Unlimited Number Research Articles

A conceptual modeling approach of MQTT for IoT-based systems

The Message Queuing Telemetry Transport (MQTT) is one of the most commonly used standard messaging protocols that enable the Internet of Things (IoT). The messaging standard specification document defines the transactions, attributes, conventions, timers, values, types, structures, etc. MQTT encounters wide implementation possibilities: hardware vendors need to implement MQTT drivers for their devices, software vendors need to implement it in their solutions, developers and researchers need an MQTT simulation framework, etc. The IoT technology can enable unlimited number of use cases, and each case has its implementation of the messaging protocol. From the above facts, on the basis that any user needs to have a deep understanding of the specification in order to implement the protocol and also developers need to study it well for improving the protocol, there is a need for a standard conceptual way that conveys the messaging standard specifications, integrates the specifications of the use cases built upon with a more abstracted mental representation, improves the communication between developers, and facilitates the protocols and applications developments. This paper addresses this issue by proposing a graphical conceptual modeling approach for MQTT-based IoT applications called Example-oriented System Conceptual Modeling for MQTT use cases (EoSCM-MQTT). The paper explains the EoSCM-MQTT and gives an example of its use in an MQTT simulation implementation for a specific IoT application: smart parking. EoSCM-MQTT was validated using three methods: comparison, analysis, and implementation. The details and results of the implementation and the conclusions from the comparison and analysis indicated that EoSCM-MQTT has the required characteristics of conceptual models: good syntactic semantic, and pragmatic quality, clarity, coherence, accuracy, flexibility, reliability, and effectiveness.

Analysing Battery Swapping of Battery Electric Load Haul Dump (LHD) Machines in Block Cave Mining Using Discrete Event Simulation (DES)

AbstractDiesel-powered load haul dump machines have been the backbone of underground mining loading and hauling operations for over six decades. However, as mines get deeper, and regulations become more rigorous, the adoption of battery electric vehicles (BEVs) has the potential to enhance energy efficiency and provide a healthier environment for miners. Electric engines have a significantly higher energy efficiency and produce no exhaust gases or diesel particulate matter. The use of BEVs in underground operations introduces additional factors to consider, such as battery swapping and the required number of batteries, swapping, and charging stations. This study conducted a discrete event simulation using Arena simulation software with a focus on queueing and its relationship to different numbers of machines, batteries, and swapping times in an underground block cave mine. The results suggest that when there are six, eight, or 12 LHDs and four swapping and charging stations with an unlimited number of batteries, the queueing time to swap the batteries remains minimal. In scenarios with eight LHDs and a limited number of batteries, depending on the battery swapping time, 2–2.5 batteries per machine are required to achieve maximum production with minimal queueing. However, when there are too few batteries, queueing becomes significant. Moreover, when the number of working groups (machines going for a battery swap around the same time) is less than the ratio between the battery operational time and the swapping time, the queueing remains low.

Design and gait research of pneumatic soft quadruped robot

Soft robots possess flexibility and, in theory, an unlimited number of degrees of freedom. These characteristics give them superior flexibility, making them better suited for navigating complex terrain, such as steep or rugged environments, compared to rigid robots. The design of the quadruped robot is based on the deformation principles of a pneumatically driven honeycomb network, with leg deformation controlled through air pressure regulation. Furthermore, the mathematical model of the quadruped robot is developed, including both a vertical elongation model and a bending elongation model of the leg structure, established through geometric analysis. An experimental platform for the quadruped robot system is then constructed, and experimental analyses are performed to assess the elastic coefficient, hysteresis performance, elongation capacity, and bending performance of one of the robot’s legs, verifying the accuracy of the mathematical model. Based on control requirements, LabVIEW is used to design static and dynamic gait programs for the quadruped robot, ultimately enabling control of its walking motion.

