Universal Plot Research Articles

Electrochemical Monitoring in Anticoagulation Therapy.

The process of blood coagulation, wherein circulating blood transforms into a clot in response to an internal or external injury, is a critical physiological mechanism. Monitoring this coagulation process is vital to ensure that blood clotting neither occurs too rapidly nor too slowly. Anticoagulants, a category of medications designed to prevent and treat blood clots, require meticulous monitoring to optimise dosage, enhance clinical outcomes, and minimise adverse effects. This review article delves into the various stages of blood coagulation, explores commonly used anticoagulants and their targets within the coagulation enzyme system, and emphasises the electrochemical methods employed in anticoagulant testing. Electrochemical sensors for anticoagulant monitoring are categorised into two types. The first type focuses on assays measuring thrombin activity via electrochemical techniques. The second type involves modified electrode surfaces that either directly measure the redox behaviours of anticoagulants or monitor the responses of standard redox probes in the presence of these drugs. This review comprehensively lists different electrode compositions and their detection and quantification limits. Additionally, it discusses the potential of employing a universal calibration plot to replace individual drug-specific calibrations. The presented insights are anticipated to significantly contribute to the sensor community's efforts in this field.

Full description of dipole orientation in organic light-emitting diodes

Considerable progress has been made in organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) to achieve high external quantum efficiency, among which dipole orientation has a remarkable effect. In most cases, the radiation of the dipoles in OLEDs is theoretically predicted with only one orientation parameter to match with corresponding experiments. Here, we develop a new theory with three orientation parameters to fully describe the relationship between dipole orientation and power density. Furthermore, we design an optimal test structure for measuring all three orientation parameters. All three orientation parameters could be retrieved from non-polarized spectra. Our theory provides a universal plot of dipole orientations in OLEDs, paving the way for designing more complicated OLED devices.

Nonlocality effect in α decay of heavy and superheavy nuclei

The $\ensuremath{\alpha}$-decay half-life of heavy and superheavy nuclei has been investigated using a potential barrier penetration model that adapts semiclassical WKB calculations to incorporate a coordinate-dependent effective mass for the $\ensuremath{\alpha}$ particle. This effect is a consequence of a dynamic property of nonlocality in the particle-nucleus interaction, as implemented in the barrier tunneling calculations of [N. Teruya, S. B. Duarte, and M. M. N. Rodrigues, Phys. Rev. C 93, 024606 (2016)]. Calculations have been performed for a recent set of experimental data of 255 $\ensuremath{\alpha}$-emitting nuclides, all selected with angular momentum $\ensuremath{\ell}=0$ experimentally assigned. Results show a good agreement when compared to experimental half-life data, obtaining a standard deviation of $\ensuremath{\sigma}=0.306$ and fully satisfying the universal systematics, namely, new universal plot and universal decay law systematics, of $\ensuremath{\alpha}$ decay. Additionally, the present model has been applied to make half-life predictions for 34 possible new $\ensuremath{\alpha}$-decay cases.

Сюжет инициации в рассказе А. И. Куприна «Мясо»

The aim of the study is to identify the plot archetypal structure of the story “Meat” (1885) by A. I. Kuprin. In the architectonics of the text, the author singles out the universal plot of initiation, analyzes its semantics and functions. Considerable attention in the article is paid to the motivic analysis, in particular to the semantic potential of the “smell” motive, which correlates with the plot of initiation. The scientific novelty of the work lies in the fact that the mentioned story, like some other early works, has not been a subject of the literary criticism consideration and requires an analysis of the components of its meaning-generating structure. As a result, it has been shown that the plot of Kuprin’s story is based on the archetype of initiation in its classic three-part scheme. The writer’s appeal to it was a way of representing various narrative strategies and meanings, a possibility of social and cultural-philosophical contextualizations.

FlexDotPlot: a universal and modular dot plot visualization tool for complex multifaceted data.

