University Business Incubators Research Articles

The Possibility of Establishing an Iraqi University Business Incubator and Its Expected Impact on Entrepreneurship: An Analytical Study in a Sample of Iraqi Universities

Aims: This research aims to determine the extent to which Iraqi universities can establish university business incubators that affect the orientation of university students in a sample of Iraqi universities towards entrepreneurship. Study Design: The research adopted the descriptive analytical method to describe the research variables and interpret the results. Place of Study: This research was applied to a sample of 11 Iraqi government engineering and agricultural universities in northern, central and southern Iraq, which were selected due to their importance in providing the industrial and agricultural sector in Iraq with skilled human resources and project ideas that promote economic growth, as well as having university incubator units that seek to activate them. Methodology: A sample representing the indigenous community was selected. Its size reached (160) individuals from the administrative leaders, heads of departments and teaching staff in the researched universities. The researcher relied on an electronic questionnaire designed with (kobotoolbox) as the main tool, and a set of statistics was used, represented by (mean, standard deviation, coefficient of variation, simple regression), and the research data was analyzed using (SPSS V.28). Results: The research results showed a positive moral relationship to between all dimensions of university business incubators on entrepreneurship at the level of Iraqi public universities, and all research hypotheses were acceptable. Conclusion: The findings indicate that there are possibilities for the Iraqi universities discussed to activate the work of university business incubators at an average rate that can be worked on and developed through the adoption of models of work mechanisms to benefit from international experiences in this field.

Future entrepreneurial behavior among female university students: The moderating role of university business incubators

This study examined the future entrepreneurial behavior of female university students. It also examined the moderating role of university business incubators in the relationship between planned behavior and future entrepreneurial behavior among female students. A questionnaire was developed based on Ajzen’s proposals on how to build a questionnaire for the theory of planned behavior and then distribute it to female students at Jordanian universities. The results of the study indicated the presence of future entrepreneurial behavior among female university students in Jordan. The results also indicated that there is a statistically significant relationship between planned behavior and future entrepreneurial behavior. Moreover, the moderating role of university business incubators was significant. The study concluded that female university students have plans and intend to start their own projects and become entrepreneurs despite their young age and economic situation. They are becoming more educated about the importance of being part of a university business incubator and its vital impact on their behavior, networks and future of entrepreneurship. Studying the future entrepreneurial behavior of female university students is particularly necessary given the difficult economic situation and the particularly high unemployment rate among women in Jordan.

Do Public University Business Incubators in Indonesia Have Good Performance?

Indonesia's innovation management focuses on enhancing competitiveness, independence, and economy through research and development, with university-based business incubators connecting research and commercialization. Three public incubators have an A rating, indicating an 86 percent survival rate. This research aims to explore the level of efficiency of business incubator performance, and level of tenant satisfaction, and classify business incubator services into different levels of satisfaction/dissatisfaction through a satisfaction matrix. The research employs a quantitative method, utilizing a Paired Sample t-test and IPA (Importance Performance Analysis) matrix. The results show that job creation (on average per year) exceeds the benchmarking value, so it can be said that the public universities’ business incubator has contributed to job creation. There are differences in all variables for the level of effectiveness and importance which have negative values or tenants feel dissatisfied with the services provided by the business incubator, business incubator services that need attention are IP protection and startup legal, exhibitions and business matching with investors or potential partners, business network support after graduation and business expansion assistance after graduation.

Advancing sustainable entrepreneurial universities: sustainability transformations of university business incubators in Germany

