University Industry Government Relations Research Articles

The role of university–industry linkages in promoting technology transfer: implementation of triple helix model relations

AbstractThis study recognized the importance of linking higher education institutions with various industries in a given country to promote technology transfer and sustainable development. However, in one or another way, the linkage was not well-practiced in Ethiopia. The study aims to assess the role of university–industry linkages in technology transfer and identify the barriers and opportunities of the linkage. Universities have institutionalized intermediary organizations such as technology transfer offices, collaborative research centers, incubators, and science parks to enhance university–industry collaboration. The collaboration between academia and industry is understood as the transactions between universities and firms that involve the exchange of knowledge, skills, resources, and capabilities. The study uses the concept of the triple helix model and proposes the establishment of the Higher Education Institutions–Industry Resource Integration Center as a way forward to solving the problems that Ethiopian industries are facing. A triple helix of university–industry–government relations is emerging as a common format that transcends national boundaries. The integration of these functions is changing the nature of the university and its role in society. The potential for national development in Ethiopia and elsewhere resides in entrepreneurial universities taking the lead in infusing knowledge, innovation, technology, and enterprise into the entire society.

The Role of Performance Measurement in University–Industry Collaboration Projects as a Part of Managing Triple Helix Operations

Abstract As part of contemporary Triple Helix operations, universities are more and more frequently asked to collaborate with other social actors to generate knowledge that supports their innovation and development activities and to foster economic growth. In addition to research and education tasks, universities are developing formal and informal collaborations with industrial organizations to fulfill the third mission of societal effectiveness and to receive funding from research grants. These university-industry research and development projects, at the societal level and from the viewpoints of policymakers and financiers, aim to create economic growth and to support the innovation and learning capabilities of the organizations, among other benefits. One key challenge to managing these collaborative activities between universities and other societal organizations is related to measuring and evaluating them. Therefore, this study focuses on supporting the future development of evaluation and performance measurement for the operational-level activities of university–industry–government relationships. The study explores the performance measurement practices currently used by universities and financiers and intends to increase the understanding of both current performance measurement practices and the challenges regarding university–industry (UI) collaboration projects. The empirical data for this study were gathered from UI research projects in Finland. As part of the management of university–industry–government relations and Triple Helix operations, the results of this study reveal some challenges in the evaluation and measurement of the collaborative projects in the three phases explored: before the project, during the project, and after the project. The study’s results indicate that UI collaboration projects’ performance evaluation practices are based mainly on the tasks promised in the projects’ applications. Furthermore, measurements are mainly used for external-reporting purposes. To support the future development of the evaluation and performance measurement of university–industry–government relations, some propositions for overcoming these challenges are presented, and the potential implications of the findings for scholars, university members, financier representatives, and policy makers are discussed.

Dinamika Pendidikan Tinggi Vokasi Penerbangan Merespon Isu Industri 4.0

Talking about human development, the topic that keeps existing in higher education is skill-gap between university and industry. The challenge is getting harder with shifting conditions in the globe including the issue of industrial revolution 4.0. This challenge has an immediate effect on the existence and the development of vocational academy such as Indonesian Civil Aviation Institute. Therefore, this study explores the changes that occur in as Indonesian Civil Aviation Institute as a result of higher education policy in Indonesia. This study uses SWOT analysis to examine the strategies taken by this university to encounter the issue. According to this research, there are dynamic changes in the relation between this university, government, and industry as the outcome of dissimilar interpretation of the issue.
 
 References :
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 Etzkowitz, H., & Leydesdorff, L. 1995. The Triple Helix – University Industry Government Relations: A Laboratory for Knowledge Based Economic Development. EASST Review 14, 14-19.
 Etzkowitz, H., & Leydesdorff, L. 2000. The Dynamics of Innovation: From National Systems and '‘Mode 2'’ to a Triple Helix of University -Industry - Government relations. Research Policy, 29(2), 109-123.
 Izzati, MF & Wilopo. 2018. Implementasi Triple Helix Dalam Mendorong Pertumbuhan Industri Kreatif Di Kota Malang Sebagai Upaya Peningkatan Daya Saing Untuk Menghadapi Masyarakat Ekonomi Asean. Jurnal Administrasi Bisnis (JAB)Vol. 55 No. 1 Februari 2018 hal 59-68.
 McKinsey. 2015. Industry 4.0 How to navigate digitization of the manufacturing sector. England: Stamford
 Senarath, S. A. C. L., & Patabendige, S. S. J. (2014). Job-education mismatch among the graduates: A Sri Lankan Perspective. Ruhuna Journal of Management and Finance, 1(2), 1-16.
 UNIDO. Industry 4.0: Opportunities and Challenges of the New Industrial Revolution for Developing Countries and Economies in Transition. Panel Discussion
 USDA. 2008. SWOT analysis a tool for making better business decisions. United States Department of Agriculture Risk Management Agency.

