Universal Input Voltage Research Articles

Design of adaptive hybrid MPPT controllers with universal input voltage DC–DC converter for RES’s

At present, conventional energy production is absent because of the more hazardous gases released into the environment, the high effect on human health, more cost required for maintenance, plus less usefulness for highly populated areas. So, the Renewable Energy Sources are more focused for the present automotive industry application. In this work, the Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Stack is considered for analyzing the proposed DC–DC converter circuit. The advantages of this fuel stack are high energy density, fast functioning nature, more robustness, and more usefulness for the various water membrane conditions of the fuel stack. However, the disadvantages of the fuel stack are excessive current generation, plus more current conduction losses. So, the wide voltage supply single switch power converter is introduced in this work for optimizing the current production of the fuel stack network. The merits of this converter circuit are high stability, good reliability, low voltage appearing across the switches, plus a uniform power supply. Here, the converter switching pulses are obtained by proposing the Modified Continuous Step Change Adaptive Fuzzy Logic with Grey Wolf Optimization hybrid controller. This controller provides high maximum power extraction efficiency from the fuel stack which is equal to 99.421%. Also, this controller's Maximum Power Point Tracking time is 0.0285 s.

Capacitance Analysis for Volume Reduction Based on Integrated Buck and Buck-Boost LED Driver

This paper presents a design methodology to improve the power density of integrated converters operating at universal input voltage fulfilling the standards of connection to the grid and load. The proposed integrated two-stage converter is composed of the power factor correction (PFC) stage behaving as a current source to the bus, and the power control (PC) stage which provides continuous energy to the LED load. Traditionally, the low-frequency ripple (LFR) filtering process is performed by the bus capacitor placed in the output of the PFC stage, while the PC stage output capacitor works only as a high-frequency (HF) filter. The idea is to explore the lower and fixed operating voltage characteristics of the PC stage to share the LFR filtering with the PFC stage. Thus, a mathematical analysis is carried out, considering the influence of the LED characteristics, bus voltage, and capacitances to predict the LFR in the LED current. A case study, composed of an integrated buck and buck-boost converter to supply a 75W LED load, is presented. For the traditional design method, the LED driver needs an 820uF/160V PFC bus capacitor and a 10uF/80V output capacitor to filter the HF components, representing a total capacitors' volume of 17.9cm³. With the proposed analysis, the optimized driver circuit requires a 220uF/160V PFC bus capacitor and a 470uF/80V output capacitor, resulting in a total capacitors' volume of 9.7cm³, providing a volume reduction of approximately 45%.

Converter with Wide Input Voltage Range Applied to Solid State Lighting Based on HV9930

Currently research has pointed to LEDs as the technology more efficient and durable to be used in lighting, however, it requires a static converter in order to control the electrical current flowing through the LED lamp. In this context, this paper describes the implementation of a DC/DC converter with wide input voltage range called Boost-Buck Quadratic, with simple control strategy, driving a LED lamp. The converter can be powered from 12 VDC (battery voltage) to the universal AC input voltage (90 to 240 VAC). Theoretical analysis, design guidelines and experimental results from a prototype of the proposed Boost-Buck Quadratic converter driving a 12 W LED lamp are shown in this paper.

Universal Input Single-Stage High-Power-Factor LED Driver with Active Low-Frequency Current Ripple Suppressed

In this paper, a light-emitting diode (LED) driver with a high power factor (PF) and low-frequency current ripple suppression over a wide input range is presented, and a flyback converter is designed to operate in the discontinuous conduction mode (DCM), with a digital controller used to keep the duty cycle constant for half of the utility cycle under a fixed load and input voltage. This method ensures that the input current is in phase with the universal input voltage, thus achieving a high power factor without utilizing feedforward control. Furthermore, on the secondary side, the time of the zero point of the utility voltage can be attained so that the duty cycle can be updated at this time. In addition, a simple auxiliary circuit is connected parallel to the output side to absorb the excess output current of the flyback converter or to release the current to the load to make up for the shortage of the output current of the flyback converter so that the low-frequency ripple of the output current can be inhibited. There are only two current-detecting resistors used in this study: one is the output current-sensing resistor of the flyback converter, and the other is the output current-sensing resistor of the auxiliary circuit.

