Universally Accessible Research Articles

Global initiatives and challenges in integrating artificial intelligence literacy in elementary education: Mapping policies and empirical literature

AbstractArtificial intelligence (AI) has permeated most facets of life in the 21st century and has rapidly transformed various aspects of modern society. From entertainment to education, these advanced technologies have achieved a high level of competency in skills that once necessitated human involvement. Given AI's potential impact, ensuring students are literate in AI will support the careful integration of these advanced technologies to achieve sustainable development goals. This review hence examines the avenues for integrating AI literacy into elementary education by analyzing current global initiatives focused on implementing AI literacy education. The purpose is to support innovations within the educational framework to develop a universally accessible AI literacy education program. In line with this purpose, this study explores worldwide AI literacy initiatives that use hands‐on activities, collaborative learning, and project‐based learning to introduce AI fundamentals to diverse learners. Limitations on the provision of AI literacy education are also discussed, including professional development, openness to AI tools, and other challenges. This review aims to inform global efforts to support universal access to AI literacy education, which can ensure equitable outcomes for all learners, emphasizing the need for collaborative efforts to support the development and delivery of quality AI literacy education.

Universal Accessibility in the Design of Public Post Primary Schools: A. Case Study of Birnin Kebbi Metropolis

This research investigates the universal accessibility of secondary school buildings in Birnin Kebbi Metropolis, Nigeria, with a specific focus on understanding and improving physical infrastructure to accommodate diverse needs. Recognizing the fundamental right to education for all, including individuals with disabilities, the study utilizes a case study approach to assess the current state of secondary school buildings in the selected region. Employing a qualitative research approach, specifically an observational study and using an observation checklist as a data collection method, the research aims to identify barriers and challenges to universal accessibility. Key areas of examination include the adequacy of infrastructure, the presence of inclusive design features, and overall compliance with accessibility standards. The research contributes valuable insights to the existing knowledge on inclusive education in Nigeria, shedding light on the current status of secondary school buildings in Birnin Kebbi Metropolis. The findings shows that most of the public secondary schools in Birnin Kebbi were not designed with consideration for inclusiveness. The findings also includes recommendations for policy enhancements, architectural interventions, and awareness campaigns to create a more inclusive and accessible educational environment. By advocating for universally accessible secondary school buildings, the research aims to address the diverse needs of students, fostering an equitable and empowering educational experience for all. Overall, this research bridges gaps in understanding the accessibility landscape of secondary schools in Birnin Kebbi Metropolis. It not only identifies existing challenges but also proposes actionable recommendations for policymakers, architects, and educators to collaboratively work towards a more inclusive educational infrastructure in Nigeria.

Requirements for Universally Accessible Upper-Body Exercise Equipment: The Case of People with Spinal Cord Injuries in Korea.

People with disabilities face considerable obstacles when exercising, which precludes them from the social and health benefits of physical activity. Especially for individuals with paraplegia with spinal cord injuries, it is necessary to maintain continuous participation in physical activity even after discharge, as it helps to maintain mobility and daily living activities through upper body strength. However, the participation rate of people with disabilities in physical activity in Korea is still low, mainly due to the lack of exercise equipment and facilities. The aim of this study is to identify aspects that can be improved for better accessibility to exercise equipment for individuals with paraplegia with spinal cord injuries and to reach a consensus on possible guidelines for accessible exercise equipment. This study reviews and evaluated the usability of four existing upper-body exercise equipment for individuals with paraplegia with spinal cord injuries. To assess usability, task performance scores and time were measured, and a survey was conducted on safety and satisfaction. Based on these results, areas for improvement were identified. Through literature review, usability results, and opinions from various stakeholders, eight requirements for universal accessibility were proposed. It is necessary to consider how wheelchair users access the exercise equipment. The access method to the exercise area (facility regulations, auxiliary equipment to be provided, etc.) and placement of exercise equipment should also be considered. Information such as explanations of the exercise equipment and how to use it should be located within the wheelchair user's field of vision. Considering the participation rate in sports for people with disabilities in Korea, it is necessary to explain the exact exercise equipment and exercise method. It is also necessary to consider how wheelchair users transfer from the wheelchair to the seat of the exercise equipment. Parts that require manipulation of each exercise equipment must be within the wheelchair user's range of motion. Various supports or assistive devices that provide body support according to each piece of equipment are needed. In addition to the wheelchair's own brake, it is necessary to provide a fixing device so that the wheelchair does not move during the exercise. For people with spinal cord injuries, the arm ergometer, aerobic exercise equipment, showed higher scores in performance, stability, and satisfaction compared to other exercise equipment. Among the strength exercise equipment, shoulder press had an effect on performance, seated lat pull-down had an effect on stability, and seated chest press had an effect on satisfaction. Therefore, when selecting exercise equipment, it is necessary to recommend aerobic and strength exercise equipment according to the preferences of people with spinal cord injuries. When developing strength exercise equipment, it is necessary to consider usability evaluation factors for individuals with spinal cord injury.