Dot plots are heatmap-like charts that provide a compact way to simultaneously display two quantitative information by means of dots of different sizes and colors. Despite the popularity of this visualization method, particularly in single-cell RNA-sequencing (scRNA-seq) studies, existing tools used to make dot plots are limited in terms of functionality and usability. We developed FlexDotPlot, an R package for generating dot plots from multifaceted data, including scRNA-seq data. It provides a universal and easy-to-use solution with a high versatility. An interactive R Shiny application is also available allowing non-R users to easily generate dot plots with several tunable parameters. Source code and detailed manual are available on CRAN (stable version) and at https://github.com/Simon-Leonard/FlexDotPlot (development version). Code to reproduce figures is available at https://github.com/Simon-Leonard/FlexDotPlot_paper. A Shiny app is available as a stand-alone application within the package. Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics Advances online.

Form versus Catastrophe in the Old English Christ III

Medieval authors of literature on Doomsday faced a structural challenge of their own making: their audiences knew too much about the coming end of days to be as terror-stricken as they should. This difficulty was compounded by the comic structure of the Christian salvation narrative, which looked forward to Christ's return as—technically speaking—its catastrophe, when all the confusion and unhappiness of the universal plot would be unravelled and total clarity would reign. The author of the Old English Doomsday poem called Christ III, however, devised an ingenious strategy to restore its audience to a state of wholesome uncertainty. By destabilizing the predictable flow of Old English meter with an unusually varied and challenging range of hypermetric verses, the poet of Christ III used metrical form to undermine the confidence of audiences in their powers of prediction—and in so doing, restored suspense to the experience of Doomsday.

Evaluation of extremely steep residual stress gradients based on a combined approach using laboratory-scale equipment.

Surface treatments characterized by rapid heating and cooling (e.g. laser hardening) can induce very steep residual stress gradients in the direct vicinity of the area being treated. These gradients cannot be characterized with sufficient accuracy by means of the classical sin2Ψ approach applying angle-dispersive X-ray diffraction. This can be mainly attributed to limitations of the material removal method. In order to resolve residual stress gradients in these regions without affecting the residual stress equilibrium, another angle-dispersive approach, i.e. the universal plot method, can be used. A novel combination of the two approaches (sin2Ψ and universal plot) is introduced in the present work. Prevailing limits with respect to profiles as a function of depth can be overcome and, thus, high-resolution surface layer characterization is enabled. The data obtained are discussed comprehensively in comparison with results elaborated by energy-dispersive X-ray diffraction measurements.

Quantitative explanation of the Schottky barrier height

Eight decades ago, Schottky proposed that the energy barrier at the metal-semiconductor interface, which now bears his name, should be compared with the difference of two surface quantities, the work function (WF) of the metal and the ionization potential of the semiconductor. This tradition of plotting and modeling the Schottky barrier height (SBH) against the metal WF has been followed ever since. However, success in general quantitative understanding of the SBH from physical principles has been limited, and empirical models are still relied upon. Here, we show that the stumbling block that has prevented a broadly applicable physical explanation of the SBH is the presence of surface dipole terms, inherently included in the traditional, Schottky-Mott styled analyses. By removing these surface contributions with the help of the recently developed neutral polyhedra theory, we show that the SBHs calculated for a very large number of epitaxial interfaces between metals and zinc-blende semiconductors are quantitatively explained from general chemical principles. Amazingly, SBHs calculated for 17 different semiconductors fit onto the same universal plot. Previously, SBHs needed to be grouped according to the semiconductor before analyses could be conducted separately for, and with empirical parameters specific to, each semiconductor. This work shows that the mechanism for SBH formation at metal-semiconductor interface is none other than the same chemistry responsible for charge distribution in molecules. There is no need for empirical modeling once the traditional beginning-point of SBH analysis is abandoned and the proposed new one is used.

