University Of Gottingen Research Articles

Max Delbruck: Founder of Molecular Genetics.

Max Delbrück (1906-1981) attended the University of Gottingen, where he studied astrophysics initially, switching later to theoretical physics. He earned his PhD in physics from Gottingen in 1930. Delbruck then moved to England and Denmark. It was during this time that he met Niels Bohr and his argument that quantum mechanics might have a wider application to biology-inspired Delbruck to pursue biology.

Review of the rove beetles (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae) from the Pliocene of Willershausen, Germany.

The rove beetle fauna (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae) (excluding the subfamily Silphinae) of the PlioceneofWillershausen (Lower Saxony, North Germany) is reviewed based on the type and other material of previously described or reported taxa, as well as two new specimens. Six subfamilies are represented in the deposit, with two subfamilial assignments considered tentative: Aleocharinae?, Micropeplinae, Oxytelinae, Paederinae, Staphylininae? and Tachyporinae. Pliosyntomium Korge, 1967 syn. nov. is placed as a junior synonym of PaederusFabricius, 1775. The following new combination is established: Paederusschmidti (Korge, 1967) comb. nov. All rove beetle fossils from Willershausen housed in theCollections of theGeoscienceMuseum, University of Gottingen.

J. L. Tellkampf: German Legal Scientist in the U.S. (1838-47) in an Age of Reform

This is one of two articles on J.L. Tellkampf, a legal scholar who already in 1841 in an important series of articles in the America Jurist pointed the way to a modern American legal system as one where codifying and systematizing would lead common law.Supported by Justice Joseph Story, poet Henry Wadsworth Longfellow and famous naturalist Alexander von Humboldt, he was a professor at Columbia College and at Union College. His research into prison discipline paralleled that of Alexis de Tocqueville. He was a founder of what is now the Correctional Association of New York. Francis Lieber found him a rival. In New York Tellkampf worked with “Young Americans” such as the codifiers of the New York Revised Statutes and David Dudley Field. He knew the poet Poe and other lead Young Americans. He supported reform and criticized past practice.Before coming to the U.S. in 1838, Tellkampf was a young supporter of modern constitutionalism in Germany and a colleague of the Brothers Grimm at the University of Gottingen. Upon his return to Germany he was a member of the Frankfurt Parliament of 1848 and of its all important constitutional committee and an advocate of American practices.The article “J.L. Tellkampf: German Legal Scientist in the U.S. 1838-1847 in an Age of Reform” is about Tellkampf’s life in the United States and the mixed reception he received here in his pursuit of legal scholarship. The article “The First Humboldtian Research Trip into the Polis: J.L. Tellkampf in the United States 1838-1847”: is about his research into legal methods, codification, currency backing and prison discipline.

CORRUPTION AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT: AN ECONOMETRIC PERSPECTIVE ON REGIONAL VARIATIONS

Corruption is a widespread phenomenon and is hard to measure and quantify. Ever since the publication perception of corruption indices by Transparency International (TI) and University of Gottingen for various countries in 1994 attempts have been made to investigate the sources and impact of corruption on the economy. Considering an economic approach to corruption, in this paper we examine the sources of corruption using the data on cross-section of countries at different stages of economic development at two points of time 2003 and 2013.Further we investigate regional differences in the causes of corruption. Using corruption perception index, we find that economic growth, size of the public sector and the human development are significant individually in both the years. There are statistically significant regional differences in the sources of corruption. The growth impact on corruption is not significant at the regional level. Similarly, the size of the public sector is significant in Asia Pacific, EU and in American continent countries. Finally, literacy is significant in every region except in the Middle East. The results have interesting policy implications for economic growth, especially in low-income countries with high rates of corruption.