Unidirectional Tactile Paving: Circulation for the Visually Impaired.

The COVID-19 pandemic heightened inequalities of universal accessibility in the built environment. The visually impaired have been affected by the lack of mobility that resulted from social distancing and physical distancing. Numerous circulation networks, from small retail shops to large-scale public spaces, have been reorganized to limit the spread of COVID-19. By assigning an orientation to each lane, unidirectional circulation networks allow for physical distancing by limiting face-to-face interactions among most pedestrians. These unidirectional networks are communicated visually, by placing flat arrows on the floor, but not through the other senses and are thus inaccessible to the visually impaired. This demonstrates a lack of universally accessible design for unidirectional circulation. We propose two designs (asymmetrical blocks and cobblestone blocks) for a novel unidirectional tactile paving which allows the visually impaired to navigate through unidirectional circulation networks by feeling tiles with their feet and/or canes.

Inequitable Access to Dementia Diagnosis and Care in Low-Resource Settings – A Global Perspective

The Global dementia action plan 2017-2025 calls for universal access to care for people with dementia and their caregivers. Yet, health systems globally are ill-prepared to support the increasing number of people with dementia, especially in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). This article discusses the differential effect of country-income and rural vs urban setting on dementia service delivery and accessibility using data submitted to the Global Dementia Observatory (GDO). While the majority of GDO countries provide community-based services for dementia, huge variability exists between high-income countries (HICs) and LMICs. Compared to LMICs, services for people with dementia and their caregivers are more frequently available and more universally accessible in HICs. Similarly, access to anti-dementia medication and the availability of health and social care facilities that provide dementia services is greater in HICs. Lower dementia diagnostic rates are partly due to a lack of trained workforce seen in LMICs. Disparities between HICs and LMICs are often systemic and reflective of inadequate policy responses. Without accelerated joint efforts at all levels, the world will not reach the global dementia targets by 2025, particularly in LMICs where the majority of people with dementia live and will continue to live.

