Universal International Organizations Research Articles

International Legal Content of the Concept "Renewable Energy Sources" Revisited

Introduction. The expansion of the use of renewable energy sources (RES) is recognized as one of the means to solve the issue of climate change. At the same time, RES is considered an "antagonist" to traditional natural resources, the latter being unevenly distributed among states, so the formation of an international legal regime for renewable energy requires a balanced approach. In this article, the author analyzes the key component of such a regime, namely, the legal content of the term "renewable energy sources". Based on the documents adopted within international organizations containing definitions of RES, the author establishes the main criteria of RES and formulates a list of energy sources that are universally recognized as such, namely, wind energy, water energy, solar energy, biomass energy, geothermal energy, ocean and river energy.Materials and methods. The methodological basis of the research was formed by general scientific techniques (analysis, synthesis, induction, deduction, comparison, classification, systematization, forecasting) and private scientific techniques (formal legal and comparative legal method).The research is based on the documents of universal international organizations (UN, IEA, IRENA), in which the definition of RES is formulated. The author also resorts to the sources of the EU law governing cooperation in the area of renewable energy as well as documents adopted within the CIS.Research results. The article analyzes the concept of RES in the international law. It is established that it is based on a quantitative criterion (i.e. the speed of reproduction of an energy source should exceed the speed of its consumption) and a qualitative one (its "sustainability" in terms of environmental impact). Since no known energy source is completely environmentally neutral, the "sustainability" criterion is used to identify sources that have significantly less environmental impact than others. The author also identifies a number of energy sources that meet the criterion of renewability, but are not recognized as RES (e.g. nuclear energy), or are not included in the RES, in respect of which states wish to develop international cooperation (e.g. certain types of hydropower, traditional biomass). The author also identifies RES, with regards to which states choose to apply the precautionary principle due to insufficient knowledge of their compliance with the sustainability criterion (e.g. geothermal energy).Discussion and conclusion. The author concludes that the international community has developed an understanding of the criteria for classifying energy sources as RES, and their list is agreed within different interstate communities depending on the actual needs of interaction (for universal organizations, the aim is to mainly the exchange of "best practices" for encouraging RES, for regional ones it also includes developing cooperation mechanisms within the framework of transnational projects and harmonization of state laws). This gives grounds for optimism about reaching a consensus on the concept of renewable energy for the development of an international legal regime.

ПРЕДУПРЕЖДЕНИЕ И ЛИКВИДАЦИЯ ЧРЕЗВЫЧАЙНЫХ И КРИЗИСНЫХ СИТУАЦИЙ: ПРОБЛЕМЫ ФОРМИРОВАНИЯ МЕЖДУНАРОДНО-ПРАВОВОГО РЕГУЛИРОВАНИЯ

The conceptual concept and types of interaction of international legal regulators on the prevention and liquidation of emergency and crisis situations are formulated The role of generally recognized principles of international law in ensuring international cooperation in the prevention of emergencies and crisis situations has been established. International cooperation in this area is based on and implemented through universal, regional international legal mechanisms, as well as bilateral treaties. The role of the United Nations in the normative, programmatic and expert support of cooperation between states on disaster risk reduction, as well as universal international organizations and conferences in the development of international legal regulators for countering emergency and crisis situations is considered. The analysis of the activities of international regional organizations on the international legal provision of emergency prevention, including in the arctic region, is carried out. In conclusion, it is concluded that there is an insufficient level of coherence and integrity of the international legal regulation of the prevention and liquidation of emergency and crisis situations.

Canada's 1927 Election to the Council of the League of Nations: Imperial Unity and National Interests

The activities of universal international organizations (the League of Nations and the UN) have always influenced the dynamics of world processes. In the article, the author examines the election of Canada to the Council of the League of Nations in 1927. This event influenced the principle of the formation of the system of electoral groups, reflected on the transformation of relations between the Empire and the Dominions, determined the vector of development of Canadian foreign policy in the framework of the concept of "middle power".

