Unmarried Residents Research Articles

Knowledge of and attitude towards depression among urban and rural residents in Beijing: a cross-sectional study

ObjectivesTo compare the level of knowledge of depression, recognition ability and attitudes towards depression among urban and rural residents in Beijing.DesignA cross-sectional study.SettingSix districts in Beijing, China, 2021.ParticipantsA total of...

Impact pathways of personality and psychosocial stress on depression among adult community residents in China: a fuzzy-set qualitative comparative analysis.

Depression is a common mental illness with a high prevalence rate and is a significant contributor to the global burden of diseases. Various factors are associated with depression, and its etiology is complex. Instead of focusing on single-factor effects, this study aimed to explore a combination of high-risk factor sets for depression among adult community residents. We conducted a cross-sectional survey in Shenzhen, China, from January 2021 to March 2021. A simple sampling method was used to enroll participants. A total of 1,965 adult residents completed the survey and were assessed using the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9), the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire-Revised Short Scale for Chinese (EPQ-RSC), and the Psychosocial Stress Survey for Groups (PSSG). The fuzzy-set qualitative comparative analysis method was used to explore the high-risk factor sets for depression among adult community residents. The prevalence of depression among the surveyed adult residents in Shenzhen was 6.36%. The mean scores of PHQ-9 were higher among women and unmarried residents. The combination of low extroversion (e) and high neuroticism (N) in personality traits, along with high scores for life events (V), negative emotional responses to events (G), positive emotional responses to events (O), and positive coping styles to events (I) (denoted as e*N*V*G*O*I) constituted a high-risk factor set for depression. The overall consistency was 0.843, and the overall coverage was 0.330. Our study suggested that stressful life events together with personality traits including neuroticism and introversion serve as crucial factors for depression among adult community residents, regardless of the coping strategies they adopt. This study provides data for developing comprehensive interventions such as regulating neuroticism and introversion levels and reducing stressors to prevent the occurrence of depression among adult community residents.

Quality of Life Among Postgraduate Medical Residents in Oman: A Cross-sectional Survey.

To assess the quality of life (QoL) of medical residents enrolled in the various postgraduate programs of the Oman Medical Specialty Board (OMSB). The data for this cross-sectional study was collected from January to June 2022. All postgraduate residents who were enrolled in all 19 OMSB training programs were targeted. An online English version of the validated 36-Item Short Form Health Survey (SF-36) was used to assess the participants' self-reported QoL. The participants were 425 OMSB residents (mean age = 29.6±2.2 years), of whom 289 (68.0%) were female, 259 (60.9%) were married, and 295 (69.4%) were enrolled in medical specialties. Overall, female residents reported significantly poorer QoL than male residents in all subscales of SF-36 (p =0.001). Married residents reported lower bodily pain scores than unmarried residents (p =0.005), although the latter endorsed better physical functioning, general health, and mental health. Residents in laboratory specialties had higher scores than those in medical and surgical specialties in most QoL dimensions including physical health, role functioning, energy/fatigue, emotional well-being, bodily pain, and general health (p ≤ 0.003). Psychiatry residents reported the lowest overall QoL. Postgraduate medical residents in Oman reported significant variations in QoL based on specialization, gender, and marital status. These findings underscore the need for targeted interventions to tackle health inequalities and improve the QoL of this population.

Factors Affecting Anxiety and Depression Among Pediatric Residents in Dr. Soetomo General Hospital in Surabaya, Indonesia