Museum Languages

This issue marks a watershed moment in Curator’s commitment to accessibility and inclusion. We have a number of papers that add to our history of publishing innovations in tactile interpretive materials to support blind and low-vision museum users. We’ve published papers on policies and practices that support and encourage universal access in museums and remove barriers for people that need mobility accommodations such as wheelchair users. We have a few papers on neurodiversity in the museum user community, but certainly require substantially more research in our pages to fully embrace the many needs of those users, workers, and volunteers. We have also encouraged our community to address challenges of presenting museum content and accessibility issues to overcome historical discrimination based on culture, race, cast, religion, or belief. But museum professionals do not find our content universally accessible because we have published this journal exclusively in English for the past sixty-four years. Our journal has supported authors who sought to use published content in other languages, but it was not part of our practice to ensure that these translations were accurate, authoritative, nor were they subject to peer-review. With this issue, we’re rewriting our policies regarding translations and making changes in how we publish names to ensure we respect the cultural conventions of our authors. I direct readers to Associate Editor, Professor Dong Yongying, the Director, Department of International Education of Chinese Language, Xidian University, and Adjunct Researcher at Emperor QinShihuang's Terra-cotta Army Museum, who wrote the introduction to our first edition to feature full translations of archival and new papers. In this editorial, I want to thank Prof. Dong for collaborating with our journal over the past three years to manage external peer-review, development, and policy recommendations regarding translations in our journal. In working on translations our reviewers and authors came across several concepts that do not translate easily between languages. They struggled with ideas that do not have linguistic parallels, and occasionally added clarifications to papers. As part of this process, we thought a lot about attribution, and how to work with a typesetting team that does not have the linguistic skills to spot an error as they migrate material online. And we have debugged our online submission portal to ensure that we have a way to manage the process. With this issue, as Prof. Dong makes clear in her Guest Editorial (published simultaneously in English and Modern Chinese), we are now committed to official publication of translations as unique scholarly and peer-reviewed contributions to the literature. Each translation will receive a unique publication date, DOI and issue assignment. The full text will be available to global search engines enabling researchers and practitioners to search for content in their own language. We are also re-launching the CuratorJournal.org website as a bibliographic reference that can use the reader’s preferred language as a filter to identify papers. We also hope that contributors to this journal can use these unique publications to increase the recognition of translation as a scholarly enterprise of equal value to the advancement of the field, and worthy of the credit bestowed on those who lead new research or commit resources to replication testing. With this issue, we are putting out a call for paper translations by our past authors and any museum scholar who is looking to support their community with direct translation. Our editorial offices will share any paper desired by a prospective translator. We accept translations as a unique type of paper submitted through our online portal. We commit to identifying leading scholars who can serve as peer-reviewers with dual language capacity, and to drawing attention to this material through our social media presence as it is published. And lastly, we are changing the convention for how we typeset names to help readers manage cultural values. Henceforth, our papers will only capitalize last names of authors, cease to impose European conventions of name order, and ensure that readers know and properly cite author whose last names contain spaces. Consistent with that new policy, Dr. DONG Yongying’s name will now appear with her family name first as is typical in China. This option was made available to all authors and members of the editorial and production team named in this issue. We also guide readers to ensure that even if they are publishing in English, they defer to local custom when providing the full name of an individual. We hope that this commitment to language can move forward international dialogue, the utility of what we publish, and support the scholars who publish in our pages. John FRASER, Editor (johnf@knology.org) is a psychologist and President & CEO of Knology, and a Fellow of the American Psychological Association.

EP.TU.569Improving Confidence and Technique When Preparing Nipple Smears for Cytology

Abstract Aims To create a sustainable means of educating breast surgeons on how to prepare nipple smears for cytology when investigating nipple discharge. Methods A nation-wide questionnaire of 51 doctors conducted in 2020 identified low confidence and competency in preparing a nipple smear slide. A 3-minute training video was subsequently created and published to the Association of Breast Surgery (ABS) website for universal access. Doctors were prompted to complete a questionnaire after watching the video to assess understanding, confidence, and obtain video feedback. Results were collected and analysed using Qualtrics software. Results 31 doctors completed the survey (10% foundation doctors, 77% specialist trainees, 13% consultants). The mean±StD nipple smears prepared per year was 1.74±0.95. The percentage of doctors who felt confident in their technique increased from 44% to 100%. Ninety-seven per cent correctly identified how to store and label the sample, previously 45%. The percentage of doctors aware of where to place the sample on the slide increased from 37% to 100%. Eighty-seven per cent were aware of the optimal fluid volume in comparison to 10% previously. All respondents felt the video was valuable and 71% of respondents indicated they would also benefit from a written list of instructions. Conclusions The preparation of nipple smear slides has historically been an area of clinical uncertainty. An educational video was successfully created to educate all grades of doctors and made universally accessible through the ABS website.

Universal Accessibility of National Parks in South Africa and Zimbabwe: Park Management Perceptions

ABSTRACT This study sought to establish the perceptions of the management of National Parks in South Africa and Zimbabwe with respect to making their parks universally accessible. This study was set against a background of many people with disabilities who are willing and financially able to patron national parks being denied the opportunity to do so due to various barriers. Using a qualitative approach, the researchers explored the views of the management of South African National Parks (SANPARKS) and Zimbabwe Parks and Wildlife Management Authority (ZimParks) regarding the universal accessibility of National Parks. The study revealed that, generally, the management of the said parks appreciate the plight of people with disabilities who want to visit their parks and would have wanted the parks to be accessible to all people. However, the managers from SANPARKS seemed more willing and prepared to make their parks universally accessible compared to their counterparts from ZimParks.

