneous. Unstable government policies, red tape, inflation pull, litigations, lack of transparency and issues pertaining to tax negatively impact the sector. Above all, the lockdown and pause in construction work due to Covid-19 has pulled the industry in trench. This paper analyses the strength, weakness, opportune area and emerging trends of the sector and also entail governmental initiatives and future trend. If certain corrective measures are taken during the lockdown, the industry would be able to attain the projected status.

Present Scenario, Constraints, and Prospects of Vegetable Cultivation under Protected Structures in Haryana

The present study was conducted in the Sonepat, Karnal, and Hisar districts of Haryana, and the selection was based on the predominance of vegetable cultivation under protected structures. This study was based on both primary and secondary data. The study revealed that the total area under different types of protected structures in Haryana during 2017-18 was 756.99 ha, in which the highest area under a naturally ventilated polyhouse (403.84 ha) followed the net house (353.15 ha). The area under walk-in-tunnels (0.81 ha) was very less. It was concluded that major production constraints were nematode infestation, high cost of polyhouse material, a higher infestation of insect pest and diseases, short life of polysheet, higher cost of water-soluble fertilizer, fear of failure of technology, high cost of plant protection chemicals, higher seed cost and lack of latest package practice knowledge and application of pesticides. Marketing constraints in Haryana state were lack of minimum support price and fluctuation in produce prices was major marketing constraints followed by unorganized marketing and lack of scientific storage while lack of guidance for proper marketing place, suitable packaging material, and transportation facility were least problematic.

Revamping heritage brand: a case of Murshidabad, West Bengal, India

In the recent past, city and state branding became essential to the respective state officials in different parts of the world. However, in the unorganized tourism market of India, the primary challenge is to create brand differentiation. Heritage tourism is one of the important models of India's tourism industry, and Murshidabad brand is positioned as a heritage brand as the place is famous for its history for years. Murshidabad district of West Bengal, India, was famous for its heritage sites and culture of Nawabs of Bengal. In pre-independence time, Murshidabad, during the era of Nawabs of Bengal, was the most critical place of economic activities of the state. The case study dealt with the branding initiatives of the state of West Bengal to make Murshidabad a heritage brand in the tourism market. It touched on the difficulties faced by the Government to maintain sustainable brand-building initiatives and maintaining the same for long-run success. The study explained the underlying issues confronted by the place and the brand and how they were addressed. The current study's focus is to explain place branding strategies that marketers may adopt to create heritage brands in the tourism market. Besides, it touches on the difficulties faced by the Government to maintain sustainable brand-building initiatives and maintaining the same for long-run success.

СПЕЦИФІКА ФУНКЦІОНУВАННЯ РИНКУ ЦІННИХ ПАПЕРІВ ТА ФОНДОВИХ БІРЖ УКРАЇНИ

The study used: system approach to substantiate the principles and problems of the securities market and stock exchanges of Ukraine, statistical analysis of the actual performance of relevant markets; graphic – to visualize and evaluate the results of the study. The following tasks were performed to reveal the selected topic: the theoretical bases of research of institutional intermediaries in the system of international trade relations are revealed; the peculiarities of the securities market and stock exchanges of Ukraine are analyzed; the ways of improvement of exchange activity in Ukraine are covered. It is established that the most important tasks of the organized securities market are: 1. Ensuring flexible interpectoral redistribution of investment resources. In the process of investing personal savings, savings in the corporate and public finance sector in securities on the organized market is the redistribution of financial resources in the industry with a higher rate of return. Personal funds and temporarily free funds of private companies, investment funds are invested in securities that bring the most income. As a result, there is a redistribution of funds between industries and sectors of the economy; 2. Attracting investments in Ukrainian enterprises. Due to the operation of the primary organized securities market, financial resources invested in securities are made available to enterprises and spent on investment purposes; 3. Creating conditions to stimulate savings and their further investment. An organized securities market creates more comfortable conditions for traders, providing a higher degree of financial protection. This is achieved through the regulation of procedures for the purchase and sale of securities, the implementation of measures to regulate and self-regulate the market; 4. Transformation of property relations. In the process of circulation of securities on the organized market there is a redistribution of property rights to financial assets in the economy, including the privatization (privatization) of enterprises, the formation of a new class of owners and entrepreneurs; 5. Improving the market mechanism and management system. In the process of organized securities trading, modern technologies, advances in computer technology and programming are used, the process of forming a fair market value for securities is more high-tech and efficient than in the unorganized market. The development of digital technologies contributes to the improvement of the operations management system, increase the efficiency of decision-making, provides the process of managing timely and reliable information; 6. Ensuring real control over stock capital on the basis of state regulation. State regulation should be aimed at creating a favorable investment climate, comfortable conditions for doing business. At the same time, acceptable control over transactions in the stock market provides sufficient information to make decisions on areas for further development of legislation in the field of securities market regulation.