MetaRange: A framework to build mechanistic range models

Abstract Mechanistic or process‐based models offer great insights into the range dynamics of species facing non‐equilibrium conditions, such as climate and land‐use changes or invasive species. Their consideration of underlying mechanisms relaxes the species‐environment equilibrium assumed by correlative approaches, while also generating conservation‐relevant indicators, such as range‐wide abundance time series and migration rates if demographically explicit. However, the computational complexity of mechanistic models limits their development and applicability to large spatiotemporal extents. We present the R package “metaRange”: a modular framework to build population‐based and metabolically constrained range models. We also provide a catalogue of biological functions to calculate niche‐based suitability, metabolic scaling, population dynamics, biotic interactions and kernel‐based dispersal, which may include directed movement. The framework's modularity enables the user to combine, extend, or replace these functions, making it possible to customize the model to the ecology of the study system. The package supports an unlimited number of static or dynamic environmental factors as input, including climate and land use. As examples, we include one single‐species application to predict the range dynamics of the European wildcat (Felis silvestris) in Germany, and one theoretical study in which we simulated 100 virtual species in three scenarios: without competition, with competition, and with competition under a generalist‐specialist trade‐off. Due to the population‐level, the package can execute such extensive simulation experiments on regular end‐user hardware in a short amount of time. We provide detailed technical documentation, both for the individual functions in the package as well as instructions on how to set up different types of model structures and experimental designs. The metaRange framework enables process‐based simulations of range dynamic of multiple interacting species on a high resolution and low computational demand. We believe that it allows for theoretical insights and hypotheses testing about future range dynamics of real‐world species, which may better support conservation policies targeting biodiversity loss mitigation.

Newsmaking Criminology in the 21st Century: Forming the Public Opinion under the New Reality

Objective: to study the concept of newsmaking criminology and its relevance in the current conditions of mass media development.Methods: the methodological basis of the work consists of general scientific, social, and special-legal methods of cognition. The conducted research is based on the dialectical method (in determining the general direction of the study), methods of formal logic (analysis, synthesis, induction, deduction, analogy), system method (in comparing and generalizing the information collected for the research).Results: the functions of newsmaking criminology in its classical manifestation, as well as its additional functions in the study of mass media in the Internet, were revealed. It is suggested that with the emergence of the World Wide Web, the relevance of newsmaking criminology has increased: social networks, blogs and video hosting as alternative media have a strong influence on public opinion, while an unlimited number of people have access to content generation, contrary to traditional media. Many states understand the importance of interaction between mass media and law enforcement agencies and are actively implementing their methods of promoting newsmaking criminology online. This article points out the risks that arise in media coverage of law enforcement and crime. One of such risks is the cancel culture, which is spontaneous, unpredictable in nature, and may jeopardize the quality of life of the victim or business reputation and activity of organizations.Scientific novelty: the functions performed by newsmaking criminology in the study of traditional and alternative media were identified. So far, such doctrine has not been sufficiently researched taking into account modern forms of mass communication. Examples of interaction between law enforcement agencies of different states and the media were analyzed.Practical significance: the study contributes to understanding the correlation between criminological phenomena and modern media platforms. The Internet and social networks provide new channels of information exchange that differ significantly from traditional media such as printed media or television.

Physics-informed machine learning to predict solvatochromic parameters of designer solvents with case studies in CO2 and lignin dissolution

The polarity of solvents plays a critical role in various research applications, particularly in their solubilities. Polarity is conveniently characterized by the Kamlet-Taft parameters i.e., the hydrogen bonding acidity (α), basicity (β), and the polarizability (π*). Obtaining Kamlet-taft parameters is very important for solvents namely ionic liquids (ILs) and deep eutectic solvents (DESs). However, given the unlimited theoretical number of combinations of ionic pairs in ILs and hydrogen-bond donor/acceptor pairs in DESs, experimental determination of their Kamlet-Taft parameters is impractical. To address this, the present study developed two different machine learning (ML) algorithms to predict Kamlet-Taft parameters for designer solvents using quantum chemically derived input features. The ML models developed in the present study showed accurate predictions with high R2 and low RMSE values. Further, in the context of present interest in the circular bioeconomy, the relationship between the basicities and acidities of designer solvents and their ability to dissolve lignin and carbon dioxide (CO2) is discussed. Our method thus guides the design of effective solvents with optimal Kamlet-Taft parameter values dissolving and converting biomass and CO2 into valuable chemicals.