AbstractGiven the profound environmental and societal challenges, many higher education institutions (HEI) have adopted sustainability as a central mission to induce desirable societal impacts. While previous research investigated the transformation processes of HEIs toward sustainability, few studies took an explicit entrepreneurial perspective and questioned its implications for the Entrepreneurial University (EU) model. To address this gap, our study explores the emergence and pursuit of a Sustainable Entrepreneurial University (SEU). We specifically focus on the role of sustainable university business incubators (UBIs) as primary institutions of entrepreneurship within the SEU model. Using a multiple-case study of four German UBIs, we illustrate how they embarked on their sustainability journey, developed internal capacities to support sustainable entrepreneurship, and overcame various barriers during their transformation trajectories. Our analysis identifies six distinct sustainability transformation stages and proposes a stylized model to explain the emergence of sustainability in UBIs. Based on these findings, our study discusses several theoretical implications for the SEU. We illustrate that SEU sustainability impacts evolve over time and that continuous leadership commitment is a mediating factor. Moreover, our results suggest that SEUs strategically engage in external partnerships with alternating functions. Given the urgency to promote sustainable entrepreneurship in HEIs, the study concludes with several practical recommendations for practitioners and policymakers. Moreover, it offers suggestions for future research to explore the potential of SEUs and their contribution to addressing pressing societal and ecological challenges.

Business Incubators and Entrepreneurial Training: Leveraging Technological Innovations and Digital Marketing

The existing literature on university business incubators has noted the transferability of resources, availability of talented managers, proactive leadership, internal and external stakeholders&#x0027; involvement, strong collaborations, and networking management as key factors that can increase these incubators&#x0027; effectiveness. However, none of the studies have examined how alignment with relevant sustainable development goals (SDGs) and leveraging technological innovations such as digital marketing can enhance the contribution of university business incubators and entrepreneurial training imparted at HEIs to encourage sustainable entrepreneurship. Since the entire world is focused on systematically pursuing SDGs to achieve the 2030 agenda envisioned by the United Nations, the present study posited that incubators and entrepreneurial training at HEI, which are aligned with pertinent SDGs and the latest technological innovations, would be more relevant in grooming future entrepreneurs skilled to contribute to the sustainability agenda. Thereby, it examined the key aspects of the <i>entrepreneurship-SDGs-technology</i> union in the higher education setting. Toward this end, open-ended essays were used to collect data from 38 start-up owners&#x002F;partners&#x002F;employees who have been associated with university business incubators recently or received entrepreneurial training at HEIs in the recent past. Content analysis of the qualitative data revealed the extent to which the existing incubators and entrepreneurial training at HEIs were aligned with SDGs 4, 9, 11, and 12. It also uncovered the perceptions of entrepreneurs about how HEIs were leveraging technological innovations such as digital marketing to create awareness about SDGs among the relevant stakeholders in the entrepreneurial ecosystem and to make entrepreneurial training and businesses more sustainability-oriented.

How do student entrepreneurs use open innovation and incubation services to improve the performance of university-incubated startups?

Existing knowledge regarding how student entrepreneurs leverage open innovation (OI) and incubation services within university business incubators (UBIs) to enhance the performance of university-incubated startups (UISs) is limited. We propose a model suggesting that the adoption of OI practices mediates the relationship between student entrepreneurs' OI motives and UISs’ performance, while UBI services mediate the relationship between the use OI practices and startup performance. To validate our model, we conducted a quantitative survey of 97 student entrepreneurs from five UBIs in Latvia. Our findings demonstrate a dual mediating effect where the use of OI practices and UBI services significantly impacts UISs’ performance while providing valuable theoretical and practical insights.

Green Entrepreneurship Incubation Model for Students at Trilogy University Business Incubator: A Literature Review

Green entrepreneurship, which emphasizes sustainable economic methods, has grown rapidly in recent decades. Green startups are supported by several incubation programs worldwide. Their frameworks, resources, and mentorship tactics have changed to meet new requirements. This study explores these paradigms in Trilogi University’s academic and cultural milieu. Second, this research analyzes global green entrepreneurship incubation models’ frameworks, resources, and mentorship methods. Second, to evaluate these models’ suitability for Trilogi University. A systematic literature study was conducted using academic databases. The evolution of green entrepreneurship incubation approaches was highlighted in 1990–2023 articles. A rigorous two-stage review and theme analysis were used to organize retrieved data into trends and difficulties, notably at universities. The study examines incubation frameworks, resource diversification, and mentorship strategy development. Various worldwide models are investigated, focusing on Trilogi University. The study highlights the benefits of integrating these approaches in academic contexts, such as multidisciplinary collaboration and access to huge resources. This study connects global incubation models to university environments, preparing future researchers. Global best practises can help academic institutions, like Trilogi University, optimise their incubation methods. The report recommends addressing scalability and funding dynamics to help green businesses grow in academia.

