Unmet Need For Health Services Research Articles

Determinants of Unmet Healthcare Needs During the Final Stage of the COVID-19 Pandemic: Insights From a 21-Country Online Survey.

During the COVID-19 pandemic, essential health services experienced significant disruptions, impacting preventive and chronic care across the world. Utilizing the Pandemic Recovery Survey (PRS), conducted online with Facebook's Active User Base across 21 countries between March and May 2023, this cross-sectional study identifies the magnitude of and key factors associated with unmet preventive and chronic care needs during the late stage of the COVID-19 pandemic. Approximately 28.2% of respondents reported unmet preventive care needs, and 42.1% experienced unmet chronic care needs, with key determinants including food insecurity (aOR 1.94, 95% CI 1.81-2.07 for preventive services; aOR 1.85, 95% CI 1.68-2.03 for existing conditions) and distrust in health professionals (aOR 1.09, 95% CI 1.03-1.15 for preventive services; aOR 1.53, 95% CI 1.41-1.66 for existing conditions). The findings underscore a widespread unmet need for health services, highlighting the impact of social determinants and trust in health professionals on service disruption. The results suggest that pandemic recovery efforts should focus on the most affected groups to bridge health disparities and ensure an equitable recovery.

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF UNMET NEED SERVICES IN HEALTH IN INDONESIA IN 2020 AND 2023

Data from the Central Statistics Agency (BPS) shows that the percentage of unmet need for health services in Indonesia decreased from 6.09% in 2020 to 5.22% in 2023, with a decrease of 0.87 percentage points. Unmet need refers to an unmet need for health services, caused by factors of accessibility, availability, cost, or awareness. This study aims to identify changes in the availability and accessibility of health services during this period. The results show that there is a significant gap between the western provinces (Java and Sumatra), which have improved access and quality of health services, and the eastern provinces (Papua and Maluku), which still lack medical facilities and personnel. 2023 shows an increase in the number of medical personnel in urban areas, but uneven distribution is still a problem, especially in rural and remote areas. This study uses a quantitative method with an independent t-test. In conclusion, despite the overall decline in unmet demand, the gap between urban and rural areas and between western and eastern parts of Indonesia remains significant.

Narrative Review on Universal Health Coverage in Thailand and China from the Lens of Social Determinants of Health Theory

This article through the literature review method briefly compares universal health coverage (UHC) in Thailand and China, highlighting their strategies and challenges in achieving UHC through the lens of social determinants of health: a) health financing design and sustainability, b) accessibility of healthcare resources, and c) participatory and responsive governance. While Thailand mainly utilizes a tax-based approach, China employs a health insurance model. Both countries have achieved high insurance coverage. However, some challenges exist. The unmet need for health services due to long waiting times has been a key concern in Thailand, whereas financial hardship from receiving care was a critical concern in the case of China. Thailand has created a mechanism to allow a wide range of stakeholders to participate in the UHC design to ensure responsive governance. In contrast, China has not yet formed comprehensive legal grounds for participatory and responsive governance on UHC. Their experiences and encountered obstacles can offer valuable lessons on how middle-income nations can advance towards UHC, highlighting the critical need for ongoing improvements in health systems to tackle the existing and new health challenges due to the change in population demographics and the continuing increase of population healthcare demand.

Food insecurity and associated health and social determinants among older adults in Ghana: Analysis of the WHO’s study on global AGEing and adult health (SAGE), 2014–2015

This study was conducted to assess the prevalence and factors associated with Food Insecurity (FI) and further quantify its association with unmet need for health services and health-related outcomes among older adults aged 50 years and above in Ghana. The Ghana Study on Global AGEing and Adult Health was used. Body Mass Index (BMI), depressive episodes, functional difficulties (FD), low Quality of Life (QoL), memory decline, and Unmet Needs of Health Services (UNHS) are the the study outcomes. Ordinary Least Square, and Poisson regression analysis modified with Mahalanobis distance matching within propensity score caliper weights were employed. Stata 16.1 was used to perform analysis and a p-value < 0.05 was deemed significant. The prevalence of FI among older adults aged 50 years or older in Ghana was approximately 28 %(95 %CI = 24.5–31.7) and was strongly associated with lower educational attainment and social support. The prevalence ratio of depression, FD, low QoL and UNHS among older adults who experienced FI were; 3.43(95 %CI = 2.25–5.21), 1.18(95 %CI = 1.12–1.23), 2.01(95 %CI = 1.54–2.62), and 1.46(95 %CI = 1.01–2.11). Memory significantly decreased by 85 percentage points% among food insecure older adults [aβ(95 %CI) = −0.85(−1.62–−0.07)]. Older adults with relatively higher educational attainment and social support are less likely to suffer FI and associated limited health and poor social well-being. In the national quest to achieve SDG 2, these health and social determinants of FI among older adults should be considered in the implementation of the national ageing policy to improve the health and well-being of older adults in Ghana.