Alternatives to Public Procurement: Free Choice in Marketised Social Services – Legal Challenges Illustrated via Long-Term Care

In light of Europe’s ageing population, the article explores the legal dimensions to freedom of choice within marketised social services, especially in the context of long-term care. It offers critical analysis of the implementation of the free-choice model in Estonia within the framework of European Union public-procurement law and Estonian law on administrative co-operation. The landscape has been a legal ‘no man’s land’ somewhat: this demand-based model with an unlimited number of providers falls outside the traditional public-procurement framework, and how the general principles for transfer of public tasks to the private sector might apply to a free-choice model, which does not entail explicit ‘transfer’, has remained unclear. Although the Estonian care reform of 2023 established a funding model, it did not resolve the legal uncertainties surrounding public–private co-operation and user rights. As care homes in Estonia are largely run by the private sector, vague legal regulation and weak state supervision pose a threat to access, the care services’ quality, and their economic efficiency. Drawing on international comparisons with the Nordic countries, the article warns against uncritical adoption of market-based models, stressing the need to balance the roles of public authorities and private providers. The paper underscores the crucial role of legal professionals in ensuring that public–private co-operation for social services upholds both individuals’ fundamental rights and public interests.

Methodological Implications for Video-Based Research in the Library and Information Science

The use of video has been popular in psychology and educational research (Erickson, 2011), but still is relatively new to the Library and Information Science (LIS) field. Video technology is a powerful tool for documenting events, allowing them to be preserved permanently and viewed un unlimited number of times for collaborative data analysis (Jordan & Henderson, 1995). In addition, it is important to consider that video recordings start with a choice of the recorder on which part to capture and follow with a deliberate and selective choice on which recordings to focus on analytically. Thus, researchers who choose to employ video-based research need to be reflexive of the affordances and limitations of using certain video technology and be cognizant of the ways in which we can be closer to capturing the phenomenon itself. In this poster, we will demonstrate two cases of family programming at public libraries where video-based research was used for research and explore the methodological implications of video-based research in LIS. We aim to discuss the opportunities and challenges of capturing in-situ data in addition to participants’ retrospective perspectives after their participation in library programming.

Use of a multi-criteria approach to analyze the degradation of reinforced concrete beam bridges. Three case studies in the north west of Algeria

The main motivation for this research is to develop assessment and estimation tools for the degradation state of existing civil engineering structures. The longevity of a structure is influenced by a complex set of interconnected phenomena and parameters. Therefore, we adopt a multicriteria approach aimed at better identifying these elements, particularly the most influential ones. This study focuses on assessing the degradation of reinforced concrete beam bridges by developing a digital tool based on the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP). We have identified 30 factors impacting degradation, categorized as internal factors, such as the condition of structural elements, and external factors, such as age and environment. From these factors, we calculate a Global Bridge Degradation Index (GBDI) that reflects the overall condition of the bridge. This index allows us to establish a classification of the bridges, ranging from no danger to a critical state requiring immediate intervention. The innovation of our model lies in its ability to provide a quantified estimation of the degradation state while incorporating an unlimited number of factors and criteria. After applying this model to three bridges in Algeria, we observed satisfactory results. The ultimate goal is to provide managers with tools for reflection and comparison to assess the condition of bridges and consider the necessary actions for their maintenance, repair, or replacement, thereby contributing to the improvement of the management and safety of road infrastructures.

Parametric optimization of the process of engineering a space monitoring radar based on an ontological analysis of functional characteristics for various technical solutions

The article presents a hypothesis about the possibility of reducing the risks of suboptimal choice of technical solutions when creating promising intelligence and information complexes (RICS), which is an urgent task both in the development of a space monitoring radar station (MCP radar) and in the creation of electronic warfare (EW). It is shown that when formalizing the RIC design process in the form of multiparametric optimization of parameters based on the ontological analysis of technical solutions, which ensures the formation of an optimal list of technical solutions while maximizing functional characteristics and minimizing cost. A three-dimensional matrix of functional characteristics values is compiled during design, taking into account the set values of cost and production time for each technical solution with its own unification coefficient. Using this matrix allows you to choose the optimal technical solution of the radar, taking into account the coefficient of unification and the quality of the element base - such a matrix is compiled for each technical solution. The main advantage of the proposed optimization is the ability to evaluate an unlimited number of radar layout options and assess the risks of a suboptimal choice for each technical solution.

