Universal Control Research Articles

Ideological Censorship in Lithuania in 1948–1955: Adjustment of the System

Research conducted confirms that the crucial stage in the Sovietization of Lithuanian cultural life started at the end of fifth decade of the 20th century. The changed key points of public rhetoric, application of repressive measures, stricter control of book publishing and periodical press, more active actions of Glavlit (Chief Agency for Protection of Military and State Secrets) in cleaning the book funds showed the efforts of the authorities to implement as soon as possible a model of universal ideological control, characteristic of later Stalinism. The attack, gaining momentum against the Lithuanian cultural workers who were not able to adapt to the requirements of the new system, was instigated by the ideological campaigns arising one after another from Moscow. The Soviet mechanism of ideological censorship was finally formed at the beginning of the sixth decade when Glavlit was delegated with a task to take care of political control over art works, theatre and music repertoire. Due to the lack of the qualified staff, LSSR Glavlit failed not only to perform the new functions efficiently, but also to ensure the smooth censorship of the printed word. The lower link of ideological censorship, consisting of the leadership of the creative unions, the Board of Art Affairs and the editorial offices of publishing houses and periodical publications, operated still more unreliably, therefore in tackling political control tasks of public discourse, an important role belonged to the LCP CC. The active participation of the party machinery was also related with the fight that took place at the beginning of the sixth decade of the 20th century at the top of the local power between the representatives of the pro-Communist intellectuals of the senior generation, to whom the illusions of national Communism were not alien, and the apologists of Stalinist cultural policy. In the last years of J. Stalin’s rule the positions of the latter group strengthened, therefore the first impulses of cultural life liberalization reached Lithuania only in 1956.

A novel mathematical control algorithm (HNU Shading) for different window shades based on HNU solar model

Window shading control helps maximize daylight use for creating comfortable indoor luminous environments and reduces over-illuminance and glare discomfort. This study proposes a novel mathematical algorithm (the HNU Shading algorithm) for calculating the distribution of direct sunlight indoors and adjusting window shades to avoid over-illuminance and glare indoors. The algorithm uses the sun position, window-ambient illuminance, window design parameters, and the controlled area (desktop and occupant’s head) as inputs to control different window shades (the vertical blind, horizontal blind, exterior awning, and interior shutter in this study), and the performance was verified via experiments and simulations. The results show that the HNU Shading algorithm has a high precision level of predicting the distribution area of direct sunlight with the error at 0.01–0.07 m. And it prevents the high illuminance from the desktop and keeps it lower than 3,000 lx under most of conditions with different window directions, shade types, seasons, and sunlight intensities. Meanwhile, with the HNU Shading algorithm, the Daylight Glare Probability (DGP) is lower than 0.4 during the period when intolerable glare happens. This study contributes to configuring practical and universal real-time window shading controls for different buildings with different window shade types, such as offices, classrooms, libraries, airports, and railway stations.

Improved beluga whale optimization-based variable universe fuzzy controller for brushless direct current motors of electric tractors

Brushless direct current (BLDC) motors are widely used in electric tractor powertrains, but torque ripple remains a challenge. Proportional Integral Derivative (PID) controllers are effective in steady-state regulation but struggle with load-induced uncertainties. A new method for tuning sensorless BLDC motors by integrating improved Beluga Whale Optimization (IBWO) with an optimal variable universe fuzzy (VUF) controller is proposed. The enhanced IBWO addresses limitations in solving nonlinear systems, optimizing the VUF controller for precise torque control. A fast non-singular terminal sliding mode observer is also introduced for accurate state estimation. The IBWO adjusts the VUF controller parameters in real time, enabling adaptive torque and speed regulation, thereby reducing overshoot and torque ripple. To validate the proposed approach, a dual closed-loop control model is designed to simulate motor behavior under no load, variable load, and variable speed conditions during plowing operations. The results show that the proposed controller reduces torque ripple by at least 75 % and 60 % compared to PID and fuzzy controllers, respectively, and improves speed regulation time by over 26 %, with steady-state errors of 0.6, 0.7, and 0.12 rpm (rpm) under different conditions.

Pursuing high-fidelity control of spin qubits in natural Si/SiGe quantum dot

Electron spins in silicon quantum dots are a promising platform for fault-tolerant quantum computing. Low-frequency noise, including nuclear spin fluctuations and charge noise, is a primary factor limiting gate fidelities. Suppressing this noise is crucial for high-fidelity qubit operations. Here, we report on a two-qubit quantum device in natural silicon with universal qubit control, designed to investigate the upper limits of gate fidelities in a non-purified Si/SiGe quantum dot device. By employing advanced device structures, qubit manipulation techniques, and optimization methods, we have achieved single-qubit gate fidelities exceeding 99% and a two-qubit controlled-Z (CZ) gate fidelity of 91%. Decoupled CZ gates are used to prepare Bell states with an average fidelity of 91%, typically exceeding previously reported values in natural silicon devices. These results underscore that even natural silicon has the potential to achieve high-fidelity gate operations, particularly with further optimization methods to suppress low-frequency noise.