Background: Residency program, including pediatric residency, has long been considered stressful and for some students, depressing. Many studies have shown that depression or emotional impairment in resident physicians is more common than that in the general population, about 29% and increased with each year of training. Nearly half of the depressed residents seemed unaware of their condition. Knowing the cause and risk of mental health problem during medical training is important for informing efforts to prevent, treat, and identify. Objective: This study aim to analyze factors affecting anxiety and depression among pediatric residents in Dr. Soetomo Hospital, to minimize its effect towards residents mental health. Material and Methods: A cross-sectional study of the Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI) and Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) was performed on pediatric residents in Dr. Soetomo General Hospital. We collected residents demographic data (age, sex, marital status, parental status, number of children, and duration of work experience before residency), as well as Beck Anxiety, Beck Depression, and Likert Scale Questionnaire on how residents feel about their academic burden, non-academic burden, and patients-related duties, were all taken using an online questionnaire. The comparison and correlation of data were analyzed using Mann-Whitney and Spearman tests. The difference will be considered significant if the p-value<0.05, and a strong correlation will be considered if r>0.5. Results: Higher BDI score was found in female residents (37.95 P=0.008), and unmarried residents (41.39 P=0.025). Age was negatively correlated with BAI (R = -0.281 P = 0.021) and also BDI (R = -0.273 P = 0.025). Duration of work experience before residency period was also negatively correlated with BAI (R = -0.334 P = 0.005) and BDI (R = -0.308 P = 0.011). Meanwhile, Likert Scale on how residents feel about their academic burden was positively correlated with BAI (R = 0.26 P=0.033 and BDI (R = 0.257 P = 0.036). Conclusion: Female and unmarried residents have significantly higher BDI. Age and duration of work experience were negatively correlated with both BAI and BDI. Academic burden was positively correlated with BAI and BDI

Burnout in oral medicine and orofacial pain residents

BackgroundThe authors sought to identify the prevalence of burnout in oral medicine (OM) and orofacial pain (OFP) residents and investigate potential contributing factors. MethodsA cross-sectional questionnaire-based study was conducted. An anonymous 22-item online survey was emailed to the residents of all Commission on Dental Accreditation–accredited OM and OFP residency programs in the United States. Abbreviated Maslach Burnout Inventory was included to gauge the following details of burnout: emotional exhaustion (EE), depersonalization (DP), and personal accomplishment. Questions also addressed the impact of residency program characteristics, work-life balance, and possible discrimination or abuse on burnout. ResultsSix OM and 12 OFP programs (72 residents) were contacted, and 46 residents responded (response rate, 64%). Overall prevalence of burnout was 35% (29% in OM residents, 40% in OFP residents). High EE burnout was noted in 57% of residents, high DP burnout in 11% of residents, and high personal accomplishment burnout in 59% of residents. Working for fewer than 40 hours per week was significantly associated with low DP burnout (P < .05). Moderate to high DP burnout was more prevalent in men and unmarried residents (whether in a relationship or not) were more likely to experience moderate to high EE burnout (P < .05). ConclusionsBurnout among OM and OFP residents is an emerging concern due to its detrimental effect on the physical and mental well-being of the residents. To the authors’ knowledge, this study is the first to report burnout prevalence in the 2 most recent dental specialties recognized by the American Dental Association in 2020. Practical ImplicationsEarly detection of signs of burnout among residents would allow program faculty and administrators to provide required support and resources.

Doing Intimacy in Pandemic Times: Findings of a Large-Scale Survey Among Singles in Japan

Abstract Singles—here understood as unmarried or never married individuals—are a growing subset of the Japanese population that has not received discrete attention in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic. This article addresses the ways in which the pandemic and its associated interventions—calls for social distancing, self-restraint, or the avoidance of the ‘3Cs’—affect singles’ (non)familial personal relationships and practices of intimacy (platonic and romantic), as well as perceptions of singlehood and ‘solo activities’ (sorokatsu). Based on exploratory analyses of data from an original cross-sectional online survey conducted in early 2021 (n = 4.000; unmarried residents of Japan aged 25–49 years), we show that while practices of intimacy are changing throughout the pandemic, the changes are less dramatic than we anticipated. In addition, changes are highly gendered and seem to support contemporary media and public discourse on how individuals are managing COVID-life and its concomitant uncertainties. We see two diachronic developments: an increase in social isolation and distress on the one hand, and an increase in acceptance of being single and doing ‘solo activities’ on the other. Our findings contribute to an understanding of the ways that singlehood, marital status, and extra-familial relationships are shaped, and shape the experiences of this pandemic.