КОНЦЕПЦІЯ КОРИДИ В ЖИВОПИСНОМУ ЦИКЛІ «OLE!» ЛЕСЯ ПОДЕРВ’ЯНСЬКОГО

The review of Les Podervianskyi’s exhibition “Ole!”, which was presented at the Dymchuk Gallery in Kyiv in autumn 2021, focuses on the concept of bullfighting as a universal artistic plot. Many artists of different generations, including such eminent as P. Picasso or F. Goya, have repeatedly reproduced the bullfight, as a phenomenon of Spanish culture, in their artworks. Recently, some contemporary Ukrainian artists have turned to the symbolism and aesthetics of this Spanish plot, which is evidenced by the appearance of thematic exhibitions, including “Ole!” The text considers the phenomenon of L. Podervianskyi’s personality as an artist in the context of the history of contemporary Ukrainian art. It analyzed the variations of interpretations of torero and bull images from the standpoint of bullfighting philosophy, which allows us to comprehend the metaphorical depiction of the Spanish traditional battle in painting. The presented series of paintings is considered from different angles: 1) color and compositional solution; 2) the matador and the bull as multi-valued symbols of the universal plot; 3) the system of the exhibition project in the gallery space. One of the highlights is on the connection between text and image, in particular in the combination of the title and the image itself. Separately, it is covered the topic of Japanese culture, which is one of the central ones in L. Podervianskyi’s work: similar features in the construction of Japanese poetry and compositional techniques in painting are analyzed; the interchangeability of the use of bullfighting and kung fu plots as an artistic technique is explained. Mixing and layering the Ukrainian experience of the artist, images of the bullfighter and the bull and Japanese traditions creates a new system in the artistic dimension, in which the confrontation between the individual and the external world and the inner self becomes the central point.

On the role of Debye temperature in the onset of flash in three oxides

Higher electric fields lower the temperature for the onset of flash. We explore the question “what can be the lowest temperature for initiating flash?”. Constant heating rate experiments at increasing electric fields reveal a surprising characteristic: the Debye temperature emerges as a the lower bound for the onset of flash. Data for flash temperature for three oxides are shown to exhibit this behavior in a universal plot.

Reassessment of evaluation methods for the analysis of near-surface residual stress fields using energy-dispersive diffraction

In this paper two evaluation methods for X-ray stress analysis by means of energy-dispersive diffraction are reassessed. Both are based on the sin2ψ measuring technique. Advantage is taken of the fact that the d ψ hkl –sin2ψ data obtained for the individual diffraction lines E hkl not only contain information about the depth and orientation dependence of the residual stresses, but also reflect the single-crystal elastic anisotropy of the material. With simulated examples, it is demonstrated that even steep residual stress gradients could be determined from sin2ψ measurements that are performed up to maximum tilt angles of about 45°, since the d ψ hkl –sin2ψ distributions remain almost linear within this ψ range. This leads to a significant reduction of the measuring effort and also makes more complex component geometries accessible for X-ray stress analysis. Applying the modified multi-wavelength plot method for data analysis, it turns out that a plot of the stress data obtained for each reflection hkl by linear regression versus the maximum information depth τψ=0 hkl results in a discrete depth distribution which coincides with the actual Laplace space stress depth profile σ(τ). The sensitivity of the residual stress depth profiles σ(τψ=0 hkl ) to the diffraction elastic constants ½S 2 hkl used in the sin2ψ analysis can be exploited to refine the grain-interaction model itself. With respect to the universal plot method the stress factors F ij which reflect the material's anisotropy on both the microscopic scale (single-crystal elastic anisotropy) and the macroscopic scale (anisotropy of the residual stress state) are used as driving forces to refine the strain-free lattice parameter a 0 during the evaluation procedure.