Triple Helix of University–Industry–Government Relations in Japan: Transitions of Collaborations and Interactions

Japan’s stringent university regulations were considerably relaxed after 1998. This paper’s analysis of Japan clarifies changes in the collaborations and interactions between universities, industries, and governments before and after this deregulation. A historical case study with the triple helix framework is applied; it uses the ‘triple helix’ for modelling the dynamics of university–industry–government relations. Most studies that use the triple helix model focus on university collaborations, while this study examines the whole range of university–industry–government collaborations. The results show that the collaborations which lead the development of university–industry–government relations, as well as the scope of collaborations, change in response to reforms in regulations. Industry–government collaboration led the development of university–industry–government relations before deregulation, and university–industry collaboration did so after deregulation. Though university–industry–government relations continue to develop, the scope of industry–government collaboration decreases because of deregulation. We interpret these factual findings in line with the triple helix model. We discover the characteristic development process of the triple helix model; it has a period wherein the triple helix develops under the prominent role of the government. Two possible reasons could be cited for this process: first, there were stringent regulations on university–industry collaborations; and second, industry–government collaborations were active through public-sector laboratories which were widespread in Japan.

Role of government funding in fostering collaboration between knowledge-based organizations: Evidence from the solar PV industry in China

As a knowledge-based industry, the structure of the solar photovoltaic industry is influenced continuously by transformations which originate from technosciences. This paper adopts the notion of the ‘science’ community to include universities and research institutes to examine government funding impact on science–industry collaboration in the Chinese solar photovoltaic industry. The triple helix model of university–industry–government relations for explaining structural developments in knowledge-based economies is often used to depict integration among functions of knowledge creation, business production and governance control at the interfaces in these knowledge-based organizations. Through comparisons between subsidized and nonsubsidised R&D activities, based on 10,366 scientific publications derived from the databases of Web of Science during the period from 2003 to 2013, the impact of government funding on their research collaboration is examined in the solar photovoltaic industry take-off phase and acceleration phase. The findings show that the three helices interact to foster collaboration between the knowledge-based organizations where the government–science link and the government–industry link are fairly strong, but the science–industry link is relatively weak. In consequence, policy-makers should develop more effective mechanisms to foster knowledge diffusion between science and industry.

A New Approach for the Cooperation between Academia and Industry: An Empirical Analysis of the Triple Helix in East China

The triple helix of university–industry–government relations has been accepted as a significant determiner of innovation. For the economic progress of the industrialised nations, the cooperation between academia and industry is terribly crucial. For the purpose of profit maximisation by means of such cooperation, achieving a healthy and productive cooperation is of vital importance. Science and technology (S&T) cooperation platform is an original cooperative mode in East China, which is similar to the technology transfer office. This article researches the cooperation relation and makes a thorough inquiry of the influence of cooperation on high-tech firms. Based on an investigation of 552 high-tech firms and 56 universities, we found that the high-tech firms can improve economic situation via the cooperation with universities on the platform. Moreover, principal discoveries demonstrate that the economic performance of high-tech firms is positively related with the co-operation projects. Furthermore, with a view to making policies and raising probable improvements to cooperative efficiency between academia and industry, this study also finds that high-tech firms selecting distinct cooperation models on the platform will bring different effects on the economic performance of firms.

