University Of Joensuu Research Articles

<i>Ixodes persulcatus</i> [Schulze 1930] (Acari: Ixodidae) in eastern Finland

Data concerning the occurrence and abundance of the taiga tick Ixodes persulcatus in eastern Finland (North Karelia and Kainuu regions) are presented. Sampling was carried out in May 2008 and June 2009, around the University of Joensuu Mekrijärvi Research Station and the City of Kuhmo. In 2008 and 2009, the abundance of adult taiga ticks in the first study area was 0.17 and 0.13 ticks per flag-km, respectively. Only a single I. persulcatus specimenwas found in the second study area (abundance was 0.02 specimens per flag-km). All ticks (635 specimens) collected from cats and dogs in south-eastern Finlandwere identified as Ixodes ricinus.

Übersetzer- und Dolmetscherausbildung in Finnland

Translator education in Finland has been on university level since 1980. There are four Schools of Translation belonging to the University of Helsinki (Kouvola), University of Joensuu (Savonlinna), University of Tampere and University of Turku. Students have to study appr. 5 years to get the degree of Master of Arts. They usually study at least two languages - they can choose between English, Russian, German, Swedish or French as their main subject, and there is the choice between several other languages or special subjects (like: language of law, commerce, intercultural communication etc.) as a second or third subject. Finnish translators get jobs in the EU, the business sector or administration.

A Byzantine Chant Collection From Sicily. A Cοllaboration Between Cοpenhagen and Piana degli Albanesi (Palermo)

The aim of this paper is to give an account of the collaboration between a collector of the Byzantine chant tradition of Piana degli Albanesi (Palermo) in Sicily, namely fr. Bartolomeo Di Salvo, and the editorial board of the Monumenta Musicae Byzantinae, i.e. an institution under the aegis of the University of Copenhagen. Before describing precisely how this collaboration has developed, I will briefly introduce the “Sicilian-Albanian” oral liturgical chant tradition. Among his publications are Oral performances in a (post)-literate society (Lund, 2016), The songs of the roots (forthcoming chapter on Cretan music, University of Vienna), Creative performance in the liturgy: a formulaic melodic language in the Sicilian-Albanian chant tradition (forthcoming, University of Joensuu, Finland), and several articles as chapters of his doctoral thesis.

The Character of the Entrepreneurial University

How are entrepreneurial universities initially formed and how do they sustain themselves? In Creating Entrepreneurial Universities (Pergamon-Elsevier, 1998), I traced developments in a few European universities from 1980 to 1995 to determine how they had gone about significantly changing the way they operated—how they moved to a much more proactive style. I argued that five pathways of transformation could be induced from these cases: diversified funding base; strengthened steering core; expanded developmental periphery; stimulated academic heartland; and integrated entrepreneurial culture. More recently, my latest book, Sustaining Change in Universities: Continuities in Case Studies and Concepts (Open University Press, 2004), substantially expands on that earlier analysis and provides a further look at the evolving character of the entrepreneurial university. In the new book I searched for exemplars of entrepreneurial action—and stronger conceptualization. I turned to 14 internationally distributed case studies to clarify anew the earlier stated pathways of transformation and, further, to suggest dynamics that produce a new steady state committed to ongoing change. Five narratives pursue sustaining developments during the late 1990s in the European universities previously studied: the University of Warwick in England, the University of Strathclyde in Scotland, the University of Twente in the Netherlands, the University of Joensuu in Finland, and Chalmers University of Technology in Sweden. Three new accounts, drawn from the work of other scholars, portray transformed universities in Africa (University of Makerere in Uganda), Latin America (Catholic University of Chile), and Australia (Monash University). Additional brief narratives report on six diverse research universities in the United States (two private, four public), which exemplify aggressive institution building under the spur of intense competition—Stanford and MIT, Michigan and UCLA, North Carolina State University and Georgia Institute of Technology. The newly highlighted dynamics of change stress, first, mutually supportive interaction among transforming elements; second, a newly established forward-looking “perpetual momentum”; and, third, behind the scenes, an institutionalized volition, a collective will, stimulates and guides a self-sustaining and self-selecting forcefulness in responding to societal demands. In one case after another, we find an assertive “bureaucracy of change”: such professional staff as development officers, grants and contracts officers, and continuing education officers—nonacademic personnel who are much more forward-oriented than the traditional “administrative” staff who served on behalf of the funding public authority and higher regulatory boards and councils. We see the overall sustaining capacity become a virtual steady state of change, a character not dependent on a commanding CEO or a brilliant management team. Change becomes a habit, an institutionalized state of being. Since each university is unique in combining common elements with particular features, the case studies produce “amplifying variations” of the overall themes. Chalmers, in Sweden, illuminates particularly well how to generate centers of initiative in a small to medium-size university; the Catholic University of Chile dramatizes how to modernize an old-fashioned faculty in a decade and a half; the University of Michigan reveals how a massive public university, busily multiplying resources, can match up against the sharp competition of the richest private universities in the world. The exhibited variations are as much a source of transferable insight as the old and new concepts that bring formal order to wide-ranging empirical examination of very complex entities. Case study narratives additionally weave uniquenesses around common elements and their amplifying variations. There is, finally, only one MIT, one Twente, one Monash.