COVID-19 Pandemic: Psychological Impact on Postgraduate Gynae Residents in Pakistan

Objective: The aim of this study is to determine the psychological impact (anxiety, stress and depression) on postgraduate Gynae residents in Pakistan during COVID-19. Study Design: Cross-sectional study Place and Duration: The study was conducted through a questionnaire of Google Proforma which was distributed among the PGRs of Gynae and Obs department of different centres of Pakistan. The study was conducted for nine months during from April 2020 to December 2020. Methods: Total 180 participants (PGRs) were presented in this study. Complete characteristics of the participant were obtained. Postgraduate Gynae Residents from different centers were enrolled in this study. DASS-21 scale was used to measure the severity of anxiety, depression and stress among all participants. Complete data was analyzed by SPSS 24.0 version. Results: Mean age of the participants was 30.24±3.08 years. 109 (60.5%) participants were married and the rest 71 (39.5%) were unmarried residents. Frequency of depression was found among 130 (72.2%) participants followed by anxiety 118 (65.5%), stress found in 105 (58.3%) participants. Conclusion: We concluded in this study that the prevalence of psychological impacts on Gynae residents were significantly higher in terms of mild, moderate and severe intensity. Early detection and prevention of factors i.e. depression, anxiety and stress are necessary in hospitals. Keywords: Post graduate, Gynae residents, COVID-19, Psychological impacts

Intention to Get COVID-19 Vaccinations among Ophthalmology Residents in Poland: A Cross-Sectional Survey.

This study aimed to evaluate the acceptability of coronavirus disease of 2019 (COVID-19) vaccination among ophthalmology residents in Poland. An online, self-administered, anonymous survey was distributed among Polish ophthalmology residents in early 2021. Of 126 residents who completed the survey, 71.4% indicated that they would get vaccinated, 17.5% were unsure, and 11.1% would refuse vaccination. Married respondents with children (p = 0.036) and respondents living with their families (p = 0.310) were more likely to accept vaccination, believing that the vaccine is effective (p = 0.002 and p = 0.001, respectively), and fearing for themselves (p = 0.031 and p = 0.023, respectively) or their families (p = 0.032 and 0.055, respectively) getting infected. Respondents who contracted COVID-19 often reported the expected relief in sanitization (p = 0.011) as their reason for vaccination, and the previous severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection (p = 0.050) as their reason for not vaccinating. Unmarried residents and residents living alone often declared that they were waiting for the effectiveness and long-term complications of the vaccine to be assessed (p = 0.005, both). Residents living with their families were significantly less likely to report COVID-19 as the reason for refusing vaccination (p = 0.022). In conclusion, most ophthalmology residents expressed a willingness to get vaccinated. Marital status and cohabitants affect vaccination acceptance. People with COVID-19 have different reasons for accepting or refusing vaccination. Medical authorities should persuade citizens more to vaccinate.

The Resident and the Spouse and the Lover and the Ethicist: Considerations and Challenges in Nursing Home Romance

The level of impairment shown by the 1.3 million residents of nursing homes in the United States varies significantly, and this raises considerable challenges for how to address the sexual and romantic interests and needs of these diverse individuals. Unfortunately, bright-line rules and a one-size-fits-all approach are often taken when addressing these challenges. This article proposes a novel taxonomy for classifying the potential sexual and romantic relationships of cognitively impaired nursing home residents that includes relationships between unmarried residents, relationships between residents and their own spouses, and adulterous relationships. We explore the ethical and logistical challenges distinctive to each category of relationship.

COVID-19 canceled Omed-omedan Festival 2020. Local Elders: The Rite Would be Carry On!