Effect of a Medication Adherence Mobile Phone App on Medically Underserved Patients with Chronic Illness: Preliminary Efficacy Study.

Medication adherence is vital in the treatment of patients with chronic illness who require long-term medication therapies to maintain optimal health. Medication adherence, a complex and widespread problem, has been difficult to solve. Additionally, lower-income, medically underserved communities have been found to have higher rates of inadequate adherence to oral medications. Even so, this population has been underrepresented in studies using mobile medication adherence app interventions. Federally qualified health centers provide care for medically underserved populations, defined as communities and populations where there is a demonstrable unmet need for health services. These centers have been reporting an increase in a more complex chronic disease population. Including medically underserved individuals in mobile health studies provides opportunities to support this disproportionately affected group, work toward reducing health disparities in access to health care, and understand barriers to mobile health uptake. The aim of this preliminary efficacy study was to evaluate the effects and feasibility of a commercially available medication adherence app, Medisafe, in a medically underserved adult population with various chronic illnesses seeking care in a federally qualified health center. Participants in this single-arm pre-post intervention preliminary efficacy study (N=10) completed a baseline survey, used the app for 2 weeks, and completed an end-of-study survey. The primary outcome measures were medication adherence and medication self-efficacy. Feedback on the use of the app was also gathered. A statistically significant median increase of 8 points on the self-efficacy for adherence to medications scale was observed (P=.03, Cohen d=0.69). Though not significant, the adherence to refills and medications scale demonstrated a median change of 2.5 points in the direction of increased medication adherence (P=.21, Cohen d=0.41). Feedback about the app was positive. Use of the Medisafe app is a viable option to improve medication self-efficacy and medication adherence in medically underserved patients in an outpatient setting with a variety of chronic illnesses.

Assessing tenant health amid social housing redevelopment: lessons from a pilot project.

To trial methods for a future longitudinal study to: a) assess how the redevelopment of a large social housing estate affects the health of tenants; and b) act on health needs identified throughout the redevelopment. Type of program or service: Self-reported health assessment with referral to community-based link worker. Participants recruited from the tenant population completed (online or face-to-face) a health questionnaire covering self-reported health status and behaviours, housing conditions, sense of community, and demographics. Those identified as being at moderate/high risk of psychological distress and/or alcohol use disorder were contacted by a community-based link worker, who connected them with health/human services as appropriate. A total of 24 tenants were recruited for the pilot study against a target sample size of 50. The health questionnaire and referral process worked as expected, with no issues reported. This pilot study successfully trialled methods for: a) assessing tenants' health; and b) referring those identified as being likely to have unmet health service needs to a community-based link worker, leveraging existing collaborations between academics, the local health district and community groups. Fewer tenants than expected, and none aged younger than 35 years, participated in the survey. Furthermore, the substantial number of suspicious/fraudulent responses was not anticipated. Recruitment and data collection approaches must be reviewed to address these issues if this study is to be scaled up. Although only a pilot project, we connected several tenants who had unmet health needs with a health service. While it is impossible to generalise from our small sample, the number of referrals (one-quarter of participants) indicates a potentially large unmet need for health services in the community. It highlights the importance of link workers or other person-centred integrated care interventions in social housing populations.