The scalar logics of universities as part of statehood transformation in Finland, 1970–1990

In Finland, gradual state restructuring from a Nordic welfare state towards a more international competition state began in the mid-1980s. This transformation affected discourses and spatial ways of thinking about the primary scales of social action. As the strategies of the welfare-state regime emphasised major public investments for the development of infrastructure and equal opportunities across the country, the emerging competition state strategies put less stress on territorial and social equalisation processes and focused, instead, on economic growth through privatisation, specialisation and national and regional competitiveness. Universities took part in this process by instituting socio-political and political-economic practices that were differentially scaled.This article aims to investigate the evolution of two Finnish universities, the University of Joensuu and the Lappeenranta University of Technology, and the role of these institutions in the state’s transformation and scale reconstruction in the 1970s and 1980s. The present analysis is based on the official statements and action plans of the examined universities, as well as individual interviews with their key administrators. The article concludes that the embedded scalar logics of both universities either fostered or hindered their respective abilities to adapt to the prevailing form of state space. It also suggests that the aforementioned universities were more than mere pawns in the transformation process. Indeed, these universities chose divergent symbolic and self-seeking strategies for promoting the scalar relations and state formation each preferred. In regards to these universities, then, the present article seeks to assess the tensions that arose between the processes connected to regional spaces and more deterritorialised practices.

Localising and contextualising information and communication technology in education: a cultural ecological framework

This paper presents a framework for facilitating localisation and contextualisation of information and communication technology (ICT) in education. The framework is developed through the cumulative improvement of the theoretical foundations of the CATI (Contextualise, Apply, Transfer, Import) model for implementing ICT in teaching and learning. The model is re-framed in terms of cultural ecology to place greater emphasis on interactions and transactions between people and their environments. The intention is to arrive at a framework which better reflects the ecology and localisation of people’s interactions with ICT. The framework was piloted with trainee teachers at the University of Joensuu, Finland. Data were collected from student learning diaries containing reflections on the cultural ecological contextualisation of their work in an obligatory course on ICT in teacher’s work. A revised framework and associated pedagogical strategy is presented in the light of the outcomes of the pilot study.