Russian Literary Classics (“The Power of the Earth” by G. I. Uspensky and “Bezhin Meadow” by I. S. Turgenev) in the Context of the Social Themes of Soviet Cinema of the 1930s

The article discusses the influence of the poetics of Russian literary classics of the 19th century on Soviet cinema of the 1930s, the collectivization of which was an acute social theme. It is emphasized that the visualization of the “dilapidated” village, against which the conflict unfolded in the films of A. P. Dovzhenko, “Earth” (1930) and “Bezhin Meadow” by S. M. Eisenstein (1935-1937), required aesthetically convincing artistic images that Soviet filmmakers found in the works of Uspensky and Turgenev. It is proved that the universal meanings of the classic literary work provided a high degree of artistic generalization, without which it would be impossible to create a socialist myth of a bright future. It is alleged that allusions to the “power of the earth” formulated by the Assumption mythology have expanded the image in the film “Earth”, where the struggle with the fists appeared as one of the episodes in the universal plot about the principle of being. The function of quotes from Turgenev’s Bezhina Meadows is commented on: they translated the collision of the collective farm drama in the film of Rzheshevsky-Eisenstein into the category of mysteries about the resurrection. The authors of the article come to the conclusion that contact with cinema revealed a common feature of Russian classics - the presence of a mystery plot plan that ensures the integrity of Russian culture with a sharp ideological opposition of its creators.

Tailoring the temperature-dependent viscoelastic behavior of acrylic copolymers by introducing hydrogen bonding interactions

A great challenge of toner design is to improve the storage stability and energy saving. The reciprocal characteristics of endowing high glass transition temperature (Tg) while low fusing temperature (Tf) are essential. In this study, we investigate the influence of hydrogen bonding interactions on Tg and temperature-dependent viscoelastic of styrene/ethyl acrylate random copolymers [P(St-co-EA)] with different ratios of St/EA by the incorporation of small molecule 4,4′-thio-bis(6-tert-butyl-m-methyl phenol) (AO300). The results of FTIR spectra confirm the intermolecular hydrogen bonding between the carbonyl groups of acrylic copolymers and hydroxyl groups of AO300 small molecules. With increasing AO300 content, Tg of the hybrids increases due to the increased number of hydrogen bonding. The universal scaling law of temperature-dependent viscoelastic behavior is indeed valid for pure acrylic copolymers in both the Arrhenius and non-Arrhenius regions. However, the temperature-dependent viscoelastic behaviors of the hybrids are strongly influenced by the ratio of St/EA and AO300 content, showing positive or negative deviations from the universal plot for high and low ratio of St/EA copolymer based hybrids, respectively. The systematic deviations are greater with increasing small molecule content. Such irregular deviations can be attributed to either the disassociation of hydrogen bonding or plasticizing effect by the introduction of AO300. The P(St-co-EA)/AO300 hybrids possessing high Tg and low Tf provides a promising candidate of toner binder resin to realize the storage stability and energy efficient.

Scaling invariance in a social network with limited attention and innovation

Competition for limited attention in a social network with innovation is investigated. We consider the case where each piece of information has a fitness as proxy of its quality. The higher is the quality the higher are the chances of being transmitted. We describe the behavior of the diversity of information in a social network as a function of time by using scaling arguments and we demonstrate its scaling invariant with respect of time as well as information load, attention and network sizes. Scaling transformations are used to overlap different curves of diversity, obtained by distinct parameters, onto an universal plot.

Dependence on temperature of the electrical properties of nanocrystalline Y2Ti2O7 ceramics