A novel framework for enhancing the power quality of electrical vehicle battery charging based on a modified Ferdowsi Converter

A DC–DC converter in an EV charging station is to regulate the DC voltage from the rectifier to the required voltage for battery charging. This ensures that a constant, stable, and safe charging voltage is provided to the battery However, if the EV charging is done only with a DC–DC​ converter, it results in poor Power Quality (PQ), with high levels of harmonic distortion and a low power factor. This can lead to longer charging times, increased energy costs, decreased battery performance and life, and introduce serious PQ issues. To address these issues, the Ferdowsi Converter is proposed is a combination of two interleaved Buck-Boost converters with a common input inductor as a solution with simplified PT control strategy presented, operated in operating in discontinuous conduction mode (DCM) is presented, which can achieve nearly unity power factor (PF) over universal input voltage range studied. The converter performs with fewer components, providing a charger input current that is in phase with the mains voltage, reducing the THD to below 5% under steady state and during variations in line and load side.

A quasi‐two‐switch power factor correction converter for on‐board battery chargers

SummaryThis paper describes a quasi‐two‐switch buck‐boost power factor correction (PFC) converter for use in on‐board battery chargers to create a variable output voltage that is less than or greater than the peak input voltage. A two‐stage converter links the input grid power to the battery pack both in battery‐operated electric cars (BEVs) and plug‐in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs), with battery pack voltages ranging from 100 to 500 V depending on vehicle size and capacity. A universal charger that can manage such a wide range of battery pack voltages is appropriate for all vehicle designs. This requirement is met by supplying a changeable DC link voltage at the input of the DC/DC converter, which is a major obstacle in battery chargers when it comes to achieving universal output voltages. The major contribution of this research is the analysis and design of a dual‐control technique for a cascaded buck‐boost converter suited for a power factor correction (PFC) rectifier. The control loop is designed to allow a seamless transition from buck‐boost operation while putting less stress on the devices. The converter's power loss and small‐signal model are also investigated. From an economic standpoint, this concept allows the automobile industry to manufacture a single power converter, which is flexible and capable of charging numerous vehicle variants. Results have been verified both with a PSIM (11.0) simulation model and an experimental setup for a 1‐kW PFC converter suitable for universal input voltages of 85–265 Vrms and broad output voltages.

A Simple Modulation Strategy for Full ZVS of Single-Stage Electrolytic Capacitor-Less EV Charger With Universal Input

The single-stage electrolytic capacitor-less on-board charger (OBC) is attracting attention with the possibility of achieving high efficiency, high power density, and low component count. However, under universal input and wide battery voltage, the single-stage OBC has a difficulty in achieving ZVS turn- <sc xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">on</small> while maintaining unity power factor. In order to achieve ZVS under wide voltage range, the conventional single-stage OBC uses multiple control variables including switching frequency where the switching frequency usually varies widely, which complicates the converter design and optimization. In this regard, a totem-pole based single-stage electrolytic capacitor-less OBC was introduced in [36]. It uses one control variable and fixed switching frequency. However, this topology is not able to achieve full ZVS under wide voltage range and has high grid current total harmonic distortion (THD). This article proposes a simple modulation strategy that uses an adaptive duty-cycle and phase-shift modulation to achieve full ZVS under universal input and wide battery voltage. In addition, the fourth-harmonic injection method greatly reduces the grid current THD. The effectiveness of the proposed modulation was validated on a 3.84-kW prototype with 100–240 V ac input and 460–800 V battery voltage. The efficiency is also increased up to 2.3%p under low-voltage grid compared to the previous work.

Enhanced Performance of On-board EV Battery Charger with Universal Power Supply

This paper is intended to provide enhanced features of onboard EV battery chargers in terms of improved power quality feature, reduced voltage stress, reduced filter size, high efficiency and fast dynamic response for universal input voltage range (85–265 V). The proposed configuration comprises of three-level quadratic converter suitable to provide high voltage gain. The detailed operation, analysis and control scheme of the proposed converter rated for 3.2 kW, 400 V are studied under simulation and hardware in a loop environment. The on-board charger performances are assessed by charging a 40 Ah lithium ion EV battery under different charging modes. The state of charge of battery decides converter operating mode i.e. constant current and constant voltage mode to charge the battery. Enhancement in the onboard charger is observed in both operating modes tested for wide variation in supply voltages. The results reveal that the operation of converter depicts unity power factor operation, improvement in supply current harmonics and controlling output voltage/current. Under both operating modes, the proposed charger draws sinusoidal supply current from ac mains and its THD is reduced to specified limit prescribed by IEC-61000-3-2. Furthermore, the charger performance is also investigated for EV battery charging operation at wide input voltage variations and found satisfactory.