A Proposal for a Canadian CBDC

Undoubtedly inspired by recent advances in technology-driven payment systems such as mobile payment systems, cryptocurrencies, and blockchain technologies, recent years have seen central banks worldwide explore the possibility of issuing digital forms of fiat money called central bank digital currencies or CBDCs. A thoughtfully designed CBDC can help satisfy numerous policy objectives, improve economic efficiency and inclusivity, and serve as a platform for economic innovation. However, the vast CBDC design landscape, coupled with its potential to massively disrupt the financial system and broader economy, warrants caution, calling for a careful and methodical analysis of various designs' strengths, weaknesses, and risk profiles. At this time, the Bank of Canada (BoC) has not committed to issuing a CBDC; nevertheless, it does rank among the more than 80% of central banks globally who, according to a recent survey by the Bank for International Settlements (BIS), are at least contingency planning for the eventuality of doing so. This report details and analyzes the authors' vision for a hypothetical BoC-issued retail CBDC for use in the Canadian context, taking into account both, the `business case' for its adoption from the perspective of BoC, policymakers, the financial services industry, and the Canadian economy more generally and how its widespread adoption would impact ordinary Canadians. The design considered in this report leverages a mix of distributed ledger technologies (DLTs} and electronic cash (`e-cash') schemes with advanced cryptographic primitives. The confluence of these building blocks results in a scalable, resilient, privacy-centric, and universally accessible design that strives to bring added value (a Pareto improvement) for all stakeholders in Canada. In light of the abundance of CBDC designs in circulation, this report emphasizes aspects and implications of the design specifically tailored for Canada, such as ensuring universal access for remote communities and strong privacy protections consistent with Canada's role as a world leader in civil liberties and human rights. Likewise, some core aspects of the proposed architecture reflect characteristics of Canadian law and the Canadian financial system, which may differ substantially from other countries.

Turismo accesible para todos. Evaluación del grado de accesibilidad universal de los parques y jardines de Marrakech.

Parks and gardens are considered special places within the urban environment. They are used by citizens for recreational and socio-cultural activities,. These areas of expansion must offer comfort and safety for all of the citizens, including ones with special needs. TInclusive tourism strives to do just that, with clearly defined principles on how to establish equally accessible facilities for all, including the functionally diverse, seen as an opportunity area given the progressive ageing of the population and the large percentage of people with varying needs.. The general objective of the present study was to understand universal accessibility and how people with disabilities adapt to parks and gardens in Marrakech. In this specific case, we studied public parks (the Cybernetic Park Arsat Moulay Abdeslam and the El Harti Park), and private gardens (The Secret Garden and Majorelle Garden). With a set of custom-made indicators to gauge Universal Accessibility working from the specifications of Design for everyone and the requirements of the international rule ISO 21542:2011 Building construction. Accessibility and usability of the bult environement, which was adopted under the Moroccan ruling NMISO 21542:2018 Construction inmobiliere. Accessibilite et facilite d´utilisation de l´environement bâti, we came to the conclusion that none of the parks or gardens could be considered Universally Accessible although there have been significant modifications made to them in line with the regulations.. There is still a long road to be travelled, therefore to facilitate accessibility in the parks and gardens of Marrakech.

Housing not for all

PurposeThis study aims to explore the current situation of universal accessibility to multi-unit buildings in three European countries (Spain, Germany and Sweden), in view of the lack of effective European rules on this topic, with the aim to identify which legal frameworks and policies may be useful to favour it.Design/methodology/approachThe results presented in this work are based on empirical data gathered from three surveys conducted in three representative countries of different housing models (Spain, Germany and Sweden). These surveys addressed the grade of accessibility at each point of the route that a person with mobility difficulties, with a physical deficiency or aged +70, has to do to access to their home from a public street or road.FindingsThe current paper shows that, in the end, there is still a long way to go in terms of universal accessibility to multi-unit buildings in, at least, three European Union Member States as, according to this study’s findings, the percentage of universally accessible multi-unit buildings is limited to 0.6 per cent in Spain, 2.5 per cent in Sweden and 1.5 per cent in Germany. The study also identifies successful legal frameworks and policies among the studied countries that may be useful to achieve a true universal accessibility to flats located in multi-unit buildings.Research limitations/implicationsThe legal frameworks and policies identified in this paper in terms of promoting universal accessibility to housing located in multi-unit buildings may provide guidance to other researchers and policymakers when addressing this topic, thus helping them to reach an egalitarian and inclusive society.Originality/valueThis paper goes one step further than previous works as it is based on up to date empirical data concerning accessibility and it identifies successful legal frameworks and policies in a comparative perspective.