The nanocrystalline yttrium titanate (YTO) ceramic was prepared by polymerized sol-gel method. Structural analysis performed with x-ray diffraction and Raman spectroscopy showed the cubic-pyrochlore structure of YTO. Impedance and dielectric spectroscopy have been performed in a high temperature region varying from 550 to 700°C. The YTO grains were found to participate dominantly in the process of electrical conduction. The YTO showed the negative thermal coefficient of resistance type material for electrical conduction. The dc conductivity of YTO followed the Arrhenius behavior and the activation energy was calculated to be 1.15eV. The dielectric constant has increased with increasing the measuring temperature. The ac conductivity had shown the Universal behavior described by Jonscher's power law and the corresponding value of the frequency exponent (n) was found to be less than unity. The CBH model was successfully employed and the conduction was proved to occur through hopping mechanism and the value of maximum barrier height (WM) was obtained as 0.17eV. Electrical modulus spectra were fitted with Bergman proposed KWW function and the dielectric relaxation occurred in YTO was of non-Debye type because the magnitude of stretching factor (β) was found to be less than unity (ranging from 0.77 to 0.89). The electrical modulus and impedance characteristics of YTO were properly scaled so that they fall in a single Universal plot, that implied that the respective mechanisms in the nanocrystalline YTO were reported to be temperature independent.

On the Relationship Between Donor/Acceptor Interface Energy Levels and Open‐Circuit Voltages

Energy offset (EDA) from a number of donor/acceptor heterojunctions is measured using ultraviolet photoemission spectroscopy. It is found that substrate work functions have little impact on the energy level alignments at donor/acceptor heterojunctions. Planar‐heterojunction organic photovoltaic cells are made to test the relationship between energy offset and open‐circuit voltage (VOC). VOC is found to increase linearly as a function of EDA. The VOC, however, takes a surprising turn at EDA = 1.5 eV and starts to decrease as a function of donor–acceptor energy levels. To explain this experimental observation, a theoretical model to quantify the relationship between VOC and EDA is developed. The proposed model well explains the experimental data and, in particular, the reverse trend of VOC on EDA. By grouping several material constants into one variable, a simple universal plot that well describes the experimental data for both planar‐heterojunction and bulk‐heterojunction cells is generated.

Residual stress in nano-structured stainless steel (AISI 316L) prompted by Xe+ ion bombardment at different impinging angles

The effect of low energy (<1 keV) xenon (Xe+) ion bombardment on the residual stress of polycrystalline iron alloy (AISI 316L steel) is reported. The results take into account the influence of the ion incident angle maintaining constant all other bombarding parameters (i.e., ion energy and current density, temperature, and doses). The bombarded surface topography shows that ions prompt the formation of nanometric regular patterns on the surface crystalline grains and stressing the structure. The paper focalizes on the study of the surface residual stress state stemming from the ion bombardment studied by means of the “sin2 ψ” and “Universal Plot” methods. The analysis shows the absence of shear stress in the affected material region and the presence of compressive in-plane residual biaxial stress (∼200 MPa) expanding up to ∼1 μm depth for all the studied samples. Samples under oblique bombardment present higher compressive stress values in the direction of the projected ion beam on the bombarded surface. The absolute value of the biaxial surface stress difference (σ11-σ22) increases on ion impinging angles, a phenomenon associated with the momentum transfer by the ions. The highest stress level was measured for ion impinging angles of 45° (σ11 = −380 ± 10 MPa and σ22 = −320 ± 10 MPa). The different stresses obtained in the studied samples do not affect significantly the formation of characteristic surface patterns.

Hall-plot of the phase diagram for Ba(Fe1-xCox)2As2.

The Hall effect is a powerful tool for investigating carrier type and density. For single-band materials, the Hall coefficient is traditionally expressed simply by , where e is the charge of the carrier, and n is the concentration. However, it is well known that in the critical region near a quantum phase transition, as it was demonstrated for cuprates and heavy fermions, the Hall coefficient exhibits strong temperature and doping dependencies, which can not be described by such a simple expression, and the interpretation of the Hall coefficient for Fe-based superconductors is also problematic. Here, we investigate thin films of Ba(Fe1−xCox)2As2 with compressive and tensile in-plane strain in a wide range of Co doping. Such in-plane strain changes the band structure of the compounds, resulting in various shifts of the whole phase diagram as a function of Co doping. We show that the resultant phase diagrams for different strain states can be mapped onto a single phase diagram with the Hall number. This universal plot is attributed to the critical fluctuations in multiband systems near the antiferromagnetic transition, which may suggest a direct link between magnetic and superconducting properties in the BaFe2As2 system.