Digital Voltage Sampling Scheme for Primary-Side Regulation Flyback Converter in CCM and DCM Modes

Primary-side regulation (PSR) flyback topology with discontinuous conduction modulation (DCM) mode has been widely used in low-power application due to its high stability, wide input voltage range, low cost, and low standby power. To improve the output power, continuous conduction modulation (CCM) mode is always introduced. However, in CCM mode, conventional PSR voltage-sampling method cannot realize high precision of output voltage or the voltage sampling method requires complex control of high cost. In this paper, a simple digital voltage sampling scheme with two reference voltages outputted from a digital-to-analog converter (DAC) is put forward to trace the “accurate-point” voltage for DCM and CCM modes. In CCM mode, the sampling voltage error of the “knee-point” voltage can be compensated just by inserting DCM switching cycle to obtain the “accurate-point” voltage. Voltage difference between DCM mode and CCM mode will be eliminated, and high precision is easily realized. The proposed method is verified in a 20V, 65W PSR flyback converter. The sampling method only requires a low speed DAC, three comparators and a digital controller. The output voltage precision is within 0.6% with universal input voltage.

A Modified Forward PFC Converter for LED Lighting Applications

A modified forward power factor correction (PFC) converter for light-emitting-diode (LED) lighting applications is proposed in this paper. The proposed circuit topology is an integration of a forward converter and a flyback converter with a multi-windings transformer. The flyback converter is operated as an auxiliary voltage source (AVS) connected in series with the rectified ac grid voltage to achieve low harmonic current distortion and high power factor. The magnetizing inductance energy is recycled to charge the capacitor in the AVS. The commonly used constant on-time control and primary side regulation can be easily adopted to control the proposed LED driver. The operation principle of the proposed converter is presented followed by the mathematical derivation of the parameter design. An 80 W prototype converter was built and tested to verify the performance of the proposed PFC converter. Experimental results show that the proposed PFC converter can comply with the IEC 61000-3-2 standard with high efficiency, low current harmonics, and a nearly unity power factor under universal input voltage range.

A new design of transformerless, non‐isolated, high step‐up DC‐DC converter with hybrid fuzzy logic MPPT controller

AbstractUnder Partial Shading Conditions (PSCs), the solar PV nonlinear characteristics consist of multiple Maximum Power Points (MPPs). As a result, it is very difficult to extract the peak power of the solar PV. In this article, an Improved Grey Wolf Optimization‐based Fuzzy Logic Controller (IGWO‐FLC) is proposed to track the MPP of the solar PV. The advantages of the proposed hybrid soft computing Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) controller are high accuracy, very less oscillations across MPP, and high tracking speed. Also, a new transformerless, high step‐up, Non‐isolated Boost Converter (NIBC) is introduced in this work to improve the voltage profile of the solar PV system at different atmospheric conditions. The introduced converter circuit makes use of the network LC3D3 to improve the voltage conversion ratio, reduced voltage stress on switches, and universal input voltage. In addition, the network LC3D3 acts as a filter to reduce the output power ripples of the converter. The steady‐state performance of the proposed converter is analyzed at Continuous Conduction Mode (CCM) and Discontinuous Conduction Mode (DCM) of operations. The MATLAB/Simulink window is used to validate the proposed PV fed NIBC system at uniform and different PSCs of the solar PV. Also, the NIBC performance is investigated by applying an M62252P8020 type programmable DC‐source.