The Government's decision to impose social restrictions threatened to cancel the Sesetan Heritage Omed-omedan Festival. Authority concerned that the crowd, both the Omed-omedan participants and spectators, might become a cluster for SARS-CoV-2 virus spread. However, to cancel the Omed-omedan might be challenging compared to cancel the Ogoh-ogoh parade on the night before Nyepi, Pengerupukan. Omed-omedan is a ritual in the Banjar Kaja Sesetan that is participated by local unmarried residents aged 17 to 30. It is a sacred tradition that should avoid being neglected. The ritual has been developed into an annual tourism event that attracts local and foreign visitors to witness the sheer and joyous festival. However, covid-19 pandemic threatened to cancel the Sesetan Heritage Omed-omedan Festival in 2020. after being discussed by the Sesetan village leaders, it was decided that the Omed-omedan would be held without any accompanying festival such as an entertainment stage, cultural parade, flea market or even grand opening ceremony to control the crowd. The participant of the Omed-omedan also reduced to only three pairs of adolescents, with strict health protocol. Nevertheless, traditional village leaders of Sesetan also pleaded to the public to reconsider their plan to visit the old tradition, especially for the year 2020.

Predictors of Cholinesterase Discontinuation during the First Year after Nursing Home Admission

ObjectivesFor persons with dementia, the appropriate duration of cholinesterase inhibitor (ChEI) use remains unclear. We examined patterns of ChEI use during nursing home (NH) transition and the factors associated with discontinuation following admission. DesignPopulation-based retrospective cohort study using linked health administrative and Resident Assessment Instrument Minimum Dataset, version 2.0 databases. Setting and participantsA total of 47,851 older adults (mean age = 84.8 years, standard deviation = 6.8) with dementia newly admitted to a NH in Ontario, Canada between 2011 and 2015. MeasurementsChEI use at admission and during the following year was identified from prescription claims. Resident sociodemographic and health characteristics at admission, including a 72-item frailty index, were derived from the Resident Assessment Instrument Minimum Dataset 2.0. Additional resident and prescriber characteristics were derived from administrative data. Discontinuation was defined as a 30+-day gap in ChEI supply. Multivariable subdistribution hazard models were used to estimate the independent effect of resident frailty and other factors on ChEI discontinuation. ResultsApproximately one-third (17,560) of residents with dementia were on a ChEI at admission. Among this group, 17.7% (3110) discontinued use over follow-up. Incidence of discontinuation was significantly higher among residents with syncope [subdistribution hazard ratio, sHR = 2.21, 95% confidence interval, CI (1.52, 3.22)], more severe behavioral symptoms [sHR = 1.79, 95% CI (1.57, 2.05)], cognitive impairment [sHR = 1.26, 95% CI (1.07, 1.48)], higher frailty, [sHR = 1.19, 95% CI (1.04, 1.36)], and a primary prescriber active in the NH [sHR = 1.28, 95% CI (1.14, 1.45)]. A significantly lower incidence was observed for older and unmarried residents and those with a longer duration of use. Conclusions/ImplicationsLess than one-fifth of residents on a ChEI at admission discontinued use during the following year. Although some of the predictors of discontinuation align with past research and current clinical recommendations, others were unexpected and point to novel drivers of ChEI use. Future investigations should explore the varied reasons underlying these associations and resident outcomes associated with ChEI discontinuation.

Association between social capital and quality of life among urban residents in less developed cities of western China: A cross-sectional study.

China has experienced rapid urbanization over the past several decades. Social capital is considered a vital human resource, and quality of life (QoL) is an important measure of human health embedded in a physical, mental, and social context. No studies have reported on the association between social capital and QoL in Chinese urban residents. We performed a cross-sectional study to investigate social capital in urban community residents of West China, and its relationship with QoL.Our study was carried out between June and July of 2015. A total of 1136 households were surveyed. The Chinese-translated version of the Short-Form Health Survey (SF-12) and social capital questionnaire were used to evaluate people's QoL and social capital. Associations between QoL and social capital were evaluated by 3 logistic regression analyses.A total of 1136 adult participants aged 18 years and older completed the questionnaire. Young residents were more likely to have lower second (SC2), third (SC3), and fourth (SC4) dimensions of social capital. Migrants and residents with higher education levels and high incomes showed lower SC1 and SC2 relative to other participants, and employed residents had relatively low SC1. Unmarried residents had lower SC2 and SC3. Without adjustment for potential confounding factors, participants with higher SC2 had higher average scores for mental components (MCS) of QoL [odds ratio (OR) = 1.48, 95% confidence interval (95% CI): 1.09-2.02], and the same was seen for SC3 (OR = 1.70, 95% CI: 1.24-2.34). After adjusting for socioeconomic status (SES) and risk factors, SC2 and SC3 were still significantly associated with MCS. Social capital was not significantly associated with physical components of QoL in any of the 3 logistic regression models.In conclusion, social capital is related to MCS of QoL, and increasing it may be an effective way to promote health.