Liaisons Among Symbols

Biologic processes can be depicted as circular algorithms on a limited number of distinct elements. The concept deviates from the Sumerian tradition of using an unlimited number of identical units in a linear, noncircular fashion. We have uncovered relations between distinguishable elements that are constructed by using two natural numbers a, b (a, b ≤ 16, a ≤ b) that make up together one “Akkadian” unit. We propose to use the etalon collection of 136 units, each of which is a pair of a,b. (The collection consists of numeric values: {(1,1), (1,2), (1,3),…,(2,2), (2,3),…., (15,16), (16,16).}). We order and reorder the etalon collection by sorting and resorting it, paying attention to the cycles that appear during a resort, and to the certitude of coincidences appearing as a consequence of several cycles running parallel (like wheels of a Las Vegas machine). Reader is strongly advised to conduct a simple exercise of self-education, by ordering 12 books on their table, first in a sequence author – title, from which the reorder into the sequence title – author is the source of the self-education. Ordering and sorting are abilities that children learn sooner than at the age of 6 years, before the child learns the Sumerian concepts of what is a unit. The ability to recognize sorting procedures generating circular references has not been educated along with the ability to recognize multitudes made up of identical units. The terms ‘place’, ‘value’, ‘movement’, ‘time’, ‘coincidence’, ‘potential’, ‘information’, etc. are experienced anew, while doing the self-educating experiment with 12 books, based on the insights coming from deictic procedures, as one moves one’s books from their old place to their new place, ejecting other books in the process. We look at the books in transit. Elements that are in transit generate one distinct, their own logical class. There are rules pertaining to order and reorder, and to observe such, the best introduction is to use 12 random objects that are classified in 2 aspects. Because the entry to the thought system of circular order engages brain areas hitherto not trained, and because the basic concepts shift from “limitless, linear, unidentifiable” to “limited size, periodic/cyclic/circular, individuals”, the explanation of the discovery faces didactic difficulties. Reader is invited to overcome traditional eye-blinders and habitual blind spots, and to learn the particular techniques of periodic counting. The algorithms work in tandem with their well-known Sumerian counterparts and allow deep insights into Nature’s organizational principles.

Low-power red laser and blue LED modulate telomere maintenance and length in human breast cancer cells.

Cancer cells have the ability to undergo an unlimited number of cell divisions, which gives them immortality. Thus, the cancer cell can extend the length of its telomeres, allowing these cells to divide unlimitedly and avoid entering the state of senescence or cellular apoptosis. One of the main effects of photobiomodulation (PBM) is the increase in the production of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and free radicals, mainly reactive oxygen species (ROS). Existent data indicates that high levels of ROS can cause shortening and dysfunctional telomeres. Therefore, a better understanding of the effects induced by PBM on cancer cell telomere maintenance is needed. This work aimed to evaluate the effects of low-power red laser (658nm) and blue LED (470nm) on the TRF1 and TRF2 mRNA levels and telomere length in human breast cancer cells. MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cells were irradiated with a low-power red laser (69J cm-2, 0.77W/cm-2) and blue LED (482J cm-2, 5.35W/cm-2), alone or in combination, and the relative mRNA levels of the genes and telomere length were assessed by quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. The results suggested that exposure to certain red laser and blue LED fluences decreased the TRF1 and TRF2 mRNA levels in both human breast cancer cells. Telomere length was increased in MCF-7 cells after exposure to red laser and blue LED. However, telomere length in MDA-MB-231 was shortened after exposure to red laser and blue LED at fluences evaluated. Our research suggests that photobiomodulation induced by red laser and low-power blue LED could alter telomere maintenance and length.

Multi-objective optimal allocation of construction project risks, ant colony optimization algorithm

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to introduce a new approach for finding the most appropriate risk allocation among construction contract parties. Although risk allocation is a strategic decision that can greatly affect the cost and time of the project, it is often made based on the personal judgments of employers. That is why owners usually find it a very time-consuming and expensive decision process, while most contractors feel that risk sharing is not done fairly. In this paper, a quantitative model for risk allocation is introduced to fulfill clients’ conflicting expectations in the risk allocation process.Design/methodology/approachBy defining conflicting expectation of owners in the form of three quantitative objectives (lowest cost, maximum reliability and minimum risk exposure), a multi-objective optimization algorithm was developed to select the most appropriate risk allocation. Using experts’ knowledge through fuzzy set theory, a multi-objective decision-making model is developed based on an ant colony optimization algorithm. The proposed model is able to find the optimum risk allocation at the lowest cost and highest reliability while protecting the client against risk exposure within multiple parties projects.FindingsThe proposed model has the ability to select the most appropriate risk allocation in multi-parties projects (such as public–private partnerships) and quantitatively measure the impact of each employer’s choice on project results in the form of cost and time. The results of implementing the proposed model in a case study project revealed that optimum risk allocation requires a balanced attitude, and the transfer of all risks to the other parties will not necessarily lead to the lowest cost. The client should bear more responsibilities in risk management to avoid extreme time delay and cost overrun.Research limitations/implicationsThe proposed model can be implemented in multi-parties projects (such as public–private partnership), while other methods introduced in previous studies can only be used for projects with two party (client and contractor).Practical implicationsBy implementing the proposed model in a real project in this article and comparing its results with previous works, it has been shown that the proposed model has a good performance. Using this model can help clients drastically reduce cost and time and ultimately successfully conclude risk allocation negotiations (which is the most difficult part of any contract negotiation).Originality/valueIn this paper, the risk allocation process is modeled in the form of a multi-objective decision problem. This method helps employers to measure their conflicting goals and choose the most appropriate risk allocation according to their objectives. Also, in this article, the conflicting expectations of the employer in the process of contract negotiations are introduced as three measurable goals, which gives the decision-maker the ability to balance his expectations and not miss an objective. In the final step, an optimization model is developed to select the best option, which can choose the most appropriate party to bear the risk in a short time and among an unlimited number of participants.