Design and Analysis of Single Switch Transformer less DC-DC Converter with Universal Input Voltage for Fuel Cell based Vehicles

Design and Analysis of Single Switch Transformer less DC-DC Converter with Universal Input Voltage for Fuel Cell based Vehicles

Design and Analysis of Single Switch Transformer Less DC-DC Converter with Universal Input Voltage for Fuel Cell based Vehicles

A new single switch solar powered high gain step-up DC-DC converter is proposed for plug-in hybrid battery charger in Electric vehicle (EV). The proposed topology utilizes a L2C3D2network to obtain high voltage gain and reduce the voltage stress on the power switch. Additionally, the proposed converter has a universal input voltage in order to suit the soft output characteristics of the fuel cell. The fuel cell has a relatively low output voltage and high current, and it has soft output characteristics as its output voltage drops as the output current increases. Therefore, the fuel cell cannot be directly interfaced to the dc-link bus (400V) of the inverter inside the EV. This dc-dc converter has a universal input voltage feature with wide voltage gain range to suit the soft output characteristics of the fuel cell. Additionally, this dc-dc converter has to have low input current ripple to prolong the life time of the fuel /solar cell, and a common ground between its input and output ports to avoid additional EMI and maintenance safety problem. This control strategy is modelled and simulated using MATLAB -Simulink. A proto type experimental has been fabricated and tested. The experimental analysis was done and the results are in line with the simulation results.

Single‐phase front‐end modified interleaved Luo power factor correction converter for on‐board electric vehicle charger

SummaryThis paper proposes a modification in the interleaved negative output elementary Luo converter to act as front‐end power factor correction converter for on‐board electric vehicle (EV) charger. The proposed converter is simple in design and offers non‐inverted DC link output voltage. The proposed converter has the advantages—high efficiency, near unity power factor, low AC source current distortion resulting in power quality enhancement, better DC load voltage regulation, and reduced component count. Due to interleaved configuration, rating of circuit components gets greatly reduced. Also, minimum numbers of circuit components pave the way for simple system design of on‐board EV charger. The steady‐state performance of the designed 100‐W, 48‐V converter with closed‐loop controller is analyzed under universal input voltage variation and wide range of load power variation. The converter is designed to provide stable operation when subjected to sudden disturbance in load power/supply voltage. The simulation analysis is done using MATLAB/Simulink platform. A prototype of 48‐V, 100‐W converter is built and tested. Results obtained reveal the superior performance of proposed converter under steady‐state and transient conditions.

Single-Stage Converter Based on the Boost-PFC Rectifier Employing a Current-Source Charge-Pump for Power LEDs Applications

This article presents a single-stage converter based on the boost-PFC (power factor correction) and charge-pump circuits configured as a current source. The integration between the input and the dc-link stages is performed by an output stage consisting of a full wave rectifier associated to a capacitive filter, an LED array, and a resonant series inductor. The charge-pump capacitors operate in order to limit the dc-link voltage and to reduce the crest factor of the current on the output inductor, thus contributing to flicker reduction. The proposed converter exhibits high efficiency and power factor, and total harmonic distortion of the input current and flicker satisfying the IEC 61000-3-2 Class C and IEEE Std 1789-2015, respectively. The operation stages and a complete mathematical model in steady state are presented in detail, allowing the converter design and implementation. In this work, a prototype operating with universal input voltage range (90-270 V), dimming at 127 and 220 V, switching frequency in the range of 40-200 kHz, and a nominal output power of 43 W is built to demonstrate the feasibility of the proposed lighting system.

Bridgeless Boost Converter with an Interleaving Manner for PFC Applications

Power quality is a critical issue in power systems. This paper proposes a bridgeless boost converter to increase the power factor of power systems using a utility line source for raising power quality. To reduce input and output current ripple, an interleaving manner is adopted in the proposed power system. When the interleaving bridgeless boost converter is used to implement power factor correction (PFC), it needs two bridgeless boost converters to process power during one switching cycle. In order to simplify the proposed bridgeless boost converter, two sets of switches in the conventional bridgeless boost one are integrated to reduce component counts. With this approach, the proposed bridgeless boost converter uses four switches to implement PFC features. Therefore, the proposed boost converter can increase conversion efficiency and decrease component counts, resulting in a higher conversion efficiency, lower cost and more simplicity for driving circuits. Finally, a prototype with a universal input voltage source (AC 90 V~265 V) under an output voltage of 400 V and a maximum output power of 1 kW has been implemented to verify the feasibility of the proposed bridgeless boost converter.