Significance, status and scope of apricot in India: A review

Apricot (Prunus armeniaca L.) is a deciduous stone fruit grown in the temperate climate. India is not a leading producer country, but produces an appreciable quantity of apricot. The country fosters 84 genotypes including 15 commercially important genotypes. However, a large part of the fruit is wasted because of various reasons viz. unorganized market, lack of post-harvest technologies and unpredictable demand-supply. The present review comprises characteristics of the fruit, kernel and extracted oil with their aspects for value addition, packaging, storage, marketing aspects and future prospects. It also covers major growing areas of the country, botanical description, ecology, maturity, ripeness, physiology and promising cultivars of the region. Physical, chemical and functional characteristics of the fruit are reviewed. Value addition deals mainly with the products viz. dehydrated apricot, chutney, instant chutney powder and frozen fruit besides canned fruit, nectar, pulp juice, jam, infant drinks etc. It has widened to different methods and analysis of drying along with the need of engineering intervention in post harvest.

English

The study characterizes and analyzes the existing farming system and identifies the production and marketing constraints of Cheliya and Ilu Gelan districts with cross-sectional data of 105 sample households.  The farming system of the study areas is characterized as mixed farming systems with 59.1 and 27.44% contribution of crop and livestock, respectively for livelihood activities. From the survey results, disease (96.19%), shortage of grazing land (73.33%), feed shortage (48.57%), shortage of veterinary medicine (20.95%), shortage of water (18.10%) and lack of improved breeds (14.29%) were identified as major important constraints in livestock production. High transaction cost (71.43%), lack of capital (35.24%), lack of market information (23.81%), price and demand fluctuation (21.90%), lack of market linkage (14.29%) and unorganized marketing system (12.38%) were reported as major constraints in livestock marketing. Pests, high cost of inputs, shortage of land, weed infestation, shortage of inputs, low yield, poor quality of seed and poor soil fertility were identified as important crop production constraints. High transaction cost, low price output, lack of market information and lack of market linkage were summarized as major crop marketing constraints. Besides, soil erosion, soil fertility decline, water logging, soil acidity and termite were reported as important constraints in natural resources. Improving livestock productivity through improved breed, forage, control disease and control illegal livestock trade needs attention. Additionally, improving crop productivity through Integrated Pest Management (IPM), improved varieties, minimizing transaction cost, focusing on high value crop, expanding soil and water conservation, strengthening market information and linkage needs urgent concentration for interventions. Key words: Crop, farming system, livestock, natural resource. &nbsp