Factors contributing to the lack of interest in research activities among postgraduate medical students.

Objective:To determine the factors contributing to lack of interest in research activities among postgraduate residents in pediatric medicine.Methods:This cross-sectional survey was conducted at The Children’s Hospital Lahore, Pakistan in August 2017. The questionnaire was distributed to 105 postgraduate residents working in pediatric medicine department and 90 of them returned the completed proforma (response rate; 86%). Data was analyzed by SPSS version 22.Results:Out of 90 residents’ females were predominant (n=58/90; 64.4%). Mean age of the participants was 28.22 ± 2.092 years. Majority were unmarried (n=57; 63.3%). The highest mean score (2.31±0.697) was regarding “Lack of proper training for research”, followed by “lack of previous exposure” (2.26±0.728) and “over loaded curriculum” (2.13±0.753). “Uncooperative faculty” and “funding issues” as a barrier towards research (p=0.016 and 0.014 respectively) was mentioned by males more than females. “Social and family commitment” was a significant perceived barrier in married residents as compared to unmarried residents (p=0.001). The residents in the younger age group were more reluctant to do research due to “over loaded curriculum” (p=0.038).Conclusion:Lack of proper training of research, lack of previous exposure and time management are the major factors affecting resident’s research work, whereas married residents face more social/family constraints as compare to unmarried residents.

Marital Status and Persons With Dementia in Assisted Living.

Despite the prevalence of dementia among residents in assisted living (AL), few researchers have focused on the length of stay (LOS) in AL among this population. Little is known about the factors that may contribute to LOS in these settings, particularly for residents with dementia. In the current study, a sub-set of AL residents with dementia (n = 112) was utilized to examine whether marital status was associated with LOS in AL as this has received sparse attention in previous research despite studies suggesting that marital status influences LOS in other health-care and long-term care settings. The Andersen-Newman behavioral model was used as a conceptual framework for the basis of this study of LOS, marital status, and dementia in AL. We hypothesized that persons with dementia who were married would have longer LOS than unmarried persons with dementia in AL. Cox regression was used to examine the association between marital status and LOS in AL of residents with dementia and whether activities of daily living were related to discharge from AL settings among married and unmarried residents with dementia. Main effects for marital status and the interaction between marital status and mobility with LOS were examined. Study findings provide information related to the psychosocial needs of AL residents with dementia and offer implications for assessing the on-going needs of vulnerable AL residents.

Exploring Resident’s Cognition toward Sport Events’ Environment Impact: A Case of Neimen Song-Jiang Jhen Battle Array Event

This study mainly explores local residents’ cognition toward the impact of holding sport events on the environment. The population for this study is 18-65 year-old residents of Neimen, the place holding Song-Jiang Jhen Battle Array event. Out of 400 survey questionnaires distributed during and after the advent of end of Neimen Song-Jiang Jhen Battle Array event, 306 usable responses were received from participants, indicating a high valid response rate of 76.5%. The results show that (1) residents’ gender and educational background do not exert significant differences among cognition toward positive and negative environmental impacts; (2) younger residents are found to show higher cognition toward positive and negative environmental impact; (3) unmarried residents exert higher positive environmental impact than married residents; (4) residents who support future re-organization of this event are proven to have higher positive environment impact cognition than those who do not; and (5) local residents obviously support the re-organization of Neimen Song-Jiang Jhen Battle Array event in the future.