Attaining a productive structure for technology: The Bayh–Dole effect on university–industry–government relations in developing economy

This paper attempts to provide a systematic assessment of the ‘Bayh–Dole’ effect on the university–industry–government structures of Malaysia, a developing economy, from a quantitative dimension, in order to provide policy-makers with the central aspects of structural change. This paper takes account of those studies which question the significance of university patenting from the perspective of quality and utility. We observe widespread endogenization of university patenting and co-patenting processes in indigenous technology development cycles after the passage of Bayh–Dole-type legislation. The basic research supports and subsequent provisions of Bayh–Dole-type legislation provide us with the implications of strategic policy in attaining a productive network structure for technological innovations. We consider the importance of Bayh–Dole-type legislation in routinizing university research with regard to potential commercial values or applications. Thus, we break new ground in considering what the passage of such legislation actually achieves in a developing economy.

Knowledge-generating efficiency in innovation systems: The acceleration of technological paradigm changes with increasing complexity

Time series of US patents per million inhabitants show cyclic structures which can be attributed to the different knowledge-generating paradigms that drive innovation systems. The changes in the slopes between the waves can be used to indicate efficiencies in the generation of knowledge. When knowledge-generating systems are associated with idem innovation systems, the efficiency of the latter can be modeled in terms of interactions among dimensions (for example, in terms of university–industry–government relations). The resulting model predicts an increase in efficiency with an increasing number of dimensions due to the effects of self-organization among them. The dynamics of the knowledge-generating cycles can be analyzed in terms of Fibonacci numbers; successive cycles are expected to exhibit shorter life cycles than previous ones. This perspective enables us to forecast the expected dates of future paradigm changes.

How university global partnerships may facilitate a new era of international affairs and foster political and economic relations

A new paradigm of structured international university relationships is emerging as shaped by a new era of government and industry intervention in association with knowledge. It is driven not only by political and economic interests, but also by an increased perception of the growing perceived evidence of the potential benefits resulting from the economic appropriation of the results and methods of science by the society.This paper builds on the Triple Helix of university–industry–government relations and shows that structured international relationships may act as agents of change if associated with activities that are fundamentally different from the traditional role of universities, involving, most of the times, capacity building and various forms of social and economic appropriation of knowledge. They also require understanding the nature of international cooperation beyond the exporting/importing of “academic services” in all the institutions involved. In addition, they clearly break traditional boundaries of “national systems of innovation” and bring new challenges in terms of the necessary institutional integrity that universities need to preserve and foster.

Triple Helix of University–Industry-Government Relations in Biotechnology Cluster: the case of Singapore

Triple Helix of University–Industry-Government Relations in Biotechnology Cluster: the case of Singapore

A simulation model of the Triple Helix of university–industry–government relations and the decomposition of the redundancy

A Triple Helix (TH) network of bi- and trilateral relations among universities, industries, and governments can be considered as an ecosystem in which uncertainty can be reduced when functions become synergetic. The functions are based on correlations among distributions of relations, and therefore latent. The correlations span a vector space in which two vectors (P and Q) can be used to represent forward "sending" and reflexive "receiving," respectively. These two vectors can also be understood in terms of the generation versus reduction of uncertainty in the communication field that results from interactions among the three bi-lateral channels of communication. We specify a system of Lotka---Volterra equations between the vectors that can be solved. Redundancy generation can then be simulated and the results can be decomposed in terms of the TH components. Furthermore, we show that the strength and frequency of the relations are independent parameters in the model. Redundancy generation in TH arrangements can be decomposed using Fourier analysis of the time-series of empirical studies. As an example, the case of co-authorship relations in Japan is re-analyzed. The model allows us to interpret the sinusoidal functions of the Fourier analysis as representing redundancies.

Mutual redundancies in interhuman communication systems: Steps toward a calculus of processing meaning

The study of interhuman communication requires a more complex framework than Claude E. Shannon's (1948) mathematical theory of communication because “information” is defined in the latter case as meaningless uncertainty. Assuming that meaning cannot be communicated, we extend Shannon's theory by defining mutual redundancy as a positional counterpart of the relational communication of information. Mutual redundancy indicates the surplus of meanings that can be provided to the exchanges in reflexive communications. The information is redundant because it is based on “pure sets” (i.e., without subtraction of mutual information in the overlaps). We show that in the three‐dimensional case (e.g., of a triple helix of university–industry–government relations), mutual redundancy is equal to mutual information (Rxyz = Txyz); but when the dimensionality is even, the sign is different. We generalize to the measurement in N dimensions and proceed to the interpretation. Using Niklas Luhmann's (1984–1995) social systems theory and/or Anthony Giddens's (1979, 1984) structuration theory, mutual redundancy can be provided with an interpretation in the sociological case: Different meaning‐processing structures code and decode with other algorithms. A surplus of (“absent”) options can then be generated that add to the redundancy. Luhmann's “functional (sub)systems” of expectations or Giddens's “rule‐resource sets” are positioned mutually, but coupled operationally in events or “instantiated” in actions. Shannon‐type information is generated by the mediation, but the “structures” are (re‐)positioned toward one another as sets of (potentially counterfactual) expectations. The structural differences among the coding and decoding algorithms provide a source of additional options in reflexive and anticipatory communications.