МІЖНАРОДНІ ТА ЄВРОПЕЙСЬКІ СТАНДАРТИ ЗАХИСТУ ПРАВ ЛЮДИНИ: ДО ПРОБЛЕМИ ВИЗНАЧЕННЯ ПОНЯТТЯ ТА КЛАСИФІКАЦІЇ

В даній науковій статті автором розкрито міжнародні та європейські стандарти прав людини, зокрема виділено підходи до визначення поняття «стандарт прав людини» в юридичній літературі, критерії до класифікації міжнародних та європейських стандартів прав людини, а також виділено нормативні акти, які закріплюють відповідні стандарти. На підставі проведеного аналізу, автор робить висновок про те, що міжнародні стандарти прав людини – це мінімально можливий рівень забезпечення прав людини, їх захисту та дотримання в діяльності публічних суб’єктів, сукупність правових, організаційних та інституційних гарантій їх забезпечення та недопустимості свавільного обмеження, визначені документами універсальних міжнародних організацій, міжнародними договорами та міжнародними звичаями і виступають основою для регіональних та національних стандартів прав людини. Європейські стандарти прав людини – це стандарти прав людини, визначені документами Ради Європи, Європейського Союзу та Організації з безпеки та співробітництва в Європі, інших регіональних європейських міжнародних організацій, обов’язковість яких визнана державами-членами цих організацій через ратифікацію, затвердження, укладання відповідних документів або через фактичне визнання відповідних стандартів та їх застосування, сформовані відповідно до міжнародних стандартів прав людини і які є основою для вироблення національних стандартів держав-учасниць відповідних організацій. Національні стандарти прав людини є розвитком міжнародних та регіональних стандартів, їх імплементацію у національне законодавство, однак можуть ще більш повно визначати їх зміст та особливості гарантування та захисту; це стандарти прав людини, визначені національними джерелами права, передусім конституцією та конституційними законами. Також в науковій статті виділено види стандартів прав людини.

What Happened to the Idea of World Government

What happened to the idea of world government, so central in the United States to public debate of the 1930s and 1940s, and why has it been replaced by ‘‘global governance’’? This article reviews the reasons behind that evolution—the need to incorporate interdependence and nonstate actors into analytical frameworks along with a lack of imagination from analysts—as well as the pluses and minuses of both concepts. When states still could solve or attenuate most problems, world government remained a possible objective and not far from the mainstream. Paradoxically, now that states visibly cannot address a growing number of transboundary threats, world government is unimaginable; and even more robust international organizations are often looked upon askance. Could the same far-sighted American political commitment that created a new generation of international organizations after World War II re-emerge under the Obama administration, if not in 2009, then at least by the end of a second term? Le machin (the thing) is what Charles de Gaulle scornfully called the United Nations (UN), thereby dismissing multilateral cooperation as frivolous in comparison with the real red meat of world politics, national interests and Realpolitik. He conveniently ignored—as many amateur and professional historians have since—that the formal birth of ‘‘the thing’’ was not the signing of the UN Charter on June 26, 1945, but rather the adoption of the ‘‘Declaration by the United Nations’’ in Washington, DC, on January 1, 1942. The same 26 countries of the powerful coalition that defeated Fascism and rescued France also anticipated the formal establishment of a world organization as an essential extension of their war-time commitments. These were not pie-in-the-sky idealists. After the failure of the League of Nations, states did not view the second generation of universal international organizations in the form of the UN system as a liberal plaything to be ignored but rather a vital necessity for post-war order and prosperity. Numerous other politicians and pundits since de Gaulle have made careers by questioning the UN’s relevance and calling for its dismantlement. Mine, in contrast, has revolved around trying to strengthen the world organization. Thus, the 50th Annual Convention of the International Studies Association (ISA) in the city that hosts United Nations headquarters provides me with an opportunity to revisit the United Nations from a particular angle: the desperate requirement for a third generation of intergovernmental organizations that * Presidential Address, 50th Convention of the International Studies Association, New York, N.Y., February 16,

L'organisation internationale, rose des vents dans l'espace cardinal

The South exists only where group expression can be found, and universal international organizations represent " cardinal space " par excellence. Third World states have tried to use international bodies to build their own political space and to try to loosen the outside constraints weighing on their development. They have used a threefold strategy : reappropriation and reinterpretation of Western norms for their own ends, non-alignment, and collective bargaining. After a semblance of success in the early 1970s, the South seems to have lost ils bargaining power and ils capacity to shape itself into a political force. The forums in which it holds the majority adopt resolutions which can have no practical consequences, while there is an increase in the bilateralization of public aid and the influence of the international financial institutions with which each country negotiates individually. The Third World does however have its own political culture, a way of perceiving itself as a group of developing countries and of conceiving international relations. The crisis of international organizations is to a large extent a cultural crisis and the result of a North-South/East-West confrontation over social organization models and concepts of man, none of which obtains recognition as applicable to the entire world.