Microfluidic Encapsulation of DNAs in Liquid Beads for Digital Loop‐Mediated Isothermal Amplification

Digital nucleic acid analysis has emerged as a prominent tool for the detection and absolute quantification of diverse pathogens. Digital loop‐mediated isothermal amplification (dLAMP) offers highly sensitive, specific, time‐efficient, and cost‐effective nucleic acid amplification. However, existing dLAMP techniques face challenges such as droplet merging, reliance on surfactants, restricted partition capacities, and the potential for sample loss during heating. Herein, these issues are addressed by introducing liquid beads for sample partitioning. Compared to microwells, our approach overcomes the limitations of chamber dimensions, enabling the analysis of an unlimited number of digitized targets. Furthermore, our novel approach effectively addresses sample loss and merging during thermal processing and eliminates the need for surfactants. Accurate and reproducible the quantitative detection of the gene cluster XALB1 of leaf scald disease is conducted using dLAMP based on liquid beads to verify its availability. The results demonstrate a high correlation between target concentration and positive signals, indicating the robust performance of our technique. A comparative analysis is then performed between dLAMP using liquid beads and using single droplets. Benchmarking these two techniques highlights the effectiveness of our innovative technique in overcoming existing challenges in dLAMP.

Правовой статус публично-правовых субъектов в цивилистическом процессе России

The grounds for endowing public law entities with the procedural status of a party to a case in civil and arbitration proceedings are investigated. The author proceeds from the fundamental idea that only participants in a disputed material legal relationship can act as parties to the civil process. Accordingly, persons who do not have the status of a subject of civil law cannot participate in civil and arbitration proceedings as a party. When deciding on the issue of granting the status of a party to a public legal entity, the courts need to proceed from their alleged connection with the dispute, civil legal personality, and the nature of the interest. Attention is also focused on the restriction of freedom in the disposal of the disputed right in cases involving public entities; when approving settlement agreements concluded between a private legal entity and a public entity, the courts need to check whether these agreements violate public interests (the interests of an unlimited number of persons).

Simulated High Throughput Sequencing Datasets: A Crucial Tool for Validating Bioinformatic Pathogen Detection Pipelines.

The validation of diagnostic assays in plant pathogen detection is a critical area of research. It requires the use of both negative and positive controls containing a known quantity of the target pathogen, which are crucial elements when calculating analytical sensitivity and specificity, among other diagnostic performance metrics. High Throughput Sequencing (HTS) is a method that allows the simultaneous detection of a theoretically unlimited number of plant pathogens. However, accurately identifying the pathogen from HTS data is directly related to the bioinformatic pipeline utilized and its effectiveness at correctly assigning reads to their associated taxa. To this day, there is no consensus about the pipeline that should be used to detect the pathogens in HTS data, and results often undergo review and scientific evaluation. It is, therefore, imperative to establish HTS resources tailored for evaluating the performance of bioinformatic pipelines utilized in plant pathogen detection. Standardized artificial HTS datasets can be used as a benchmark by allowing users to test their pipelines for various pathogen infection scenarios, some of the most prevalent being multiple infections, low titer pathogens, mutations, and new strains, among others. Having these artificial HTS datasets in the hands of HTS diagnostic assay validators can help resolve challenges encountered when implementing bioinformatics pipelines for routine pathogen detection. Offering these purely artificial HTS datasets as benchmarking tools will significantly advance research on plant pathogen detection using HTS and enable a more robust and standardized evaluation of the bioinformatic methods, thereby enhancing the field of plant pathogen detection.