Miserable or Golden Karelia? Interpreting a Cross-border Excursion of Students from Finland to Russia

Two border towns, Joensuu in Finland and Sortavala in Russia, are situated on different sides of the border which cuts across the peripheral region Karelia. A group of 40 Finnish students from the University of Joensuu went on a 2-day excursion to Sortavala in March 2007, being curious to see the anticipated and imagined place of others. During this 2-day excursion, these Finnish students, who had recently started studying Social Policy, were instructed to make notes on everything that they experienced as being different from their own living milieu. The notes made on this excursion give us a snapshot of what it is like to cross a border between familiar and unfamiliar societies. A phenomenological interpretation of the students' travelogs tells us how they carried their previous knowledge as well as all their assumptions and prejudices with them. It can be seen how even a short border-crossing experience influences perceptions of young people about otherness in confusing or reflexive ways. On returning from the trip, many of them found that they looked at their own situation differently than what they had done earlier.

Efficiency analysis to incorporate interval-scale data

We develop an approach to efficiency analysis to enable us to incorporate interval-scale data in addition to ratio-scale data. Our approach introduces a measure of inefficiency and identifies efficient units as is done in Data Envelopment Analysis. The basic idea in our approach is to find the “best” hyperplane separating the units that are better and worse than each unit. “Best” is defined in such a way that the number of not-better units is maximal. The efficiency measure is defined as a proportion of not-better units to all units. The results are invariant under a strictly increasing linear re-scaling of any input- or output-variables. Thus zeroes or negative values do not cause problems for the analysis. The approach is used to analyze the data of the research evaluation exercise recently carried out at the University of Joensuu, Finland.

Corrigendum

EPPO BulletinVolume 39, Issue 1 p. 83-83 Free Access Corrigendum This article corrects the following: Potential distribution ranges in Europe for Aeolesthes sarta, Tetropium gracilicorne and Xylotrechus altaicus, a CLIMEX analysis H. Vanhanen, T. O. Veteli, P. Niemelä, Volume 38Issue 2EPPO Bulletin pages: 239-248 First Published online: July 11, 2008 First published: 11 March 2009 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2338.2009.02240.xAboutSectionsPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat The authors, H. Vanhanen, T. O. Veteli and P. Niemelä, Faculty of Forestry, University of Joensuu, POB 111, FI-80101 Joensuu (Finland); e-mail: henri.vanhanen@joensuu.fi, would like to correct the first two paragraphs of the article: Potential distribution ranges in Europe for Aeolesthes sarta, Tetropium gracilicorne and Xylotrechus altaicus, a CLIMEX analysis. The corrected first two paragraphs appear below: Introduction To date, six species of introduced longhorned beetles have established populations in Europe. Of these, Callidiellum rufipenne (Motschulsky), Anoplophora glabripennis (Motschulsky), A. chinensis (Forster) and Xylotrechus stebbingi (Gahan) are Asian, and Parandra brunnea (Fabricius) and Neoclytus acuminatus (Fabricius) are North American (Schwenke, 1974; Campadelli & Sama, 1989; EPPO, 1999; Braud et al., 2002; EPPO, 2002; EPPO, 2004; Maspero et al., 2005; Pellizzari et al., 2005; Benker & Bögel, 2006; and Mattson et al., 2007). Some of these longhorned beetles are considered to be pests in the areas where they have been introduced in Europe, for example Anoplophora chinensis and A. glabripennis. These species have spread despite eradication measures and have caused tree mortality (Hérard et al., 2005). A. glabripennis has caused widespread problems in North America, especially in cultural habitats, but it has not yet caused serious damage to natural or commercial stands. The species originates from China (Haack et al., 1997). In the USA the impact of A. glabripennis on ornamental trees in cities has been immense (Haack et al., 1997; Hérard et al., 2005). Despite eradication programs removing 7000 trees infected by this pest, the distribution range of the species has widened (Bancroft & Smith, 2005) and has had an economic impact amounting to 650 million USD (Nowak et al., 2001). In Europe the infestation has not extended widely and control measures have been taken to eradicate the pest, but these are still without success (Krehan, 2003; Hérard et al., 2005; Benker & Bögel, 2006; Hoyer-Tomiczek, 2007). Reference Vanhanen H, Veteli TO & Niemelä P (2008) Potential distribution ranges in Europe for Aeolesthes sarta, Tetropium gracilicorne and Xylotrechus altaicus, a CLIMEX analysis. Bulletin OEPP/EPPO Bulletin 38, 239– 248. Volume39, Issue1April 2009Pages 83-83 ReferencesRelatedInformation