Rotational symmetry and the transformation of innovation systems in a Triple Helix of university–industry–government relations

Using a mathematical model, we show that a Triple Helix (TH) system contains self-interaction, and therefore self-organization of innovations can be expected in waves, whereas a Double Helix (DH) remains determined by its linear constituents. (The mathematical model is fully elaborated in the Appendices.) The ensuing innovation systems can be expected to have a fractal structure: innovation systems at different scales can be considered as spanned in a Cartesian space with the dimensions of (S)cience, (B)usiness, and (G)overnment. A national system, for example, contains sectorial and regional systems, and is a constituent part in technological and supra-national systems of innovation. The mathematical modeling enables us to clarify the mechanisms, and provides new possibilities for the prediction. Emerging technologies can be expected to be more diversified and their life cycles will become shorter than before. In terms of policy implications, the model suggests a shift from the production of material objects to the production of innovative technologies.

An interview with Loet Leydesdorff: the past, present, and future of the triple helix in the age of big data

The triple helix (TH) of university–industry–government relations can be considered as one of the most popular innovation models in the last two decades. In this brief interview with Leydesdorff, we show how the TH can be used to improve knowledge-based innovation systems in some developing and transitional economies and provide some concrete examples of TH applications in the age of big data.

Upgrading the Chinese Economy by Overhauling Special Economic Zones

In the 12th Five-Year Plan (2011–2015), the Chinese Committee of Science, Technology and Education, the main body for the central government's innovation policy, highlights the strengthening of the scientific–technological base and the upgrading of domestic innovative competences, and places the industrial focus on seven new strategic industries. Available data show that the transition is underway, from a Chinese growth model based on the availability of inexpensive land, investments, exports and a very large low-cost workforce to science-based and innovation-driven growth. However, the poor outcomes from public S&T expenditures suggest that future growth will depend on a different growth formula and that the greatest impact will come from an innovative innovation model. This paper focuses on an emerging Chinese innovation model that applies elements of cluster theory and the regional innovation systems approach to the next development stage of Chinese Special Economic Zones. The model also adopts features of the Triple Helix model of university–industry–government relations such as ‘systemness’ and entrepreneurial universities to enforce regional innovativeness. The author outlines the management and governance challenges associated with the policy objective of moving from imitation to innovation. The paper is based on a study on cluster management for the German Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF) 2009–2013 and on empirical research in collaboration with the Chinese Association of Developmental Zones (CADZ) in 2012. The study used 15 expert interviews with managers of Tianjin Wuqing Development Zone in the Beijing–Tianjin Corridor and with senior officials of CADZ, the Chinese Academy of Sciences and the Ministry of Science and Technology, at the Second China German Innovation Forum held in Berlin on 26 and 27 November 2012.

A routine for measuring synergy in university–industry–government relations: mutual information as a Triple-Helix and Quadruple-Helix indicator

Mutual information in three (or more) dimensions can be considered as a Triple-Helix indicator of possible synergy in university–industry–government relations. An open-source routine th4.exe makes the computation of this indicator interactively available at the internet, and thus applicable to large sets of data. Th4.exe computes all probabilistic entropies and mutual information in two, three, and, if available in the data, four dimensions among, for example, classes such as geographical addresses (cities, regions), technological codes (e.g. OECD’s NACE codes), and size categories; or, alternatively, among institutional addresses (academic, industrial, public sector) in document sets. The relations between the Triple-Helix indicator—as an indicator of synergy—and the Triple-Helix model that specifies the possibility of feedback by an overlay of communications, are also discussed.