Review: Google Earth and Google Earth Voyager

Google Earth and Google Earth Voyager https://earth.google.com/web In its corporate mission statement, Google promises to “organize the world's information and make it universally accessible and useful.”1 But what does it mean for information about architecture and history to be useful? There can be little doubt that students of both architecture and history find significant use value in simply having access to a comprehensive database of satellite and aerial photography of most of the earth's built environment, and in having available a corpus of precisely geolocated photographs and photographically rendered digital models of buildings and sites. Furthermore, the utility of introducing historical imagery such as maps and photographs into the same database, enabling the visual comparison of contemporary and past images and the assessment of changes over time, is obvious. All of this is precisely what the original Google Earth platform aimed to provide. A review in this journal almost a decade ago focused on that platform as cartography, and on the ways in which its aerial photographs operated as a database of pictorial evidence.2 Since that time, Google has consolidated its set of geographic tools—Earth, Maps, and Street View, all of which Google acquired in the early 2000s—into one platform: the new Google Earth. The original Earth application promised fully navigable, low-altitude, three-dimensional simulated photographic views of cities and buildings, while Street View added the possibility of remotely viewing full-surround photographic imagery generated from station points on public streets around the world. Operating together, these platforms promised a frictionless freedom of movement and exploration, a kind of universal accessibility unimpeded by travel distances, time differences, and local customs. Several features distinguish the new Google Earth from its predecessors. Where Maps and Street View were browser based, the original Earth was a desktop application requiring a fairly powerful computer. The new version of Earth has been …

Restructuring of A Walled Enclosure Almohade to an Urban Universally Accessible Area: The Historical City of Cáceres

This article presents the results of an investigation of the current urban accessibility in the within-walls area of the historical complex of the city of Cáceres, included by UNESCO in 1986 on the World Heritage List. The construction of the wall dates back from the 12th century, during the Almohad period in Hizn Qazris. By that time, it was a strategic location for the conquest of Christian territory in the Iberian Peninsula. This enclosure was reinforced with towers and defensive bastions, which, together with the orography, elevated on a tableland, conferred an urban space protected of possible invaders. The study model is based on the comparison of that original city, which today remains as a true reflection of the originally planned, with the legislation on urban accessibility and its “true adaptation” to the significant points of public urban itineraries within the walled city. To develop the research, the data from the geographical information system of the City Council of Cáceres has been used. This implies its heritage databases, architectural settings, street slope maps and other significant factors, for their functional understanding as a model of historical city adapted to the present. The technical-administrative bureaucracy and the preservation of the historical-artistic heritage need to coexist in a close relationship with the City’s will of promotion of its patrimonial tourism as a means of funding to preserve the old part as a whole (both in terms of architecture and urban structure). Implemented actions and proposals for future interventions submitted to the competent bodies for approval are presented, applying a model of urban accessibility promotion to try to achieve actual universal accessibility for all types of users. Obviously, very often, the existing conditions set important limitations but, even without reaching regulatory compliance, could undoubtedly improve the critical points detected.

The potential synergies between industrial and health policies for access to medicines: insights from the Brazilian policy of universal access to HIV/AIDS treatment

ABSTRACTThe purpose of this study is to illustrate how industrial policy can support health policy through the construction of technological and innovation capabilities. This paper provides insights on this topic by examining the Brazilian ability to make patented antiretroviral (ARV) drugs universally accessible to people living with HIV/AIDS in the country. The Brazilian case study demonstrates the crucial role of industrial policy in making the use of compulsory licensing in price negotiations with pharmaceutical multinational corporations to improve the access to patented ARV drugs. The evidence presented in this paper supports that it is indeed possible to achieve synergies between industrial and health policy in order to improve the access to medicines and promote accumulation of technological capabilities in pharmaceuticals. Several policy instruments and initiatives, both horizontal and vertical, were implemented to support the industrial dimension of the successful Brazilian health strategy. These initiatives include direct support to capacity building, public procurement, and institutional changes. Furthermore, industrial policy initiatives can contribute to success of health programmes either immediately or with a time lag. Finally, the lessons learned from the Brazilian experience are re-specified and its relevance to other less developed countries, particularly those deprived of industrial capabilities, is discussed.