The Purpose and Value of Research

Human cognition and intellect have always strived for improvement of the human condition. Improvements are primarily based upon development of new knowledge and its application. This remains the prime purpose of all research and its value.There is often a spatiotemporal disconnect between the occurrence of research and realization of its value. Translation of new knowledge into socio economically valuable application takes time. An apt example is as follow:Alfred Haar, a Hungarian mathematician-scientist, introduced the idea of HAAR orthogonal system through his doctoral thesis at University of Gottingen, Germany in 1909. Ingrid Daubechics, a Belgian mathematicianphysicist, working at Courount Institute of Mathematical Sciences at New York University, USA, in 1980s developed compactly supported continuous wavelets finding useful application of wavelet theory in digital signal processing especially image compression. Stephen Hallet, originally from France, also helped develop wavelet theory applications in signal and image processing. It took at least seven decades before valuable applications were developed based on Haar's theoretical concepts. New knowledge thus created through research, in one part of the world, may lead to production of valuable applications in a different part of theworld, at a different time.The puritan idea of research as enumerated above, has been corrupted with time. A lot of Ivory tower's research today is taking place to fulfil criteria of job placement and promotions. The concept of impact factor supports this purpose by providing a mechanism, howsoever flawed, of providing a quantitative mechanism to judge research capabilities of individuals and institutions. This lends greater impetus to self-serving researchthan to society serving. This impact factor approach appears to have helped increase the quantity of research, but certainly not its quality in terms of socio economic value.Much greater interaction between the elements of quadruple helix (of academia, industry, society and government) is required to improve our understanding to develop means for enhancing the ratio of socioeconomically valuable research to self serving one.By directing our endeavors to yield better fruits for the society as a whole, serves a far higher purpose and generates much greater value.

محققان معمای سیستم ایمنی گیاهان را حل کردند

یک گروه پژوهشی بین‌المللی از دانشگاه گوتینگن، در خصوص ایجاد انعطاف‌پذیری در گیاهان در برابر تهدیدها، مکانیسم‌های مولکولی سیستم ایمنی گیاهان را مطالعه کردند و نشان دادند میان یک ژن نسبتا ناشناخته و مقاومت در برابر عوامل بیماری‌زا ارتباط وجود دارد. نتایج این مطالعات در مجله The Plant Cell منتشر شده است. دانشمندانی از ProTECT (گروه بررسی پاسخ گیاه به نابودی تهدیدهای بحرانی)، مکانیسم‌های مولکولی سیستم ایمنی یک گیاه کوچک گلده را با نام Arabidopsis thaliana (Tale cress) بررسی کردند. ProTECT یک گروه آموزش تحقیقات بین‌المللی (IRTG) است که در سال 2016 با همکاری دانشگاه‌های گوتینگن (University of Gottingen) و بریتیش کلمبیا (University of British Columbia) در ونکور (Vancouver) تأسیس شد. هدف از مطالعه آنها شناسایی و توصیف یک ژن خاص از یک گیاه مقاوم در برابر بیماری بود. بررسی‌های این گروه نشان داد گیاهانی که این ژن معروف کوچک را ندارند، به مقدار زیادی اسیدهای فعال را در خود نگه می‌دارند. علاوه‌بر‌این، این گیاهان مقاومت بالایی را نسبت به عوامل بیماری‌زا نشان می‌دهند، اگرچه این مقاومت موجب کاهش رشد چشمگیری در آنها می‌شود.

Camostat Mesylate but Not Hydroxychloroquine May Reduce Severity of Organ Failure in COVID-19 Sepsis: A Case-Control Study

Background: The pandemic severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is the causative agent of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). COVID-19 may take a severe course, resulting in sepsis, and antivirals are urgently needed to combat the disease. However, at present, only drugs developed against other diseases are available including the Malaria drug hydroxychloroquine but their therapeutic efficacy is unclear. Camostat mesylate, a clinically-proven protease inhibitor for treatment of pancreatitis, was shown to block SARS-CoV-2 entry into lung cells. Whether camostat mesylate dampens COVID-19 induced sepsis and the associated organ failure is unknown. Here we compare clinical courses of critically ill COVID-19 patients treated with either camostat mesylate or hydroxychloroquine. Methods: Eleven COVID-19 patients with organ failure were treated in intensive care unit (ICU) at our institution. Five patients (group 1) received hydroxychloroquine and six patients (group 2) camostat mesylate. Clinical disease status was assessed by Simplified Acute Physiology Score (SAPS) II and Sequential/ Sepsis-related Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA) score at day 1, 3 and 8. Viral load was determined from nasopharyngeal swabs. Findings: Patient age ranged from 45 to 76 years, all but one had histories of chronic disease and cardiovascular risk factors. Median symptomatic period was 2-10 days before being transferred to ICU. No differences in SAPS II scores or SOFA scores were observed upon ICU admission. In group 1, SOFA and SAPS II scores remained elevated (2 patients died) while in group 2 SOFA and SAPS II score decreased from 9 to 4 points (1 patient died). The decline in disease severity for group 2 was paralleled by a decline in inflammatory markers, which was not observed in group 1. The virus load in the nasopharynx was variable between patients, did not correlate with organ failure and no marked differences were observed between groups 1 and 2. Interpretation: The severity of COVID-19 sepsis markedly decreased upon camostat mesylate treatment within a period of 8 days and a similar effect was not observed upon hydroxychloroquine treatment. Camostat mesylate thus warrants further evaluation within randomized clinical studies. Funding Statement: Authors were employed at the University of Gottingen or at the Infection Biology Unit of the German Primate Center (Leibniz Institute for Primate Research). All expenses were covered by publicly funded institutions. Stefan Pohlmann received funding from the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF), RAPID Fund (#01KI1723D). Declaration of Interests: The authors declare no competing interests. Ethics Approval Statement: Compassionate use was approved by our local ethical committee at the University of Gottingen.