Experimental Design and Implementation of AC – DC Handset Travel Charger

Handset charger is device which charges a cellphone from an available direct current (DC) source. Moreover, a DC cellphone charger forms as an integral part of a cellphone package which is being used in conjunctions with san alternating current (AC) power supply. A simple off-line fly back switch mode buck converter charger is designed and implemented to charge cell phone from an AC source. The circuit is targeted to operate on universal input voltage range of 85 to 265 V AC. Minimizing cost and size, the circuit was designed to operate on a high frequency transformer. The design was first conducted on MULTISIM software to ascertain its working conditions before the construction procedure. Tools and materials were chosen based on their simplicity and availability in most of our local electronics shops. The charger was tested on different cell phones and found working satisfactory. The performance analysis shows that its power rating is about 4 watts.

Single-Stage Duty-Controlled Half-Bridge Inverter for Compact Capacitive Power Transfer System

Capacitive wireless power transfer (CPT) is becoming a promising alternative to inductive power transfer (IPT) due to low costs and the simplicity of capacitive coupler. This paper presents a new architecture that makes CPT systems even simpler and easier to control. In the proposed scheme, a wide input voltage range is achieved by duty control while the output voltage is inherently load-independent, and this eliminates the need for an extra DC-DC converter. Our system also provides an extended zero-voltage-switching (ZVS) range to deal with both input and load variations. We carried out ZVS analysis for each MOSFET switch and based on this an optimal design was proposed. We implemented a prototype 160 W CPT system based on our design procedure, and its performance was then verified under a universal input voltage with load variations from 200- $1000~\Omega $ . A DC-DC efficiency as high as 88.2% was achieved, showing the value of the proposed topology.

An Adaptive Off-Time Controlled DCM Flyback PFC Converter With Unity Power Factor and High Efficiency

Constant duty cycle controlled discontinuous conduction mode (DCM) flyback power factor correction (PFC) converter has the advantage of high power factor (PF) and the disadvantage of low efficiency. While, constant on-time (COT) controlled critical conduction mode (CRM) flyback PFC converter has the exact opposite features, besides its switching frequency varies in a line cycle, and the variation range is very large, which complicates the electromagnetic interference (EMI) design. In order to obtain both benefits of these two control methods, an adaptive off-time (AOT) control technique for DCM flyback PFC converter is proposed in this paper. By utilizing the output voltage and the amplitude of line voltage to adjust the off-time of the main switch, the magnetizing current of transformer exactly operates in CRM when the rectified input voltage gets the peak. Thus, the root-mean-square (RMS) current of the main switch and the diode, as well as the conduction loss can be effectively reduced, and high efficiency can be obtained. The proposed control technique also can achieve theoretical unity PF over universal input voltage range of 90~264VAC. Moreover, its variation range of switching frequency is greatly reduced compared to that of COT control. A 60W prototype has been fabricated and tested in the laboratory and experimental results are presented to verify the effectiveness of the proposed method.

High-Efficient Electrolytic-Capacitor-less Off-Line LED Driver with Reduced Power Processing

In this article, an integrated parallel buck–boost and boost converter (IPB3C) is proposed as an electrolytic-capacitor-less light-emitting diode (LED) driver. The IPB3C provides a high power factor (PF) and low total harmonic distortion (THD). The driver is composed of two converters that are connected in parallel, using just one controlled switch. The buck–boost duty is to deliver constant power to the LED, while ensuring a good PF. The boost converter is employed to cancel the low-frequency ripple at the LED. In return, this decreases the flicker effect and only a relatively small capacitance is needed to fulfill the standard requirements. The buck–boost converter handles the full power of the LED, while the boost converter handles only a portion of the LED power. Thus, better efficiency is ensured by this parallel configuration compared to conventional cascaded integrated converters. Moreover, the voltage across the switch is low, as it is the higher, whether buck–boost or boost converter, but not the addition of both. In this article, the IPB3C is analyzed, and its design methodology is presented. A universal input voltage range prototype of the proposed converter supplying an LED lamp of 108-V/ 0.35-A is presented. The prototype shows high PF, nearly equal to one, very small THD, nearly zero, output voltage ripple of 4.5%, output current ripple of 19%, and high efficiency, equal to 92.4%. Moreover, the converter requires the use of a bulk capacitance of only 68 μF, while the required output capacitance is just 1 μF.