Effect of Managerial Ability and Effectivity on Tenant Business Performance at YARSI University Business Incubator

The purpose of this study is to explain the importance of tenant performance in the creation of new entrepreneurs/tenants in higher education by entrepreneurship educational institutions where incubators are present. In Indonesia, a number of incubators are emerging, particularly at universities, as places to develop intellectual and professional human resources. The poor performance of the Yarsi University Incubator's tenants can be seen by looking at the 28 tenants that have started operating in the past five months. Because the population and sample for this study were childcare facilities with a total of 28 tenants, this sample was included in a saturated sample. This study discusses the role of tenant performance in the Yarsi University incubator as seen through tenant management skills and tenant effectiveness in operating the business in the incubator. Operative in performing management functions and consists of the ability to plan, organize, direct or perform tasks, and exercise supervision. Effectiveness can now be measured by the outputs and inputs that tenants provide to entrepreneurship in the incubator.

The impact of social capital on the entrepreneurial performance of university business incubators: the moderating roles of entrepreneurs' risk-taking and managers' proactive behavior

University incubators are regarded as the main mode of promoting knowledge transfer and innovation development. How to overcome the lack of entrepreneurial experience and obtain positive external support is the key to improve entrepreneurial performance. The purpose of this study is to explore the impact of social capital on entrepreneurial performance through the enhancement of entrepreneurs' risk-taking behavior and incubator managers' proactive behavior. This study employed a quantitative approach: 414 entrepreneurs from 18 university incubators of Guizhou Province in China were investigated through stratified sampling and purpose sampling. SPSS.26 software was used for descriptive statistics, inferential statistics and multiple regression analysis. The analyses revealed a significant direct relationship between social capital and the entrepreneurial performance of new ventures in university incubators. The proactive behavior of incubator managers was found to moderate the relationship between social capital and entrepreneurial performance. Furthermore, entrepreneurs' risk-taking was found to moderate the relationship between relational social capital and entrepreneurial performance, but did not affect the impacts of cognitive and structural social capital on entrepreneurial performance.

Exploring the Mediating Role of Innovation Behavior: Unraveling the Impact of Social Capital on Entrepreneurial Performance in University Business Incubators

Exploring the Mediating Role of Innovation Behavior: Unraveling the Impact of Social Capital on Entrepreneurial Performance in University Business Incubators

Key Factors for University Business Incubator Implementation (UBI): Literature Review

Business and entrepreneurship are risky activities, especially for new business people. One of the ideal business incubators is the one created by the campus, which is referred to as the University Business Incubator (UBI). However, it is not easy to ensure that UBI successfully carries out its vision and mission, for that it is necessary to study the Key Success Factors (KPIs) of UBI's success. From the criteria set, 15 articles become the unit of analysis of this literature review research. The results of the review found 7 conclusions. First, there are 3 aspects in making UBI, namely organization, service, and measuring the success of UBI and tenants. Second, important organizational aspects are UBI management, capital support, technology, facilities, ideas, networks, strategies, as well as communication or promotion. Third, the aspect of services to be provided depends on the location of the country and the business character of the tenant. Fourth, the recommended physical services are office space and production space. Non-physical services recommended are training/ consulting/ assistance, capital support, technology, facilities and ideas, networks, strategies, and communication or promotion of tenant products. Fifth, the recommended training areas are business technical, marketing, finance and banking, export-import, law, human resources and product development. Sixth, the role of the academic community can be as experts, sources of business networks, and other support personnel. Seventh, UBI success measurement can be done using financial performance and can be combined with operational performance.