Rietveld-based energy-dispersive residual stress evaluation: analysis of complex stress fields σij(z)

A method for the evaluation of strongly inhomogeneous residual stress fields in the near-surface region of polycrystalline materials is introduced, which exploits the full information content contained in energy-dispersive (ED) diffraction patterns. The macro-stress-induced diffraction line shifts ΔEψhklobserved in ED sin2ψ measurements are described by modeling the residual stress state σij(z) in real space, based on Rietveld's data analysis concept. Therefore, the proposed approach differs substantially from currently used methods for residual stress gradient analysis such as the `universal plot' method, which enable access to the Laplace stress profiles σij(τ). With the example of shot-peened samples made of either 100Cr6 steel or Al2O3, it is demonstrated that the simultaneous refinement of all diffraction patterns obtained in a sin2ψ measurement with hundreds of diffraction lines provides very stable solutions for the residual stress depth profiles. Furthermore, it is shown that the proposed evaluation concept even allows for consideration of the residual stress component σ33(z) in the thickness direction, which is difficult to detect by conventional sin2ψ analysis.

CO2 Fate Comparison for Depleted Gas Field and Dipping Saline Aquifer

An important metric for CO2 storage is the CO2 fate plot, which displays the partitioning of mobile/capillary trapped/dissolved/mineralised CO2 as a function of time. The archetype version of this plot (Fig. 1, from the IPCC 2005 report [1]) is idealised. While a simplification is a good way to illustrate physical mechanisms, the problem with this plot is that due to its popularity it is now easily misinterpreted to be a universal plot. However, for actual case studies the curves behave quantitatively and sometimes qualitatively differently from the archetype plot. The reason for this is that reservoir settings are different from case to case, having a profound impact on the characteristic times, shapes, and magnitudes of the CO2 fate curves. The objective of this work is to generate a realistic range of CO2 fate plots, derived from reservoir simulations on simple geometries but with realistic input parameters, expressing the impact of key control parameters. This new range of plots can be used for communication purposes to a wider audience, and also as a Quality Control tool for future modelling studies. Our results bring out major differences between a depleted gas field setting (more generally: structurally closed setting) and a dipping saline aquifer setting (more generally: structurally open setting). In a structurally closed setting the CO2 dissolution and/or mineralisation takes orders of magnitude longer than in a structurally open setting. This result is quite robust under variation of other parameters such as vertical to horizontal permeability, reservoir thickness, reservoir dip angle, relative permeabilities and geochemical variations. Moreover, only a small subset of structurally open cases, and none of the structurally closed cases, leads to CO2 fate plots that are similar to the one in the IPCC 2005 report. Therefore the CO2 fate plot from the IPCC 2005 report should not be used for quantitative statements regarding the relative size and timing of the various CO2 fate categories; for most potential CO2 storage sites such statements are likely to be invalid. Another implication is that for a structurally closed setting the CO2 tends to be relatively static: slow transitions between CO2 fate categories, and (due to structural closure) limited lateral migration of mobile gas. For a structurally open setting, however, the CO2 fate (spatial distribution and trapping category) is much more likely to vary significantly over time due to relatively quick CO2 plume migration laterally and relatively quick conversion of CO2 into the less mobile (capillary trapped/dissolved/mineralised) CO2 fate categories. For structurally open cases, the balance between, on the one hand, the lateral CO2 plume migration speed and, on the other hand, the capillary trapping/dissolution/mineralisation rate, determines the spatial distribution of the mobile CO2 in relation to potential leak paths. Therefore for CCS project screening/design in structurally open cases it is more critical to investigate this balance than for CCS in structurally closed reservoirs.