Lower limit found for ice formation

Ninety molecules—plus or minus 10—is the threshold at which nanosized water droplets can form ice crystals such as those we see in snowflakes or ice cubes, according to a new study (Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 2019, DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1914254116). Previous theoretical studies put that lower limit at between 100 and 300 water molecules. Now, Valeria Molinero of the University of Utah, Francesco Paesani of the University of California San Diego, Thomas Zeuch of the University of Gottingen, and colleagues have combined experimental and theoretical work to find a more precise answer. The researchers generated water clusters of varying sizes at temperatures between 40 and 150 K using a high-pressure nozzle. Infrared spectroscopy revealed that crystalline-ice hydrogen bonds form between molecules in clusters of about 90 molecules and bigger at around 150 K. Up to about 150 molecules, the molecules in these clusters oscillate between the solid and liquid phases. The

德籍漢語學習者繁體字轉換成簡體字過 渡時期之漢字偏誤

The Department of East Asian Studies at the University of Gottingen in Germany stipulates that students learn traditional Chinese characters in their first year. In the spring semester of the second year, students may choose to continue writing traditional Chinese characters or convert traditional Chinese characters into simplified Chinese characters. Students who chose simplified characters have experienced the transition period from traditional Chinese characters to simplified Chinese characters, and also had unique errors of Chinese characters. For example, due to the influence of traditional Chinese characters, the 旅游 of simplified characters was written as 旅遊; based on traditional Chinese characters that have been learned before students have created their own simplified Chinese characters, for example, 亲眼 was written as 亲见眼. We found that the errors of Chinese characters produced during this transition period are sort of different from the Chinese learners who haven’t been through this period, and that is also the research motivation. Therefore, this study mainly illustrates the errors of Chinese characters produced by German Chinese learners who converted traditional Chinese characters into simplified Chinese characters. Below are the research questions: in this transition period, what is the phenomenon of Chinese characters errors? What are the teaching suggestions for learners who first have learned traditional Chinese characters and then learn simplified Chinese characters? The data of this research are the students' compositions, a total of 42 articles. The research steps are to collect the articles written by the students who have undergone the transition period within one month, and then analyze the errors of the Chinese characters appearing in the article, and finally propose the teaching and learning suggestions. The research results show that the types of Chinese character errors include stroke errors, component errors, homonyms/sounds replacement, traditional characters replacement, multiple errors, and others. We hope through this research, the errors of Chinese characters in this transition period will be reduced. Key words : Chinese characters errors analysis, The transition period from traditional Chinese characters to simplified Chinese characters, German Chinese learners 德國哥廷根大學東亞研究所漢學系規定學生在第一年學習繁體字, 第二年下學期可選擇繼續書寫繁體字或轉換成簡體字｡ 選擇簡體字的學生此時經歷書寫上的繁簡轉換時期, 也產生特有的漢字偏誤, 例如, 受之前學習繁體字的影響, 把簡體字的 ｢旅游｣寫成繁體字的 ｢旅遊｣, 或是根據學過的繁體字類推簡體字, 產生特有的簡體字偏誤, 例如, 把 ｢亲眼｣寫成 ｢亲见眼｣等｡ 筆者發現這段轉換時期所產生的漢字偏誤和一般外籍學習者的漢字偏誤不同, 也產生了研究動機｡ 故本研究主要探討繁體字轉換成簡體字的過渡時期德籍漢語學習者所產出的漢字偏誤｡ 研究對象為德國哥廷根大學東亞研究所漢學系的學生｡ 研究資料來源為學習者一週完成一篇的文章, 共42篇｡ 研究問題為這個過渡時期, 漢字偏誤現象如何﹖針對先學繁體字再學簡體字的學習者有何漢字教學建議﹖研究步驟為收集經歷繁簡轉換的學生一個月內之文章, 進而分析歸納文章中出現的漢字偏誤, 最後提出教學建議｡ 研究結果發現：漢字偏誤類型有筆畫偏誤、部件偏誤、同音字/音近字誤代、繁體字誤代、多重偏誤和其他｡ 希望透過本研究所分析出的漢字偏誤以及教學建議, 減少經歷繁簡轉換時期學習者的漢字偏誤, 並進而提供給教學現場的教師參考｡ 關鍵字 : 漢字偏誤分析, 繁簡體字轉換, 德籍漢語學習者