Entrepreneurship Education: Methods and tools to increase successful academic venture creation

Higher Education Institutions (HEIs) face a high degree of complexity when designing entrepreneurial education programmes at the level of University Business Incubators (UBIs) and beyond. Our paper addresses these concerns by answering the question: "What are the entrepreneurial and pedagogical methods, templates and tools that a new academic venture needs to be exposed to in order to not only raise awareness but also increase the level of successful start-up creation?". To this end, we seek to build a framework that delineates different entrepreneurial education (EE) approaches along the lifecycle of new venture creation at universities. Moreover, we reflect our theory-based framework with a case study of different EE education provided to different target groups (students, academic venture teams) at a German university, i.e. the Ruhr-Universität Bochum and its excellence start-up centre "Worldfactory". This study will provide new insights into EE and higher education, and the dynamics of new ventures and their entrepreneurs in the awareness EE stage.

Factors Influencing the Entrepreneurial Intention of University Business Students: Evidence from Lima-Peru

Entrepreneurial intention has become a question, and in order to investigate its study, this research was based on the Theory of Planned Behaviour, which takes as dimensions the entrepreneurial attitude, the subjective norm and self-efficacy. The purpose of this research is to identify the factors that influence the entrepreneurial will of university business students in Peru. For this purpose, the study method used is mixed, cross-sectional and non-experimental; it comprises a quantitative analysis with a sample of 400 university students, to whom a virtual questionnaire was applied; and it is complemented with a qualitative analysis through videoconference interviews with 11 experts in entrepreneurship in the Peruvian and international context, made up of business career coordinators, university business incubator coordinators and student entrepreneurs. The results highlight as factors in entrepreneurial intention the desire to be independent (65%), the challenge in practice of creativity and innovation (62%), the enjoyment of knowledge about business genesis strategies (55%), also the development of soft skills such as leadership and resilience, as the merit of attributing technological tools within the business, notions highlighted by the qualitative analysis. It is concluded that universities should take these factors into account in the design of competencies in their student curricula, creating programs that generate an entrepreneurial ecosystem, and with it, the formation of companies, new jobs and socioeconomic improvement.

The Influence of University Business Incubators on their Associated University Startups

In recent years, academic entrepreneurship has become a popular topic among universities aiming to promote innovation and entrepreneurship among their students and faculty. University business incubators have been established to support the growth and development of startups founded by university members.

Strategic Planning and Decision Making as Key Components of Economic Digital Gamification

The article examines two forms of gamification with elements of digitalization in the preparation of students of economic specialties and proposes a third form of game learning in 3D-virtual reality. The components of strategic planning and the decision-making process, which can be effectively used in the process of teaching/learning economic disciplines on IT-platforms and in 3D-simulators in the conditions of university business incubators, are analyzed. Attention is drawn to the redistribution of the role of the human factor/capital as aresult of the rapid development of smart-robots and artificial intelligence.

Start-ups in the Era of Digital Revolution: Factors that Shape the Intention to Launch a New One

Although we are in the heart of the digital revolution era, the original understanding of "start-up" as an enterprise in the early stage still dominated the literature. The vague understanding of the start-up concept led to a considerable misunderstanding, which may be misleading in exploring the launching phenomena. Despite this, fewer studies have addressed this issue and accurately understood it from conceptual or empirical perspectives. This paper aims to illustrate the definition of a start-up. After that, the authors utilised secondary data from the existing academic literature to develop a conceptual framework to understand individual and environmental factors' roles in the intention to launch a new start-up and suggest propositions for a future empirical test. The findings identified individual factors (entrepreneurial ideas, skills) that have remained unclear in the literature. Entrepreneurial ideas and skills can be fundamental in pushing individuals to be entrepreneurs. Moreover, university business incubators might introduce as a moderator; the arguments about their effect on personal and intellectual abilities remain unexplored very well. More inclusive conceptual perspectives are required to provide evidence crucial for developing and filling the existing gap. Based on the proposed framework, the authors encourage scholars to test its propositions empirically.