Backpacker tourism: concepts and profiles

1. Introduction: Conceptualising and Profiling Backpacker Tourism - Kevin Hannam (University of Sunderland, UK) and Irena Ateljevic (Wageningen University Landscape Centre, The Netherlands)CONCEPTUALISING BACKPACKER TOURISM 2. Suspending Reality: An exploration of enclaves and the backpacker Experience - Julie Wilson (University of the West of England, UK)and Greg Richards (Tourism Research and Marketing, Spain) 3. The Social Psychological Interface of Tourism and Independent Travel - Petri Hottola (University of Joensuu, Finland) 4. Sustainability Research and Backpacker Studies: Intersections and mutual insights - Phillip Pearce (James Cook University, Australia) 5. Are Backpackers Ethical Tourists? - Clare Speed (University of Strathclyde) and Annabel Hartnell (University of Strathclyde, UK) 6. The Lonely Planet Myth: Backpacker bible and travel survival kit - Peter Welk (Australia) 7. Challenging the Tourist-Other Dualism: Gender, backpackers and the embodiment of tourism research - Erica Wilson (Southern Cross University, Australia) and Irena Ateljevic (Wageningen University Landscape Centre, The Netherlands)PROFILING BACKPACKER TOURISM 8. Van tour and Doing a Contiki: Grand backpacker tours of Europe - Jude Wilson, David Fisher and Kevin Moore (Lincoln University, New Zealand) 9. Uncovering the International Backpackers to Malaysia - Lee Tze Ian and Ghazali Musa (University of Malaya, Malaysia) 10. Exploring the Motivations of Backpackers: The case of South Africa - Christine Niggel (Germany) and Angela Benson (University of Brighton, UK) 11. Study Backpackers: Australia's short-stay international student travellers - Jeff Jarvis and Victoria Peel (Monash University, Australia) 12. Women as Backpacker Tourists: A feminist analysis of destination choice and social identities from the UK - Linda Myers and Kevin Hannam (University of Sunderland, UK) 13. The Backpacking Journey of Israeli Women in Mid-Life - Darya Maoz (The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel) 14. Intra-Community Tensions in Backpacker Enclaves: Sydney's Bondi Beach - Julie Wilson (University of the West of England, UK), Greg Richards (Tourism Research and Marketing, Spain) and Ian MacDonnell (University of Technology, Australia ) 15. Perceptions of Backpacker Accommodation Facilities: A comparative study of Scotland and New Zealand - Jenny Cave (The University of Waikato, New Zealand), Maree Thyne (The Robert Gordon University, UK) and Chris Ryan (The University of Waikato, New Zealand) 16. Conclusion: Towards a Critical Agenda for Backpacker Tourism - Irena Ateljevic and Kevin Hannam

Fatty acid signatures as indicators of diet in great skuas Stercorarius skua, Shetland