When universal access is not quite universal enough: case studies and lessons to be learned

While the theory of designing for Universal Access is increasingly understood, there remain persistent issues over realising products and systems that meet the goal of being accessible and usable by the broadest possible set of users. Clearly, products or services that are designed without even considering the needs of the wider user base are implicitly going to struggle to be universally accessible. However, even products that have been designed, knowing that they are to be used by broad user bases frequently still struggle to achieve the ambition of being universally accessible. This paper examines a number of such products that did not achieve, at least initially, the desired level of universal accessibility. Principal recommendations from each case study are presented to provide a guide to common issues to be avoided.

Health and Long-Term Care Systems for Older People in the Republic of Korea: Policy Challenges and Lessons

The Republic of Korea is experiencing a rapidly aging population with increased life expectancy and lowered fertility. National health insurance has provided universal access to health care for all since 1989, and mandatory long-term care insurance (LTCI) was introduced in 2008, in which everybody who contributes to health insurance simultaneously contributes to LTCI. Although health services and long-term care are universally accessible, health differentials remain across socioeconomic groups. LTCI covers about 7% of older people through eligibility assessment and provides benefits for institutional and home-based care and cash benefits in exceptional cases. Long-term care (LTC) benefit eligibility has been criticized for being excessively reliant on physical functionality, and recently eligibility has been extended to people with dementia. Despite the oversupply of LTC providers, quality of care has been a concern and calls for more investment in the quality evaluation system and training of care workers. There continues to be overreliance on inpatient care and unmet health care needs among LTC users as a result of weak gatekeeping by primary care and a lack of effective coordination between health care and LTC.

The insulting Internet: universal access and cyberbullying

With the growing popularity of online communication, a certain harassment can be observed to increasingly disavow the positive implications of an universally accessible cyberspace: cybermobbing or cyberbullying. Cybermobbing by digital information and communication technologies can be looked at--in spite of many common characteristics with the classic harassment--as an independent form which is derived from the phenomenon of the analogous harassment. As a result, the findings which were acquired in terms of classic bullying are valid for cybermobbing as well until they are modified or refuted. The main research concern of this study is thus to circumscribe the peculiarities of a phenomenon of Internet abuse known as cybermobbing or cyberbullying within a comparative reference framework. In the course of these treatises, the online disinhibition effect will be elaborated as the mainspring of an insulting Internet. Finally, the role of bystanders of cybermobbing will be explored in more detail.

Can pre-grade R be the stepping stone to social equality in South Africa

Investment in Early Childhood Development (ECD) has the prospect of cultivating potential within individuals and can assist in bridging the social equity gap from a very young age. Over the past decade Grade R has been the strongest policy lever used by the Department of Basic Education to improve early learning. The National Development Plan calls for universal access to two years of early childhood development prior to entering Grade 1. This paper explores the merits of this proposal, given the specific South African context. More specifically, this analysis intents to bring new information to bear on three matters. The first relates to the demand-side and aims to identify participation trends among four and five year olds. The second objective is to consider the supply-side and aims to understand the policy space in which pre-Grade R will function, the quality and quantity of infrastructure already in place, and the expertise of ECD practitioners. The final question considers the implementation of a universally accessible pre-Grade R within a constrained system and the requirements to ensure that it will have a significant impact on those children most in need.

The readiness of the South African education system for pre-grade R year

Investment in Early Childhood Development (ECD) has the prospect of cultivating potential within individuals and can assist in bridging the social equity gap from a very young age. Over the past decade Grade R has been the strongest policy lever used by the Department of Basic Education to improve early learning. The National Development Plan calls for universal access to two years of early childhood development prior to entering Grade 1. This paper explores the merits of this proposal, given the specific South African context. More specifically, this analysis intents to bring new information to bear on three matters. The first relates to the demand-side and aims to identify participation trends among four and five year olds. The second objective is to consider the supply-side and aims to understand the policy space in which pre-Grade R will function, the quality and quantity of infrastructure already in place, and the expertise of ECD practitioners. The final question considers the implementation of a universally accessible pre-Grade R within a constrained system and the requirements to ensure that it will have a significant impact on those children most in need.

Making Health Care Universally Accessible: The Emergence of Telemedicine as a Core Necessity [Student's Corner

Reports on the use of telemedicine and discusses the benefits of its use. The use of telemedicine offers huge potential in disease diagnosis, consultation, monitoring, treatment, education, and management; thus, it makes the emergent intelligent health care infrastructure universal and more accessible to the common masses.