Building a “Family-Friendly” Metropolis

This article explores the role normative sexuality played in housing policies in the San Francisco Bay Area after World War II. Beginning in the 1940s, policymakers made it easier for married Americans to acquire mortgages and excluded most people who deviated from sexual norms from the suburban housing market. Their efforts encouraged Americans to wed and pulled many middle-class married couples out of urban centers like San Francisco. During the 1960s, city leaders used federal funds to displace unmarried residents and to make urban areas competitive with the suburbs. Redevelopment, however, never reversed suburban growth, and the uneven nature of this process created two significant outcomes. First, suburbanization concentrated large numbers of unmarried people, including many gay men and lesbians, in places like San Francisco and facilitated the sexual revolution. Second, metropolitan expansion reinforced the notion that heterosexual norms were nearly universal by creating almost exclusive pockets of married people in the newest suburbs.

Rurality and Other Determinants of Early Colorectal Cancer Diagnosis in Nebraska: A 6‐Year Cancer Registry Study, 1998‐2003

There are no studies of rurality, and other determinants of colorectal cancer (CRC) stage at diagnosis with population-based data from the Midwest. This retrospective study identified, incident CRC patients, aged 19 years and older, from 1998-2003 Nebraska Cancer Registry (NCR) data. Using federal Office of Management and Budget classifications, we grouped patients by residence in metropolitan, micropolitan nonmetropolitan, or rural nonmetropolitan counties (non-core based statistical areas). In univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses, we examined the association of the county classification and of other determinants with early (in situ/local) versus late (regional/distant) stage at CRC diagnosis. Of the 6,561 CRC patients identified, 45% were from metropolitan counties, 24% from micropolitan nonmetropolitan counties and 31% from rural nonmetropolitan counties, with 32%, 38%, and 33%, respectively, being diagnosed at an early stage. Multivariate analysis showed micropolitan nonmetropolitan residents were significantly more likely than rural nonmetropolitan residents to be diagnosed at an early stage (adjusted OR, 1.22; 95% CI: 1.05-1.42, P < .05). However, rural nonmetropolitan and metropolitan residents did not significantly differ in the likelihood of early diagnosis. Residents with Medicare rather than those with private insurance (P < .0001), married rather than unmarried residents (P < .01), and residents with rectal cancer rather than those with colon cancer (P < .0001) were more likely to be diagnosed at an early stage. Early CRC diagnosis needs to be increased in rural (non-core) non-metropolitan residents, unmarried residents, and those with private insurance.

Effects of cognitive performance on change in physical function in long-stay nursing home residents.

Determining the nature and rate of change in physical function among long-stay nursing home (NH) residents classified by cognitive performance is needed to inform judgments about prognosis and design of clinical trials to minimize functional decline. The study consisted of a longitudinal analysis using random coefficients models of 71,388 noncomatose residents aged 65 and older admitted in one of five states participating in the Health Care Financing Administration-sponsored National Case Mix and Quality Demonstration Project who stayed in the nursing home 1 year or longer. Linear effects of cognitive impairment on admission and over time on the trajectory of dependence in activities of daily living (ADLs) were estimated, adjusting for demographic status upon admission. Interaction terms were used to determine if subgroups of residents at the same cognitive level were at risk for a steeper than average rate of decline. Measures were derived from the NH Minimum Data Set (MDS+) ratings of each domain. Cognition was measured using the MDS-Cognitive Performance Scale. Physical function was determined by summing ADL dependence ratings of bathing, dressing, grooming, toileting, and eating (range 0 to 20). Demographics included age, gender, race, and marital status. On average, ADL dependence worsened 0.84 points per year among these long-stay residents. Only cognition and marital status had clinically significant effects on ADL dependence. Married residents exhibited more ADL dependence than unmarried residents. Severity of cognitive impairment on admission and over time influenced severity of ADL dependence but not rate of decline. No interaction terms were clinically significant. Clinicians seeking to identify factors that accelerate ADL decline in long-stay NH residents must examine explanatory variables other than cognitive impairment and demographics.