MEPS Marine Ecology Progress Series Contact the journal Facebook Twitter RSS Mailing List Subscribe to our mailing list via Mailchimp HomeLatest VolumeAbout the JournalEditorsTheme Sections MEPS 319:297-310 (2006) - doi:10.3354/meps319297 Fatty acid signatures as indicators of diet in great skuas Stercorarius skua, Shetland Anne Käkelä1, Jonathan Crane2, Stephen C. Votier2, Robert W. Furness2, Reijo Käkelä1,* 1Department of Biology, University of Joensuu, PO Box 111, 80101 Joensuu, Finland 2Institute of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Graham Kerr Building, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK *Corresponding author. Email: reijo.kakela@joensuu.fi ABSTRACT: Fatty acid signatures (FAS) were determined in plasma and adipose tissue of great skuas Stercorarius skua from Shetland in order to test the applicability of this biomarker in estimating diets of wild scavenging seabirds. The plasma FAS were compared with those of captive herring gulls Larus argentatus, which were fed typical Northeast Atlantic demersal and pelagic fish. The individual fatty acids that showed the largest proportional changes in FAS due to changes of dietary fish in herring gulls also varied the most in wild great skuas, suggesting a dietary origin of these changes in FAS. Thus, great skuas that had recently been feeding largely on a demersal or terrestrial diet were distinguished from individuals feeding mainly on a pelagic diet. Pronounced variation in the plasma FAS of great skuas suggests either very flexible feeding behaviour or individual dietary specialisation, which concurs with previous studies based on pellets. Individuals that regurgitated pellets consisting only of demersal fish, bird or rabbit showed larger values of a specific polyunsaturated fatty acid ratio (20:4n-6/18:3n-3+18:4n-3+20:5n-3) than birds whose pellets also contained remains of pelagic fish. Although pellet data showed a clear dominance of demersal fish in the summer diet of the great skua, the large proportions of long-chain monounsaturated fatty acids (e.g. 20:1n-9 and 22:1n-11) in adipose tissue of the great skua suggest that a considerable part of fat accumulated outside the breeding season comes from fatty pelagic fish. KEY WORDS: Adipose tissue · Fatty acid signatures · Fishery discards · Foraging ecology · Great skua · Plasma · Seabirds · Shetland Full text in pdf format PreviousExport citation RSS - Facebook - Tweet - linkedIn Cited by Published in MEPS Vol. 319. Online publication date: August 18, 2006 Print ISSN: 0171-8630; Online ISSN: 1616-1599 Copyright © 2006 Inter-Research.

Participatory action research as a method for developing leadership and quality

This article deals with the possibilities of participatory action research in quality enhancement projects at the level of university departments. The projects, carried out between 2002 and 2004, were aimed at developing leadership and management, fluency and division of academic work, well‐being, and the health of academic staff. Four departments at the Universities of Joensuu and Helsinki participated in the project. In the spring of 2004, staff members from the departments were interviewed in order to evaluate the development process. In this article, we shall analyse and evaluate the application of participatory action research used in the projects carried out at the University of Joensuu.

Retrieval of the effective complex refractive index of Bruggeman nanoliquids from surface plasmon resonance reflectance using the maximum entropy method

We show that surface plasmon resonance reflectance measurement can be used to extract the effective complex refractive index of a Bruggeman nanoliquid, i.e. a solution consisting of spherical nanoparticles embedded into a host liquid such as water, using the maximum entropy method. This retrieval can be immediately performed once the optical properties of the host liquid are known. In this paper we investigate the upper limit of the volume fraction of spherical nanoparticles in a solution that still yields a reliable result in the retrieval based on the maximum entropy method. Finally, we show that by squeezing the spectrum we can significantly reduce the errors in the analysis and retrieve the effective complex refractive index for a high volume fraction of nanoparticles. ¶Permanent address: Department of Physics, University of Joensuu, PO Box 111, FI-80101 Joensuu, Finland. ∥Emails: erik.vartiainen@lut.fi (EMV); kai.peiponen@joensuu.fi (K-EP)

The many faces of responsibility: Acceptability of the global pulp and paper industry in various societies