Does University business incubator boot the Entrepreneurial Intention and Entrepreneurial Decision among students: A case study in Vietnam

Boosting entrepreneurial intention (EI) and entrepreneurial decision (ED) among Vietnamese students is a hot topic with many researchers and policymakers. Based on the TPB theory, this study analyzes factors influencing students' EI and ED. It is emphasized that EI plays a mediating role between entrepreneurial self-efficacy (ESE), entrepreneurial education (EE), entrepreneurial support policy (ESP), and ED. In addition, university business incubators play a moderating role between ESE and EI and between EI and ED. A data set of 295 students was collected in most universities in Vietnam, and the Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) model was used for the data analysis. The study outcomes demonstrated that all suggested factors positively impacted EI and ED, except that students with good ESE would skip the EI phase and go straight to ED. In other words, the mediating role of EI could have been better, even when University business incubators appeared. Another interesting result was that University business incubators performed better in the EI and ED relationship than ESE and EI. The research results provide scientific proof for the university and policymakers to build entrepreneurial training programs, ESP, and improve UBI's operation, promoting entrepreneurship among students.

University business incubators and opportunities for collaboration with companies within the start-up 2

Business incubators based on the university mainly target social impact by creating opportunities for job creation, and profit is not the primary objective. However, companies are doing business, and there should be strong reasons to attract them in collaboration with the university. This paper aims to find the possibilities for collaboration between university business incubators and companies. To achieve this purpose, we used the data from scientific articles. The review is based on the content analysis of the relevant papers in the three-level approach (individual, organisational and institutional). Similar to other entrepreneurship-supporting organisations, university business incubators connect start-ups with mature companies or industry leaders to allow faster growth for new ventures. This research illustrates that the most significant types of collaboration for all three levels (individual, organisational and institutional) are mentorship and networking. The suggestions of this paper give an overview of the incubation process to entrepreneurship researchers. Keywords: Business incubator, entrepreneurship, networking, start-ups, university, university-industry collaboration;

Correction: Does university business incubator influence the individual entrepreneurial orientation of students? Evidence from entrepreneurship village, Brunei Darussalam

Correction: Does university business incubator influence the individual entrepreneurial orientation of students? Evidence from entrepreneurship village, Brunei Darussalam

Sustainable Development and Saudi Vision 2030: Entrepreneurial Orientation of Students Toward E-Businesses and Proposed Model of “Virtual Business Incubator” for SEU

This study aims to explore Saudi students’ entrepreneurial orientation (EO) toward e-businesses in the line of achieving the strategic objectives of Saudi Vision 2030. Saudi Vision 2030 (hereafter, Vision 2030) is a strategic framework to attain the sustainable development of Saudi Arabia. It was first announced by Crown Prince Mohammad bin Salman in April 2016. Authors have proposed a Saudi Vision Linkages Model to show the role and importance of university education (UE) and entrepreneurial culture in fulfilling the specific requirements of the Saudi labor market to attain the ultimate strategic objectives of Vision 2030. The authors also proposed a conceptual model of the study to depict the relationships of EO with their entrepreneurial intention toward online businesses (e-EI). The study used a multidimensional model of the EO where three subdimensions, namely risk-taking propensities (RTP), innovativeness (INV), and pro-activeness (P-ACT), are used. The conceptual model of the study also shows UE and gender (GEN) as moderating variables. The authors used convenience sampling to collect cross-sectional data and conducted an online survey among the students at Saudi Electronic University (SEU) using a 5-point Likert-type scale to collect the data through a questionnaire, observing a total of 17 items and 408 filled questionnaires were received. Authors proposed six hypotheses where four hypotheses build the direct relations, namely, RTP (H1), INV (H2), P-ACT (H3), and UE (H4) with e-EI and hypotheses H5 and H6 are further divided into the subhypotheses, respectively, in H5a, H5b, H5c and H6a, H6b, H6c to show the moderating effect of UE (H5) and GEN (H6). SmartPLS 4.0 software is used to apply structural equation modeling for the analysis of data. Reliability, composite validity, discriminant validity, and model-fit indices of the measurement model are assessed before running a bootstrapping to measure the significance and standardized β estimates of the paths of hypotheses (structural model analysis). After analyzing the results, in the suggestions section, the authors have suggested that the university build a university business incubator for the students to promote entrepreneurial activities on all the campuses with a head office in the Riyadh campus.