How hydrogen sticks to graphene

The 2-D sheet of sp2-hybridized carbon atoms in graphene helps grant the material unique and useful chemical, material, and electronic properties. Adding hydrogen atoms to the carbons can improve those properties—for example, by turning graphene into a semiconductor. New laboratory and computational experiments reveal how energy dissipates through a graphene sheet when hydrogen atoms strike it, making C–H bond formation possible (Science 2019, DOI: 10.1126/science.aaw6378). Alec. M. Wodtke of the University of Gottingen and the Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry was experimenting with hydrogen scattering from metal surfaces when his group observed that graphene grown on platinum behaved differently. Hydrogen and metal atoms collide like billiard balls, he says, but when hydrogen hits a graphene carbon it doesn’t bounce off, it forms a bond. Wodtke’s collaborator, Thomas F. Miller III of the California Institute of Technology, used computational models to better understand what happens. When st...

Nobel laureate Manfred Eigen dies

Manfred Eigen, winner of the 1967 Nobel Prize in Chemistry, died on Feb. 6 at the age of 91. Eigen shared the Nobel Prize for his work measuring the speeds of ultrafast reactions and also helped found the Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry (MPIBPC) in Gottingen, Germany. “Manfred Eigen had the vision to investigate biological questions using quantitative methods from physics and chemistry,” including many he developed himself, says Patrick Cramer, director at the MPIBPC. “This approach led to fantastic advances in biophysics and quantitative biology and strongly contributed to the detailed view of many fundamental processes of life.” Eigen was born in Bochum, Germany, in 1927 and originally hoped to become a pianist. However, World War II interrupted those plans. As the war ended, he instead chose to study physics and chemistry at the University of Gottingen. Eigen completed his doctorate in physical chemistry at age 24 and

The Deadweight Loss of Christmas - Reply

In this paper, we study the welfare effects of Christmas presents with a focus on the effect of presents for gift-givers. Based on a survey among students at the University of Gottingen, Germany, we find that the vast majority of gift-givers prefers in-kind gifts compared to gifts of money. The average present in our survey has a price of 36 Euro and results in a surplus of 10 Euro. This indicates a welfare gain of approximately 143% from the average giver's perspective. The welfare gain for presents to friends and partners is lower than for presents to close family members. Our empirical analysis shows a negative effect of a present's price on the welfare gain for gift-givers.

The case of the Steinhaus seminar on applied mathematics. Outline of the concept

This article is devoted to the Seminar on Applied Mathematics, conducted in 1948-1960 by Professor Hugo Steinhaus in Wroclaw. It is based on the protocols of this Seminar so far not discussed anywhere. Many facts related to Professor Hugo Steinhaus can be found easily in the literature, also in the diary of the professor \emph{Mathematician for all seasons--recollections and notes.} (2016). Steinhaus was an outstanding mathematician. He wrote his doctoral thesis under the direction of David Hilbert at the University of Gottingen. Already at that time, he was interested in applications of mathematics. He also used mathematics as the goal of life in various aspects of economic and social life. During the Wroclaw period, when he was running the Applied Mathematics Seminar for people with different professions and interests, he gave the beginning of the Wroclaw School of Applied Mathematics. All the problems considered in this Seminar are briefly signaled in the protocols that are presented in the article along with the supplement based on the publication.