Mikkila, M. 2006. The many faces of responsibility: Acceptability of the global pulp and paper industry in various societies. University of Joensuu, Faculty of Forestry. Business enterprises have always had to consider responsibility issues in their relations with the surrounding society, but the content of this responsibility has altered, as it inevitably reflects changes in the societal situation and debate with place and time. This thesis analyses the concept of responsibility within the Nordic-based pulp and paper industry empirically by quantitative and qualitative methods, employing the acceptability of operations as an indicator. The data were gathered at four mills of the case company located in four countries: China, Finland, Germany and Portugal, by interviewing internal and external stakeholders. The interview material provided a number of definitions of the acceptability of operations. The main elements of acceptability for the Chinese were loyalty, distribution of welfare and cultural diversity, while the Finnish stakeholders emphasised profitability, sustainability and communication, the Germans socioeconomics, the solid waste problem and global forest operations and the Portuguese case showed the importance of technical competitiveness, quality of the products and land use. The results showed that legal obligations set the minimum level of acceptable operations, but a wider notion of responsibility is needed, because local legislation is commonly inadequate. It is reasonable to adjust responsible operations according to local circumstances. The empirical study nevertheless indicated that global corporate responsibility is not only the sum of local issues arising in the various places of operation, as some responsibility elements are formed directly at the global level. Acceptability of operations indicated comprehensive responsibility in business. Thus the findings were integrated into a holistic responsibility model, which diverges from earlier definitions in considering both the internal and external responsibility of the organisation. This model supports the view that corporate governance and corporate responsibility will be combined in the future to form a comprehensive, responsible management approach. At its best, the model combines the objective of ethical business practices with efficient allocation of resources both in companies and in society at large.

American Studies in Finland

Since its establishment in 1996, the Finnish American Studies Association has sought to promote the field of American Studies in Finland by organizing conferences, events and by increasing networking amongst its scattered membership (ca. 35) working at various universities and other higher education institutions. The current President of the Association is Dr Jopi Nyman (University of Joensuu) and its Secretary is Dr Ari Helo (University of Helsinki). While currently only the University of H...

Challenges and strategies for forest education and research in Finland

Since 1995 the development of forest research and education has been defined more and more in the European context instead of solely on Finland basis. According to the Bologna Process in 1999, Finland committed to the joint actions to develop high forestry education through wide networking as other European countries. National Forest Programme (NTF) in 1999 by the Finnish Government aims at improving forest‐related know‐how through a strong innovation based on research, education and expansion of internationalisation and Europeanisation. However, research and development funding for forest sector decreased remarkably from 1995. Following NTF, research of many institutes including Finnish Forest Research Institute (Metla) becomes more and more customer‐oriented, that is “from the markets to the forest”. There are two forest education institutes, i.e., Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, University of Helsinki and Faculty of Forestry, University of Joensuu. The former works for the sustainable function of natural resources and places emphasis on the internationalisation of each academic programme and the latter places emphasis on the research of boreal forestry. The new two cycle degree programme is the one with a 3 year Bachelor and 2 year Master course. Networking between education and research institutes and between governmental and non‐governmental organisations is highly recommended for the new era of education, research, and industry in forestry in addition to the changes of education contents from the utilisation of forest to sustainability of forest based on society and global demand.

The Russian Work Collective and Migration

During the Soviet era, the renowned Kirov factory in St Petersburg employed about 50,000 workers. The privatisation of the factory began in 1992, and by 1999 the number of employees had been cut to...

Markku Filppula, Juhani Klemola and Heli Pitkänen(eds.). The Celtic Roots of English(Studies in English, 37). Joensuu: University of Joensuu. 2002. 330 pp. Pb (9524581647).

Journal of SociolinguisticsVolume 9, Issue 2 p. 304-307 Markku Filppula, Juhani Klemola and Heli Pitkänen(eds.). The Celtic Roots of English(Studies in English, 37). Joensuu: University of Joensuu. 2002. 330 pp. Pb (9524581647). Reviewed by Piotr Stalmaszczyk, Reviewed by Piotr StalmaszczykSearch for more papers by this author Reviewed by Piotr Stalmaszczyk, Reviewed by Piotr StalmaszczykSearch for more papers by this author First published: 13 June 2005 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1360-6441.2005.00293l.xRead the full textAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat Volume9, Issue2May 2005Pages 304-307 RelatedInformation

Simulating an electrochemical interface using charge dynamics

We want to thank Dr. Tapani Pakkanen and his students at the University of Joensuu for their work in performing much of the ab initio calculations presented here. We’d also like to acknowledge financial support from the NSF, grant number CTS–0215786 as well as support from Brigham Young University.