Encyclopedia of Public International Law. Instalment 3: Use of Force, War and Neutrality. Peace Treaties (A-M). Pp. xv, 299. 1982. Instalment 4: Use of Force, War and Neutrality. Peace Treaties (N-Z). Pp. xv, 377. 1982. Instalment 5: International Organizations in General. Universal International Organizations and Cooperation. Pp. xv, 427. 1983. Edited by Rudolf Bernhardt. Published under the auspices of the

Encyclopedia of Public International Law. Instalment 3: Use of Force, War and Neutrality. Peace Treaties (A-M). Pp. xv, 299. 1982. Instalment 4: Use of Force, War and Neutrality. Peace Treaties (N-Z). Pp. xv, 377. 1982. Instalment 5: International Organizations in General. Universal International Organizations and Cooperation. Pp. xv, 427. 1983. Edited by Rudolf Bernhardt. Published under the auspices of the Max Planck Institute for Comparative Public Law and International Law. Amsterdam: North-Holland. - Volume 79 Issue 2

Encyclopedia of Public International Law. Volume 3: Use of Force, War and Neutrality, Peace Treaties (A-M); Volume 4: Use of Force, War and Neutrality, Peace Treaties (N-Z); Volume 5: International Organizations in General, Universal International Organizations and Cooperation

Journal Article Encyclopedia of Public International Law . Volume 3: Use of Force, War and Neutrality, Peace Treaties (A-M) ; Volume 4: Use of Force, War and Neutrality, Peace Treaties (N-Z) ; Volume 5: International Organizations in General, Universal International Organizations and Cooperation Get access D. W. Bowett D. W. Bowett Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar British Yearbook of International Law, Volume 54, Issue 1, 1983, Pages 241–242, https://doi.org/10.1093/bybil/54.1.241 Published: 01 November 1984

Encyclopedia of Public International Law, published under the auspices of the Max-Planck-Institute for Comparative Public Law and International Law under the direction of Rudolf Bernhardt. 5: International Organizations in General. Universal International Organizations and Cooperation. Amsterdam/New York/Oxford: North-Holland, 1983. Pp. xv, 427.

Encyclopedia of Public International Law, published under the auspices of the Max-Planck-Institute for Comparative Public Law and International Law under the direction of Rudolf Bernhardt. 5: International Organizations in General. Universal International Organizations and Cooperation. Amsterdam/New York/Oxford: North-Holland, 1983. Pp. xv, 427. - Volume 11 Issue 5-6

The Participation Of The Soviet Union in Universal International Organizations: A Political and Legal Analysis Of Soviet Strategies and Aspirations Inside Ilo, UNESCO, and WHO. By Chris Osakwe. Leiden: A. W. Sijthoff, 1972. xvi, 194 pp. $12.00, paper. Distributed by Humanities Press, Inc.

The Participation Of The Soviet Union in Universal International Organizations: A Political and Legal Analysis Of Soviet Strategies and Aspirations Inside Ilo, UNESCO, and WHO. By Chris Osakwe. Leiden: A. W. Sijthoff, 1972. xvi, 194 pp. $12.00, paper. Distributed by Humanities Press, Inc. - Volume 33 Issue 2

The League of Nations and the United Nations in World Politics: A Plea for Comparative Research on Universal International Organizations

This essay focuses attention on an area that has been largely neglected in the theoretical literature on international organizations: the relationships between universal international organizations dedicated to the maintenance of peace and security and the systemic contexts within which these operate. Of all the variables affecting the behavior of such organizations, the systemic forces which envelop them are clearly the most crucial. In fact, it has become banal to assert that the successes or failures of international organizations stem not so much from their formal-legal covenants as from changing configurations and distributions of power, systemic issues and forces, and the attitudes and resources of member-states. As Inis Claude ( 1967: viii) put it in discussing the United Nations: Changes in the political context within which the organization exists and functions-not the relatively minor changes that have been made in the Charter-account for the difference between the United Nations of 1946 and that of today.

Contemporary Soviet Doctrine on the Juridical Nature of Universal International Organizations

Whether or not we agree with the statement that international law is nothing but “international public morality” or, what amounts to the same thing, that international law is “primitive law” as compared with its municipal counterpart, we are more likely to agree on the question that Soviet doctrinal international law1 is nothing but a mirror reflection of official Soviet governmental and party policies. It is essentially a “fighting international law” 2 which has often proved a valuable weapon in the armory of Soviet foreign policy-makers. The zig-zag development of the Soviet doctrinal approach to the question of international personality in general, and in particular to the international legal status of international organizations, vividly demonstrates this fact. We propose to examine in greater detail just one aspect of the Soviet doctrine of international law—the concept of secondary subjects of international law.