Role of Milk Market Infrastructure for Sustainable Dairy Development

Poor market infrastructure leads to inefficient use of resources and inequitable welfare distribution hampering sustainable development. Increased productivity along with investments in market infrastructure is critical for dairy development. The main objective of the study was to develop a composite milk market infrastructure index (MMII) for 21 states of India. The indices were computed using 10 selected indicators, followed by classification into 3 categories viz., high, moderate and low for policy prescription. The findings indicated that Gujarat had the highest MMII (0.7156) and due to the highest number of dairy cooperative societies (2 per 1000 tonnes of milk production). On the contrary, Chhattisgarh had the lowest MMII (0.1194) due to lack of facilities in procurement, transportation, and communication apart from competitive markets. Surprisingly; Haryana, one of the major contributors to milk production in the country, was placed under low MMII (0.2445) due to an unorganized market structure, less procurement and limited access to extension activities. The analysis indicated that six states had high MMII, seven under moderate and the rest eight low MMII. In order to meet the growing demand, milk production should be increased followed by establishing well-organized and well-equipped markets that link production and consumption. To facilitate, the Government should implement necessary policy actions in order to strengthen the market infrastructure and disposal pattern of milk so as to ensure “zero hunger, improved nutrition and food security” for addressing the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).

Evaluation of Unorganized Money Market in Rural Goa – An Empirical Study

Evaluation of Unorganized Money Market in Rural Goa – An Empirical Study

ФОНДОВИЙ РИНОК УКРАЇНИ: СТАН ТА ПЕРСПЕКТИВИ РОЗВИТКУ

The article is devoted to the study of the current state, problems and prospects of development of the Ukrainian stock market. It is proved that the stock market is a tool for implementing the state's Innovation Policy and a priority factor in mobilizing financial and capital resources. Stock market commodities are securities (stocks, bonds, etc.). Trends, features of functioning and development of the Ukrainian stock market are analysed. The analysis of the main indicators of exchanges, the structure and volume of exchange contracts with securities is carried out. The structural distribution of exchange contracts by trading organizers is established. The analysis of operations with securities on the organized market, unorganized market and stock exchanges of the country is carried out. The largest volume of trading on financial instruments on trade organizers in 2019 was recorded with government bonds of Ukraine – UAH 295 billion according to the National Securities and stock market Commission, the exchange market during 2019 saw consolidation of securities trading on two stock exchanges “Perspektyva” and “PFTS Ukraine Stock Exchange”: 98.7% of the value of exchange contracts. Analysis of the main indicators that determine the state of the stock market has shown that the modern securities market of Ukraine is characterized by an extremely high degree of fragmentation, limited liquidity and a variety of types of securities, which, in turn, are the main obstacles to the development of the stock market and the capital market as a whole. Attention is focused on the main problems that hinder the functioning of the stock market. It is proved that the development of the stock market is hindered by: insufficient competitiveness of the domestic stock market; imperfect tax incentives for market development; low level of corporate governance development; imperfect regulatory and legislative framework of Ukraine; low liquidity and capitalization. The directions of development of the stock market of Ukraine are proposed: improving the efficiency of regulation of issuers; stimulating the inflow of investment to the stock market; ensuring reliable and efficient functioning of the market infrastructure; ensuring the functioning of the unified state policy for stimulating the improvement of the investment climate.

Farming System Characterization and Analysis of East Wollega Zone, Oromia, Ethiopia

The study was characterizing and analyze the existing farming system and identify the production and marketing constraints of the East Wollega zone with cross-sectional data of 156 sample respondents. The farming system of the study area is characterized as mixed farming systems with 56.21% and 28.44% contribution of crop and livestock, respectively for livelihood activities. The survey result shows that low productivity, shortage/lack of improved varieties, weed infestation, high cost of inputs was identified as main important constraints in crop production while high transaction cost, lack of marketing linkage, low price of output and shortage of market information were reported as main constraints in crop marketing. Disease, feed shortage, grazing land shortage, and lack of improved breed were identified as main important constraints in livestock production whereas high transaction cost, low price output, shortage of market information, unorganized marketing system, and lack of market linkage were reported as main livestock marketing constraints. Besides, soil erosion, soil fertility decline, waterlogging, soil acidity, and termite were reported as the main important constraints in natural resources. To improving crop and livestock productivity access improved varieties and breed, capacitate farmers’ awareness on the disease, minimizes transaction cost, focus on the high-value crops, expanding soil and water conservation, strengthening market information and linkage where must the urgent concentration for interventions.