Modeling the Happiness Index in Indonesia Using a Multiresponse Spline Nonparametric Regression Analysis Approach

Regression analysis is a statistical methodology that utilizes the relationship between two quantitative variables so that the response variable can be predicted. Multiresponse spline nonparametric regression is a regression model that has more than one correlated response variable where the regression function or curve is not assumed to form a certain pattern and is approximated by a spline function. Spline is a segmented polynomial model that able to handle increasing or decreasing data patterns with knot points indicating changes in data. The aim of this research is to obtain a multiresponse nonparametric spline regression model on the happiness index with the predictor variables used being literacy rate, open unemployment rate, population density, human development index, and unmet need for health services. The best model produced in this research is a linear spline model 1 knot points with a GCV values is 6,227930 and a coefficient of determination is 78,6021.

Association of Inadequate Provider Networks with Unmet Need for Health Services and Self-Employment among People with Disabilities.

People with disabilities (PWD) make up over a quarter of the U.S. population and often have complex medical needs. Insurance plans with narrow provider networks are growing in popularity despite concerns about limiting access to care, which may detrimentally affect PWD. This study used logistic regression to assess the relationship between inadequate networks and unmet health care needs and employment using the 2018 National Survey on Health and Disability (n= 1,009) adjusting for demographic and health factors. Having an inadequate network was associated with unmet needs (OR=5.56, 95%CI[3.33,9.28]) but not being employed for wages (OR=0.70, 95%CI[0.42,1.17]) or self-employed (OR=2.35, 95%CI[0.99,5.55]). There was an association between an inadequate network and selfemployment for those with good health (OR=3.37, 95%CI[1.19,9.57]). Providers for PWD should be aware of the role insurance quality can play in health outcomes. Policymakers should continue to monitor the impact of provider network adequacy on health outcomes.

1.I. Workshop: Capturing access challenges in health care: can the vignette methodology help?

Abstract Access to health care is a key performance dimension for health systems. Around 3% of the EU27 population experienced unmet need for health services in 2019 (Eurostat 2021). However, this average hides significant differences across and within countries, between income groups, levels of education and socio-economic categories. While some of the reasons for unmet need are more personal (no time, fear of doctor, etc.), the most common factors are health system-related. Although self-reported unmet need and other existing indicators, including catastrophic spending and impoverishing out-of-pocket spending, provide a general picture of the state of accessibility in EU Member States in relation to factors such as age, income or education, they do not necessarily reveal specific gaps in access or coverage that are linked to other characteristics or specific services. This workshop discusses a new method to measure access to health care, which was developed by the Observatory on Health Systems and Policies to support the European Commission's DG SANTE and the Expert Group on Health Performance Assessment (HSPA) in developing their work on more refined performance measures for health care system access across Europe. The work builds on the findings of a 2019 survey by the Observatory and its Health System and Policy Monitor (HSPM) network on “Gaps in Coverage and Access in the European Union”, which identified a range of vulnerable groups facing access hurdles. The overall goal is to provide a ‘proof of concept' to see whether a vignette approach could add to existing indicators, particularly regarding the differentiation between population coverage and realised access to care. A vignette is a short case study of an individual designed to simulate key features of a real-world scenario, which is then presented to relevant professionals to solicit their hypothetical response. Our workshop first discusses the vignette method developed for this purpose (presentation 1) before sharing the interpretation of results of two of the four vignette pilots that were carried out, that is, the vignette on stroke (presentation 2) and the vignette on palliative care for cancer patients (Presentation 3). The workshop will conclude with a moderated audience discussion about the pros and cons of the vignette method as opportunities to scale up the vignette approach. Key messages The vignette approach can identify gaps in coverage and access as well as differences in treatment and quality not identified by other indicators. The vignette approach can help explain how access contributed to suboptimal health outcomes, enabling the formulation of targeted policies.