Implementation of the work-based learning model in SMEs: Ranking the indicators of feasibility based on transitivity

Work-based learning models have been applied to varying extent across countries. This raises questions about the factors that determine the feasibility of their implementation in small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). The multifaceted impact of these factors and the indicators reflecting them varies significantly, which makes it necessary to rank them appropriately. This study uses a pairwise comparison of the indicators’ importance based on their transitivity to determine such ranking. This new methodology is superior to existing approaches in that it allows the researcher to determine the importance rankings of a virtually unlimited number of indicators without compromising the adequacy of the assessment. It also significantly reduces the scope of expert judgement. The methodology also accounts for interactions between indicators, further improving the relevance of the rankings. Finally, the proposed methodology is versatile as it can be applied to rank the importance of any type of indicators reflecting the state of socio-economic systems.

Multivariate ocean waves dynamics in North Sea and Norwegian Sea by Gaidai reliability method

Current study presents state-of-the-art approach for evaluating spatiotemporal multivariate environmental risks, especially suitable for complex environmental systems that have been either numerically simulated or physically observed. Advocated methodology provides accurate hazard risk forecasts, based on real-time in situ environmental data. Design of offshore structures requires multivariate risk assessment – offshore and naval operations require both short- and long-term risk and reliability analyses. Contemporary risk evaluation techniques often struggle with raw timeseries multivariate data due to intrinsic multidimensionality and nonlinear interconnections among critical system’s dimensions/components. In the current study effectiveness of the Gaidai multivariate risk evaluation method is illustrated by utilizing significant wave heights dataset, measured within two offshore zones: Heidrun and Troll Norwegian oil fields. Analyzing offshore waves being particularly challenging due to their complexity, high nonlinearity, multidimensionality, yet dynamic inter-correlations. Global warming being among several significant factors, affecting ocean and sea wave heights. For naval, offshore and marine structures operating in harsh weather conditions, robust multivariate environmental risk evaluation methods being crucial for both design and safe operations. Current study aims to validate and benchmark state-of-the-art methodology, enabling extraction. Advocated approach allows for efficient yet accurate assessment of global damages, failures or hazard risks for a wide range of complex nonlinear multivariate environmental and energy systems. Primary advantage of presented multivariate reliability methodology lies within its ability to treat complex systems with practically unlimited number of dimensions, while existing reliability methods being mostly limited to univariate and bivariate analyses.

Achieving zero-outage secrecy in short packet cooperative networks

Zero-outage secrecy in short packet is critical in many applications ranging from civilians to military as it guarantees no information leakage to eavesdropper with one hundred percent for any circumstance. This paper aims to consider a novel transmission strategy to achieve zero-outage secrecy in short packet cooperative networks. The zero-outage capacity is derived to guarantee secrecy such that eavesdropper's intercept probability is always at 0.5. The results show that the zero-outage secrecy throughput increases with increasing signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) regardless how powerful eavesdropper is. This indicates the efficient implement of the proposed scheme in practical scenarios when eavesdropper is located close to transmitter or has unlimited number of antenna. The results also show that there exists an optimum number of antenna to maximize energy efficiency.

Digital Marketing as A Strategy to Increase Sales and Consumer Satisfaction

The objective of this paper is to conduct a conceptual review of the literature studies that focus on the link between application-based digital marketing methods and the development of consumer satisfaction and sales. The study's findings indicate that digital marketing is a marketing strategy that capitalizes on the advancement of information and digital technology. Implementing this strategy in a business must consider various internal and external factors to determine the suitability and most appropriate digital marketing strategy for maximum results according to the set objectives. Online systems are not constrained by time, and they have the ability to determine the timing, audience, location, and duration of their marketing campaigns. This presents a significant opportunity for business growth. Digital marketing provides a plethora of engaging, practical, and limitless content, and digital technology enables business owners to quantify the impact of their content on sales. Additionally, business owners have the ability to visit an unlimited number of online platforms, such as social media, web pages, and other accounts, which can attract loyal customers and increase profits. This paper reviews conceptually based on literature studies on the relationship between application-based digital marketing strategies in expanding sales and customer satisfaction. For further research, we can examine the efficiency of implementing digital marketing strategies and the factors that influence them so that they can be input and recommendations for business actors or companies in implementing digital-based and internet-connected marketing systems so that they can increase consumer satisfaction.