Open Innovation Diplomacy and a 21st Century Fractal Research, Education and Innovation (FREIE) Ecosystem: Building on the Quadruple and Quintuple Helix Innovation Concepts and the “Mode 3” Knowledge Production System

The traditional Triple Helix innovation model focuses on university–industry–government relations. The Quadruple Helix innovation systems bring in the perspectives of the media-based and culture-based public as well as that of civil society. The Quintuple Helix emphasizes the natural environments of society, also for the knowledge production and innovation. Therefore, the quadruple helix contextualizes the triple helix, and the quintuple helix the quadruple helix. Features of the quadruple helix are: culture (cultures) and innovation culture (innovation cultures); the knowledge of culture and the culture of knowledge; values and lifestyles; multiculturalism, multiculture, and creativity; media; arts and arts universities; and multi-level innovation systems (local, national, global), with universities of the sciences, but also universities of the arts. The democracy of knowledge, as a concept and metaphor, highlights and underscores parallel processes between political pluralism in advanced democracy, and knowledge and innovation heterogeneity and diversity in advanced economy and society. The “mode 3” knowledge production system (MODE3KPS; expanding and extending the “mode 1” and “mode 2” knowledge production systems) is at the heart of the fractal research, education and innovation ecosystem. MODE3KPS universities or higher education systems are interested in integrating and combining mode 1 and mode 2. The concept of open innovation diplomacy (OID) encompasses the concept and practice of bridging distance and other divides (cultural, socioeconomic, technological, etc.) with focused and properly targeted initiatives to connect ideas and solutions with markets and investors ready to appreciate them and nurture them to their full potential. In this sense, OID qualifies as a new and novel strategy, policy-making, and governance approach in the context of the quadruple and quintuple innovation helices.

The Triple Helix, Quadruple Helix, …, and an N-Tuple of Helices: Explanatory Models for Analyzing the Knowledge-Based Economy?

Using the Triple Helix model of university–industry–government relations, one can measure the extent to which innovation has become systemic instead of assuming the existence of national (or regional) systems of innovations on a priori grounds. Systemness of innovation patterns, however, can be expected to remain in transition because of integrating and differentiating forces. Integration among the functions of wealth creation, knowledge production, and normative control takes place at the interfaces in organizations, while exchanges on the market, scholarly communication in knowledge production, and political discourse tend to differentiate globally. The neo-institutional and the neo-evolutionary versions of the Triple Helix model enable us to capture this tension reflexively. Empirical studies inform us whether more than three helices are needed for the explanation. The Triple Helix indicator can be extended algorithmically, for example, with local–global as a fourth dimension or, more generally, to an N-tuple of helices.

Longitudinal trends in networks of university–industry–government relations in South Korea: The role of programmatic incentives

This study examines the longitudinal trend of systemness in networked research relations in South Korea using a triple helix (TH) indicator of university–industry–government (UIG) relations. The data were harvested from the Science Citation Index (SCI) and its counterparts in the social sciences (SSCI) and the arts and humanities (A&HCI). The total number of Korean SCI publications has grown rapidly since 1965. However, the TH indicator shows that the network dynamics have varied considerably according to the research policies of the national government. The collaboration patterns, as measured by co-authorship relations in the SCI noticeably increased, with some variation, from the mid-1970s to the mid-1990s. However, inter-institutional collaboration in the first decade of the 21st century was negatively influenced by the new national science and technology (S&T) research policies that evaluated domestic scientists and research groups based on their international publication numbers rather than on the level of cooperation among academic, private, and public domains. The results reveal that Korea has failed to boost its national research capacity by neglecting the network effects in science, technology, and industry.

The decline of university patenting and the end of the Bayh–Dole effect

University patenting has been heralded as a symbol of changing relations between universities and their social environments. The Bayh–Dole Act of 1980 in the USA was eagerly promoted by the OECD as a recipe for the commercialization of university research, and the law was imitated by a number of national governments. However, since the 2000s university patenting in the most advanced economies has been on the decline both as a percentage and in absolute terms. In addition to possible saturation effects and institutional learning, we suggest that the institutional incentives for university patenting have disappeared with the new regime of university ranking. Patents and spin-offs are not counted in university rankings. In the new arrangements of university–industry–government relations, universities have become very responsive to changes in their relevant environments.