A cross sectional study of unmet need for health services amongst urban refugees and asylum seekers in Thailand in comparison with Thai population, 2019

BackgroundAlthough the Thai government has introduced policies to promote the health of migrants, it is still the case that urban refugees and asylum seekers (URAS) seem to be neglected. This study aimed to explore the degree of healthcare access through the perspective of unmet need in URAS, relative to the Thai population.MethodsA cross-sectional survey, using a self-reporting questionnaire adapted from the Thai Health and Welfare Survey (HWS), was performed in late 2019, with 181 URAS completing the survey. The respondents were were randomly selected from the roster of the Bangkok Refugee Center. The data of the URAS survey were combined with data of the Thai population (n = 2941) from the HWS. Unmet need for health services was defined as the status of needing healthcare in the past 12 months but failing to receive it. Bivariate analysis was conducted to explore the demographic and unmet need difference between URAS and Thais. Multivariable logistic regression and mixed-effects (ME) model were performed to determine factors associated with unmet need.ResultsOverall, URAS were young, less educated and living in more economically deprived households, compared with Thais. About 98% of URAS were uninsured by any of the existing health insurance schemes. The prevalence of unmet need among URAS was significantly higher than among Thais in both outpatient (OP) and inpatient (IP) services (54.1% versus 2.1 and 28.0% versus 2.1%, respectively). Being uninsured showed the strongest association with unmet need, especially for OP care. The association between insurance status and unmet need was more pronounced in the ME model, relative to multivariable logistic regression. URAS migrating from Arab nations suffered from unmet need to a greater extent, compared with those originating from non-Arab nations.ConclusionThe prevalence of unmet need in URAS was drastically high, relative to the prevalence in Thais. Factors correlated with unmet need included advanced age, lower educational achievement, and, most evidently, being uninsured. Policy makers should consider a policy option to enrol URAS in the nationwide public insurance scheme to create health security for Thai society.

Challenges to sustainable development in Mississippi

To date, various constituents have attempted to improve the economic opportunities in Mississippi through entrepreneurship, small business development, and job creation/workforce development and wastewater treatment. However, none have explicitly focused on avenues toward sustainable development in terms of poverty eradication and achieving equitable resource allocation. This study seeks to empirically derive the challenges to sustainable development in Mississippi by forming clusters of counties with similar socioeconomic, demographic, health, and environmental characteristics. Maps created through ArcGIS software are used in conjunction with the cluster analysis to visualize the data. Cluster analysis yielded three distinct clusters. Priority should be given to counties that are predominantly black, rural, and characterized by high unemployment and high poverty. Special attention should also be implemented in counties characterized by a high unmet need for health services and a low density of medical professionals.

Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Symptoms and Social and Occupational Functioning of People With Schizophrenia.

This study sought to clarify the contribution of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) to interpersonal and occupational functioning in people with schizophrenia. Self-report questionnaires and semistructured interviews were used to evaluate PTSD and brain injury, positive symptoms, depression, substance abuse, occupational and social functioning, and intelligence. Multiple regressions assessed the relationship between predictors and functional impairment. Posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms were present in 76% of participants, with 12% of participants meeting diagnostic criteria for PTSD. Participants with PTSD had higher rates of depression and more severe positive symptoms. Results of multiple regressions indicated that PTSD symptoms were the only significant predictor of patient-rated interpersonal and occupational functioning. Posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms were not associated with interviewer-rated interpersonal or occupational functioning or employment. While more research is needed, screening and treatment for exposure to traumatic events and PTSD symptoms might be indicated for individuals with schizophrenia. Availability of PTSD assessment and evidence-based treatments for people with schizophrenia is a crucial and often unmet health service need.

Reasons for Unmet Need for Child and Family Health Services among Children with Special Health Care Needs with and without Medical Homes

ObjectivesMedical homes, an important component of U.S. health reform, were first developed to help families of children with special health care needs (CSHCN) find and coordinate services, and reduce their children’s unmet need for health services. We hypothesize that CSHCN lacking medical homes are more likely than those with medical homes to report health system delivery or coverage problems as the specific reasons for unmet need. MethodsData are from the 2005-2006 National Survey of Children with Special Health Care Needs (NS-CSHCN), a national, population-based survey of 40,723 CSHCN. We studied whether lacking a medical home was associated with 9 specific reasons for unmet need for 11 types of medical services, controlling for health insurance, child’s health, and sociodemographic characteristics. ResultsWeighted to the national population, 17% of CSHCN reported at least one unmet health service need in the previous year. CSHCN without medical homes were 2 to 3 times as likely to report unmet need for child or family health services, and more likely to report no referral (OR= 3.3), dissatisfaction with provider (OR=2.5), service not available in area (OR= 2.1), can’t find provider who accepts insurance (OR=1.8), and health plan problems (OR=1.4) as reasons for unmet need (all p<0.05). ConclusionsCSHCN without medical homes were more likely than those with medical homes to report health system delivery or coverage reasons for unmet child health service needs. Attributable risk estimates suggest that if the 50% of CSHCN who lacked medical homes had one, overall unmet need for child health services could be reduced by as much as 35% and unmet need for family health services by 40%.