Cardiometabolic risks in India

In a recent article in this journal, we discussed diabetes and Cardiovascular disease (CVD) risks in Indians living abroad. The article was written to complement the information that was published by an elite group of the American Heart Association (AHA);-”the council members of the various subcommittees.” In the journal Circulation, AHA published a scientific statement about the CVD risk of Indians living in the USA. In the June issue of the journal PLoS Medicine, The George Institute for Global Health (GIGH), Sydney, Australia, with collaborators from; Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, USA; Department of Economics, University of Gottingen, Heidelberg University, Germany; School of Public Health Johannesburg, South Africa; King's College London, UK, Indian Institute of Public Health, and Public Health Foundation of India, have published a one of a kind article on, “Geographic and sociodemographic variation of CVD disease risk in India: A cross-sectional study of 797,540 adults.” I am writing this article, as a complement to the topic reviewed by the George Institutes of Global Health and associates and other expert groups. The specific objectives of this academic exercise by the GIGH were, to determine how the CVD risk- and the factors that determine risk varies among states in India, by rural-urban location, and by individual-level sociodemographic characteristics. Rajeev Gupta and associates from Jaipur, under the aegis of South Asian Society on Atherosclerosis and Thrombosis, did a study in 2012, on “Regional variations in CVD risk in India: India heart watch.” The researchers found a wide regional variation in CVD mortality. They concluded, “that although no nationwide study of risk factors exists, there were significant state-level and rural-urban level differences in major CVD risk factors such as smoking, obesity, central adiposity, hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, and diabetes. They also stressed the need for uniform protocols, to assess the regional differences. Whereas, the report by the GIGH Collaborators group, did pooled analysis of CVD risk for 797,540 adults across India, and identified important variation in risk among individuals living in different States. According to them, CVD risk was the highest in the northern (Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand), northeastern (West Bengal, Nagaland, Manipur, and Mizoram), and Southern States (Kerala, Andhra Pradesh) of India. CVD risk was found to be higher in urban areas, that too among males, while mean body mass index was higher among wealthy, blood glucose, high systolic blood pressure was common in poor people of middle and older age. We have access to data from three important studies, related to the variation of CVD risk in Indians living in India, as well as abroad. It is high time, that we use these data to develop guidelines, guidance statements, novel clinical studies for validating safety and efficacy of complementary therapies for early risk factors such as oxidative stress, inflammation, and endothelial dysfunction, put together integrated noninvasive diagnostic platforms for risk assessment, risk prediction, and reduction or reversal of metabolic diseases. Having said that, I would like to emphasize the need for a national platform, to address the issues related to this very important public health problem, and to coordinate the prevention strategies.

Manuscritos caligráficos en fondos antiguos: análisis del ms. Göttingen Schönschriften (ca. 1560)

Se analizan las principales características del manuscrito caligráfico titulado Schönschriften (=Bellas escrituras) hallado en la biblioteca histórica de la Universidad de Göttingen (Alemania). Se aplica un método basado en los principios de la descripción material para desentrañar aspectos formales, virtuosismo técnico y estético, y circunstancias históricas de producción y uso de las “Artes de escribir” de los siglos XVI y XVII. Estos ejemplos muestran la necesaria integración entre investigación y práctica caligráfica. Sus resultados se pueden aplicar a la mejora de la formación bibliotecológica y paleográfica de personal responsable de la gestión de fondo antiguo.

Development of microsatellite genetic markers in Siberian larch (Larix sibirica Ledeb.) based on the de novo whole genome sequencing

This special issue of the journal is devoted to the outstanding population geneticist Yuri Petrovich Altukhov, who paid much attention in his research to the development of molecular genetic markers for population studies. Over the past time markers and methods of their development have undergone significant change. Thanks to modern methods of whole genome sequencing, it has become possible to develop markers of very different types—selectively neutral, as well as functional. Among them, microsatellite markers remain the most informative, convenient, reproducible, relatively inexpensive, and polymorphic. Whole genome sequencing greatly facilitates their discovery and development. This paper is devoted to the development of new microsatellite markers for a very important species of boreal forest—Siberian larch (Larix sibirica Ledeb.). Using a draft assembly of the larch genome, several thousand contigs containing microsatellite loci with di-, tri, tetra-, and pentanucleotide motifs were selected. A total of 59 pairs of PCR primers were tested for loci with dinucleotide motifs as the most variable. From them, 11 pairs were finally selected for 11 loci with dinucleotide repeats, which showed a high level of polymorphism and can be used in various population genetic studies and to identify the origin of wood and plant material. This study was done at the Laboratory of Forest Genomics of the Genome Research and Education Center of the Siberian Federal University with the support of the Department of Forest Genetics and Forest Tree Breeding of the Georg-August University of Gottingen, the Department for Monitoring of Forest Genetic Resources of the Forest Protection Center of the Krasnoyarsk Territory, and the Laboratory of Forest Genetics and Selection of the Sukachev Institute of Forest of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences within the framework of the project “Genomics of the Key Boreal Forest Conifer Species and Their Major Phytopathogens in the Russian Federation” funded by the Government of the Russian Federation (grant no. 14.Y26.31.0004).

