Universal Terrestrial Radio Access Network Research Articles

Performance Evaluation of LTE Network using Maximum Flow Algorithm

In this paper, we propose a new traffic flow model of the Long Term Evaluation (LTE) network for the Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access Network (E-UTRAN). Here only one Evolve Node B (eNB) nearest to the Mobility Management Entity (MME) and Serving Gateway (S-GW) will use the S1 link to bridge the E-UTRAN and Evolved Packet Core (EPC). All the eNBs of a tracking area will be connected to each other by the X2 link. Determination of capacity of a links of such a network is a challenging job since each node offers its own traffic and at the same time conveys traffic of other nodes. In this paper, we apply maximum flow algorithm including superposition theorem to solve the traffic flow of radio network. Using the total flow per subcarrier, a new traffic model is also developed in the paper. The relation among the traffic parameters: ‘blocking probability’, ‘offered traffic’, ‘instantaneous capacity’, ‘average holding time’, and ‘number of users’ are shown graphically under both QPSK and 16-QAM. The concept of the network will be helpful to improve the SINR of the received signal ofeNBslocated long distance relative to MME/S-GW.

An Optimal Security Management Framework for Backhaul-aware 5G-Vehicle to Everything (V2X)

Cellular (C) setups facilitate the connectivity amongst the devices with better provisioning of services to its users. Vehicular networks are one of the representative setups that aim at expanding their functionalities by using the available cellular systems like Long Term Evolution (LTE)-based Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access Network (E-UTRAN) as well as the upcoming Fifth Generation (5G)-based functional architecture. The vehicular networks include Vehicle to Vehicle (V2V), Vehicle to Infrastructure (V2I), Vehicle to Pedestrian (V2P) and Vehicle to Network (V2N), all of which are referred to as Vehicle to Everything (V2X). 5G has dominated the vehicular network and most of the upcoming research is motivated towards the fully functional utilization of 5G-V2X. Despite that, credential management and edge-initiated security are yet to be resolved under 5G-V2X. To further understand the issue, this paper presents security management as a principle of sustainability and key-management. The performance tradeoff is evaluated with the key-updates required to maintain a secure connection between the vehicles and the 5G-terminals. The proposed approach aims at the utilization of high-speed mmWave-based backhaul for enhancing the security operations between the core and the sub-divided functions at the edge of the network through a dual security management framework. The evaluations are conducted using numerical simulations, which help to understand the impact on the sustainability of connections as well as identification of the fail-safe points for secure and fast operations. Furthermore, the evaluations help to follow the multiple tradeoffs of security and performance based on the metrics like mandatory key updates, the range of operations and the probability of connectivity.

PPSHA: Privacy preserving secure handover authentication scheme for all application scenarios in LTE-A networks

To ensure secure and seamless handovers inter-Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access Network (E-UTRAN) is a key issue in LTE-A networks. Due to the introduction of Home Evolved NodeB (HeNB), there are three different access modes for the HeNB and the mobility scenarios between the eNB and the HeNB in LTE-A networks are rather complicated. Different handover procedures are executed for different mobility scenarios according to the 3GPP committee, which makes the overall system complex. Thus, it is a key point to propose a unified and secure handover scheme to fit in with all the mobility scenarios in LTE-A networks. In this paper, we propose a secure handover authentication scheme based on the certificateless signcryption technique. Our proposed scheme can achieve the unified and secure handover procedure without sacrificing efficiency. The security and performance evaluations demonstrate that our proposed scheme can meet various security requirements including the perfect forward/backward secrecy and privacy preserving. At the same time, our scheme achieves ideal efficiency.

Real Time- Optimized Scheduler Using Earliest Due Date Mechanism in LTE Downlink System

Long Term Evolution (LTE) is standardized by the Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) as the most recent standard in the mobile network technology tree with flat architecture in order to conduct a new model aiming to offer higher-data-rate, lower-latency, and packet-optimized radio access technology called Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access Network (E-UTRAN). However, the schedulers aiming to deal with the Real Time (RT) and the Non-Real Time (NRT) traffic have not defined by the 3GPP specifications. Accordingly, it is very important to design and implement optimum scheduling schemes for achieving the required Quality of Service (QoS) prerequisites such as packet delay and Packet Loss Rate (PLR) of RT multimedia services in E-UTRAN. Thus, the proposed scheduler is presented in this paper as well as the performance of the new scheduling strategy which is based on the Earliest Due Date (EDD) approach. The new proposed scheduler provides better results as compared with the conventional scheduling strategies, especially for multimedia applications in downlink framework of LTE system. The proposed scheduler achieves the highest good-put as well as the lowest PLR especially for the video users.