Needs in Health Care: What Beast is That?

Need is a pivotal concept within health systems internationally given its driving force in health care policy, development, and delivery at population and individual levels. Needs assessments are critical activities undertaken to ensure that health services continue to be needed and to identify new target populations that demonstrate unmet need. The concept of need is underpinned by varied theoretical definitions originating from various disciplines. However, when needs are assessed, or health interventions developed based on need, little, if any, detail of the theoretical or conceptual basis of what is being measured is ever articulated. This is potentially problematic and may lead to measurement being invalid and planned health services being ineffective in meeting needs. Seldom are theoretical definitions of need ever compared and contrasted. This critical review is intended to fill this gap in the literature. Interpretations of the concept of need drawing from areas such as psychology, social policy, and health are introduced. The concept and relevance of unmet need for health services are discussed. It is intended that these definitions can be used to operationalize the term "need" in practice, theoretically drive needs assessment, and help guide health care decisions that are based upon need.

Profiling Health and Health-Related Services for Children With Special Health Care Needs With and Without Disabilities

Objective The aims of this study were to profile and compare the health and health services characteristics for children with special health care needs (CSHCN), with and without disabilities, and to determine factors associated with unmet need. Methods Secondary data analysis of the 2005–2006 National Survey of Children with Special Health Care Needs was conducted. The sociodemographics, health, and health services of CSHCN with and without disabilities were compared. Multivariable logistic regression was employed to examine factors associated with unmet need for health services. Results Children from minority racial and ethnic groups and children living in or near poverty were over-represented among CSHCN with disabilities, compared with other CSHCN. Statistically higher percentages of CSHCN with disabilities had behavioral problems (39.6% vs 25.2%), anxiety/depressed mood (46.1% vs 24.0%), and trouble making/keeping friends (38.1% vs 15.6%) compared with other CSHCN. Thirty-two percent of CSHCN with disabilities received care in a medical home compared with 51% of other CSHCN. CSHCN with disabilities had higher rates of need and unmet need than other CSHCN for specialty care, therapy services, mental health services, home health, assistive devices, medical supplies, and durable medical equipment. The adjusted odds of unmet need for CSHCN with disabilities were 71% higher than for other CSHCN. Conclusion CSHCN with disabilities had more severe health conditions and more health services need, but they less commonly received care within a medical home and had more unmet need. These health care inequities should be amenable to policy and health service delivery interventions to improve outcomes for CSHCN with disabilities.

Managing physician shortages: We are not doing enough

Canada is rich in information about our physician shortage but poor on concrete progress. We have a wealth of studies on care delivery models and proffered solutions from associations and governments, yet we continue to have a substantial and unmet need for health services in many regions of the

The referral process and urban health care in sub-Saharan Africa: the case of Lusaka, Zambia

Much of the current reform of urban health systems in sub-Saharan Africa focuses upon the referral system between different levels of care. It is often assumed that patients are by-passing primary facilities which leads to congestion at hospital outpatient departments. Zambia is well advanced in its health sector reform and this case study from the capital, Lusaka, explores the patterns of health seeking behaviour of the urban population, the reasons behind health care choices, the functioning of the referral system and the users' evaluations of the care received. Data were collected across three levels of the system: the community, local health centres and the main hospital (both in- and out-patients). Results showed those who by-passed health centres were doing so because they believed the hospital outpatient department to be cheaper and/or better supplied with drugs (not because they believed they would receive better technical care). Few users were given information about their diagnosis or reason for referral. The most striking result was the degree of unmet need for health services and the large number of individuals who were self-medicating due to lack of money rather than the minor nature of their illness. The current upgrading of urban health centres into `reference centres' may provide a capacity for unmet need rather than de-congesting the hospital outpatient department as originally intended.