Language Contact, Variation, and Change (review)

Reviewed by: Language contact, variation, and change ed. by Jussi Niemi, Terence Odlin, and Janne Heikkinen Andrew Moody Language contact, variation, and change. Ed. by Jussi Niemi, Terence Odlin, and Janne Heikkinen. Joensuu, Finland: Joensuun yliopiston monistuskeskus, 1998. Pp. 286. ISBN 9517087454. €17. The sixteen essays in this volume originate from two meetings held at the University of Joensuu in May 1997: The 24th Finnish Conference of Linguistics and The Second Scandinavian Summer School on Language Diversity. Unfortunately, the articles are not grouped into larger categories or topics. In an article on language purism in Nordic communities, Endre Brunstad (1–14) introduces some of the measures taken by language planners to purify Norwegian, Danish, Swedish, Icelandic, and Faroese from relatively recent English influences. Wolfgang U. Dressler (15–32) argues that ‘productivity should be viewed as the constitutive and primitive property of patterns or rules or processes of grammar, thus at the core of morphology’ (18). Zsuzsa Duray (33–47) describes the sociolinguistic conditions related to the death of Nganasan, a Uralic language that is being replaced by Russian. Evidence of prehistoric contact between Germanic and Balto-Finnic languages is introduced and discussed by Sirkka-Liisa Hahmo and Tette Hofstra (48–69). Returning to the theme of language shift, Panu Hallamaa (70–97) writes of personal experiences encountered while studying language vitality among the native languages of Alaska and issues of measuring language proficiency, identifying sociolinguistic causes of shift, and engaging in social advocacy. Helena Halmari (98–110) discusses the elements of case marking with English adverbials (as loanwords or via codeswitching) in Finnish. In a discussion of archaeological and historical evidence as well as linguistic data, Anu-Reet Hausenberg (111–24) argues that the split of Permic tribes from Finno-Komi contacts could have occurred much earlier than previously believed. Jan Heegaard (125–35) proposes language contact as an adequate explanation of discrepancies found in the appearance of vowel length in the Kalashamon language. In an analysis of Finnish-Americans’ shift to English, Pekka Hirvonen (136–50) observes that Finnish-Americans follow the established and predictable pattern of shifting within the second generation. Using a framework for language attrition developed by Roger D. Anderson (‘Determining the linguistic attributes of language attrition’, The loss of language skills, ed. by Richard D. Lambert and Barbara F. Freed, 83–118, Rowley, MA: Newbury House, 1982), Ossi Kokko (151–72) develops an explanation for the attrition of Ingrian Finnish, and especially case marking, among a small population in Russia and Estonia. In an analysis of the similarity of l-suffixes in Samoyed and neighboring non-Uralic languages of Siberia, Ago Künnap (173–83) argues that this morphological feature entered through language contact. Minna-Liisa Mathalt (184–94) analyzes the strategies used in eight interpretation situations to demonstrate that the strategies used are situation-dependent. Examining the recent controversy over Ebonics, Terence Odlin (195–233) investigates some of the ways in which a dialect may become a language. Using the notions of ‘deep Background’ and ‘local Background’ developed by John Searle (Intentionality: [End Page 842] An essay in the philosophy of mind, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1983), Esa Penttilä, Marja Nenonen, and Jussi Niemi (234–45) argue that idioms that are more closely connected with universal human experience are grasped crosslinguistically more quickly than those that are connected with culture-specific experience. Helka Riionheimo (246–68) tests a model of morphological attrition by examining language shift from Ingrian Finnish to Estonian. Finally, Ikka Savijärvi (269–86) discusses some of the aspects of language contact in Ingria among four Baltic-Finnic languages which, though distinct, are closely related to one another. Andrew Moody University of Macau Copyright © 2003 Linguistic Society of America