Prof. Tilman Sauerbruch: patients with HCC may be benefit from statins

Prof. Tilman Sauerbruch ( Figure 1 ) was Director of the Department of General Internal Medicine at the University of Bonn from 1992 till 2012 and temporary head of the Department of Gastroenterology and Endocrinology at the University of Gottingen from 2012 till 2014.

Eugen Enyvvari’s road to Göttingen and back: A case study in the Transleithanian participation in early phenomenology (with an appendix of Edmund Husserl’s two unpublished letters to Enyvvari)

Despite attending Husserl’s classes, participating in the discussions of the Gottingen phenomenological circle, and writing prolifically on phenomenology, Eugen Enyvvari (1884–1959) seems to have been virtually ignored by phenomenological scholarship. I use an array of unpublished sources and a survey of his juvenilia to reconstruct Enyvvari’s biography and intellectual formation, including his confrontation with Melchior Palagyi’s critique of Husserl and Bolzano. Based on both his reports and records from the Gottingen University Archives, I attempt to establish the influences to which he could have been exposed in Gottingen. I rely on a careful micro-analysis of the development of Husserl’s notion of noematical meaning at the time of Enyvvari’s stay in Gottingen in order to asses Enyvvari’s specific contribution to phenomenology and his significance from the point of view of the general historiography of phenomenology.

STEFAN BŁACHOWSKI WŚRÓD ZAWIERUCHY WIELKIEJ WOJNY

Treścią artykułu jest życie i początek działalności naukowej Stefana Błachowskiego (1889–1962), ważnej postaci w historii polskiej psychologii w mrocznych latach Wielkiej Wojny, a także opis przeszkód, jakie musiał pokonać na drodze do doktoratu u Georga Müllera w Getyndze. Akademicką pracę naukową Błachowskiego dwukrotnie przerywał obowiązek służby wojskowej. Omówiona szczegółowo w artykule główna rozprawa naukowa Błachowskiego na temat nastawień i spostrzeżeń, choć napisana w niesprzyjających warunkach wojennych, nie straciła na aktualności.

Phase Specific Membrane Fusion with SNARE Mimetics

Biological membrane fusion is involved in a number of essential processes such as neurotransmission, exocytosis, and viral infection. It is crucial for cells to spatially confine this process to specific organelles or sites in the plasma membrane. In nature, the SNARE complex induces fusion in eukaryotic cells. Its different constituents integrated into opposing membranes approximate the two bilayers by interacting in a zipper-like fashion. Different studies examined membrane fusion in artificial systems using SNARE mimetics. Fusion between pairs of small unilamellar vesicles have been shown using lipidated DNA [Chan et al., Biointerphases, 3:FA17, 2008] and peptide [Pahler et al., Biophysical Journal, 103:2295, 2012] ligand-receptor pairs. Here, we show strong evidence of the fusion of large unilamellar vesicles (LUVs) to a spatially confined region within liquid-liquid phase-separated giant unilamellar vesicles using the abovementioned (i) hybridised DNA and (ii) coiled-coil peptide pairs as SNARE mimetics. We quantified the (hemi-)fusion process using two different FRET-based approaches which yielded similar results. Moreover, our system potentially offers to determine LUV docking and fusion efficiencies. Complementary experiments are currently performed using reconstituted SNARE proteins (SNARE proteins were kindly provided by Claudia Steinem, Department of Biomolecular Chemistry at Gottingen University). This work is part of the MaxSynBio consortium which is jointly funded by the Federal Ministry of Education and Research of Germany and the Max Planck Society.