Nframe: A privacy-preserving with non-frameability handover authentication protocol based on (t, n) secret sharing for LTE/LTE-A networks

Seamless handover between the evolved universal terrestrial radio access network and other access networks is highly desirable to mobile equipments in the long term evolution (LTE) or LTE-Advanced (LTE-A) networks, but ensuring security and efficiency of this process is challenging. In this paper, we propose a novel privacy-preserving with non-frameability handover authentication protocol based on (t, n) secret sharing to fit in with all of the mobility scenarios in the LTE/LTE-A networks, which is called Nframe. To the best of our knowledge, Nframe is the first to support protecting users’ privacy with non-frameability in the handover process. Moreover, Nframe uses pairing-free identity based cryptographic method to secure handover process and to achieve high efficiency. The formal verification by the AVISPA tool shows that Nframe is secure against various malicious attacks and the simulation result indicates that it outperforms the existing schemes in terms of computation and communication cost.

An Uniform Handover Authentication between E-UTRAN and Non-3GPP Access Networks

To achieve seamless handovers between the Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access Network (E-UTRAN) and other access networks is a challenging task as it requires comprehensive real-time interconnectivity in the LTE networks. The third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) has suggested support the mobility between the E-UTRAN and non-3GPP access networks, which requires full access authentication procedures and distinct procedures for different mobility scenarios, which will bring a lot of message exchanges and increase the system complexity. Besides, the existing handover schemes for other wireless networks are not suitable for the mobility scenarios in the LTE networks due to their inherent vulnerabilities. In this paper, we propose a fast and secure handover authentication scheme to fit in with all of the mobility scenarios in the LTE networks. Compared with other handover schemes, our scheme cannot only provide strong security guarantees including Perfect Forward Secrecy (PFS) and Master Key Forward Secrecy (MKFS) and user anonymity, but also achieve a simple authentication process with robust efficiency in terms of communication cost, storage cost and computational cost. The experimental results and formal verification by using the TLA+ and TLC show that the proposed scheme is secure against various malicious attacks.

Management of neighbor cell lists and physical cell identifiers in self-organizing heterogeneous networks

In this paper, we propose self-organizing schemes for the initial configuration of the neighbor cell list (NCL), maintenance of the NCL, and physical cell identifier (PCI) allocation in heterogeneous networks such as long term evolution systems where lower transmission power nodes are additionally deployed in macrocell networks. Accurate NCL maintenance is required for efficient PCI allocation and for avoiding handover delay and redundantly in creased system overhead. Proposed self-organizing schemes for the initial NCL configuration and PCI allocation are based on evolved universal terrestrial radio access network NodeB (eNB) scanning that measures reference signal to interference and noise ratio and reference symbol received power, respectively, transmitted from adjacent eNBs. On the other hand, the maintenance of the NCL is managed by adding or removing cells based on periodic user equipment measurements. We provide performance analysis of the proposed schemes under various scenarios in the respects of NCL detection probability, NCL false alarm rate, handover delay area ratio, PCI conflict ratio, etc.

Efficient Control Channel Resource Allocation for VoIP in OFDMA-Based Packet Radio Networks

We propose an efficient control channel resource allocation approach to enhance the performance of voice-over-IP (VoIP) in orthogonal frequency division multiple access- (OFDMA-) based next generation mobile communication systems. As the long-term evolution (LTE) of universal terrestrial radio access network (UTRAN), evolved UTRAN (E-UTRAN) is the first OFDMA-based packet radio network and thus selected in this paper as an application example. Our proposed physical downlink control channel (PDCCH) resource allocation approach for E-UTRAN is composed of bidirectional power control, inner loop link adaptation (ILLA), and outer loop link adaptation (OLLA) algorithms. Its effectiveness is validated through large-scale radio system level simulations, and simulation results confirm that VoIP capacity with dynamic scheduling can be further enhanced with this PDCCH resource allocation approach. Moreover, the VoIP performance requirements for international mobile telecommunications-advanced (IMT-Advanced) radio interface technologies can be met with dynamic scheduling together with proposed PDCCH resource allocation. Besides E-UTRAN, this approach can be introduced to other OFDMA-based mobile communication systems for VoIP performance enhancement as well.

Performance study for HARQ–ARQ interaction of LTE

AbstractThe 3GPP working group proposes the Long‐Term Evolution (LTE) system as the 4G mobile communications technology. To reduce the transmission latency in the radio access network, Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access Network (E‐UTRAN), of LTE, the base station and radio network controller are merged into a single network node, namely eNB. In E‐UTRAN, the Stop‐And‐Wait Hybrid ARQ (SAW‐HARQ) protocol in the Media Access Control (MAC) layer deals with transmission errors without the need to engage the ARQ protocol in the Radio Link Control (RLC) layer. The HARQ and ARQ protocols interact only in case of dealing HARQ residual errors. In this paper, we propose an analytical model to model the behavior of the HARQ–ARQ Interaction. Our analytical model is validated against the simulation experiments that provide more performance metrics (which cannot be obtained through our analytical model). Finally, we investigate the impacts of the HARQ–ARQ Interaction on the Protocol Data Unit (PDU) transmission delay based on our simulation experiments. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.