Adaptive Path-Tracking Control Algorithm for Autonomous Mobility Based on Recursive Least Squares with External Condition and Covariance Self-Tuning

This paper introduces an adaptive path-tracking control algorithm for autonomous mobility based on recursive least squares (RLS) with external conditions and covariance self-tuning. The advancement and commercialization of autonomous driving necessitate universal path-tracking control technologies. In this study, we propose a path-tracking control algorithm that does not rely on vehicle parameters and leverages RLS with self-tuning mechanisms for external conditions and covariance. We designed an integrated error for effective path tracking that combines the lateral preview distance and yaw angle errors. The controller design employs a first-order derivative error dynamics model with the coefficients of the error dynamics estimated through the RLS using a forgetting factor. To ensure stability, we applied the Lyapunov direct method with injection terms and finite convergence conditions. Each regression process incorporates external conditions, and the self-tuning of the injection terms utilizes residuals. The performance of the proposed control algorithm was evaluated using MATLAB®/Simulink® and CarMaker under various path-tracking scenarios. The evaluation demonstrated that the algorithm effectively controlled the front steering angle for autonomous path tracking without vehicle-specific parameters. This controller is expected to provide a versatile and robust path-tracking solution in diverse autonomous driving applications.

Humanoid Robot Path Planning Using Rapidly Explored Random Tree and Motion Primitives

Path planning is an essential part of the control system of any mobile robot. In this article the path planner for a humanoid robot is presented. The short description of an universal control framework and the Motion Generation System is also presented. Described path planner utilizes a limited number of motions called the Motion Primitives. They are generated by Motion Generation System. Four different algorithms, namely the: Informed RRT, Informed RRT with random bias, and RRT with A* likeheuristics were tested. For the last one the version with biased random function was also considered. All mentioned algorithms were evaluated considering three dif ferent scenarios. Obtained results are described and discussed.

Adaptive Variable Universe Fuzzy Droop Control Based on a Novel Multi-Strategy Harris Hawk Optimization Algorithm for a Direct Current Microgrid with Hybrid Energy Storage

In the off-grid photovoltaic DC microgrid, traditional droop control encounters challenges in effectively adjusting the droop coefficient in response to varying power fluctuation frequencies, which can be influenced by factors such as line impedance. This paper introduces a novel Multi-strategy Harris Hawk Optimization Algorithm (MHHO) that integrates variable universe fuzzy control theory with droop control to develop an adaptive variable universe fuzzy droop control strategy. The algorithm employs Fuch mapping to evenly distribute the initial population across the solution space and incorporates logarithmic spiral and improved adaptive weight strategies during both the exploration and exploitation phases, enhancing its ability to escape local optima. A comparative analysis against five classical meta-heuristic algorithms on the CEC2017 benchmarks demonstrates the superior performance of the proposed algorithm. Ultimately, the adaptive variable universe fuzzy droop control based on MHHO dynamically optimizes the droop coefficient to mitigate the negative impact of internal system factors and achieve a balanced power distribution between the battery and super-capacitor in the DC microgrid. Through MATLAB/Simulink simulations, it is demonstrated that the proposed adaptive variable universe fuzzy droop control strategy based on MHHO can limit the fluctuation range of bus voltage within ±0.75%, enhance the robustness and stability of the system, and optimize the charge and discharge performance of the energy storage unit.

Modeling and Regulation of Dynamic Temperature for Layer Houses Under Combined Positive- and Negative-Pressure Ventilation.

The environmental control of layer houses with multi-tiered cage systems is influenced by factors such as the structure of the henhouses and the heat dissipation of the flock, leading to low precision and large fluctuations in temperature control. Based on a new combined positive- and negative-pressure ventilation (CPNPV) mode, a dynamic temperature model is constructed. Additionally, a temperature control method for a layer house is designed using a variable universe fuzzy PID control algorithm (VFPID). First, based on the principles of energy and mass balance, and by decoupling the relationship between positive- and negative-pressure ventilation volumes, a dynamic temperature model for layer houses under CPNPV was established. Then, the PID parameters and the proportional relationship between positive- and negative-pressure ventilation were optimized through fuzzy rules, and a proportional exponential function was introduced to adjust the scaling of the universe, enabling fine-tuned control. Finally, a temperature control model for the layer house was built using Simulink. The results show that the coefficients of determination (R2) of the constructed dynamic temperature models are between 0.79 and 0.88, respectively, indicating high accuracy. The designed VFPID method outperformed traditional on-off control and improved control precision by 20-23.53% and 10.34-22.22% compared with PID control and fuzzy PID(FPID) control methods, respectively. This study provides new insights for the development of environmental control equipment and precise environmental regulation of layer houses.

Design of a duplex Loop-mediated isothermal amplification assay suitable for real-time, and end-point, colorimetric detection of Vibrio parahaemolyticus, and a universal Internal Amplification Control, in mussel samples

Vibrio parahaemolyticus remains as one of the most important foodborne pathogens worldwide, causing gastrointestinal disease in humans due to the consumption of raw, or undercooked, seafood. Even though molecular techniques, like PCR and qPCR, have allowed to overcome most of the limitations associated to culture-based methods, some persist such as the need for highly trained personnel, or the need to acquire expensive equipment. Loop-mediated isothermal amplification, LAMP, has emerged as a promising tool to solve these issues. The present study reports the development of a novel LAMP-based method for the detection of V. parahaemolyticus in mussels. This assay targets the gene toxR, and implements a novel, universal, freely available Internal Amplification Control (IAC) which was detected in a multiplex real-time LAMP format, where it is differentiated by melt curve analysis (86.70 ± 0.32 °C and 90.24 ± 0.34 °C for toxR and IAC respectively) and did not impact the analytical sensitivity of the target. Alternatively, the IAC was also applied in a parallel reaction and the assays performed by end-point, colorimetric LAMP. This novel IAC allowed to identify reaction inhibition due to matrix effect, and rule out false negative results. This new assay was combined with the ISO 21872 enrichment protocol, and the evaluation of spiked mussel samples indicated that an LOD95 of 14.5 and 10.8 CFU/25g could be reached after the primary 6h and secondary 24h enrichment steps by real-time LAMP, and 27.9 and 10.9 CFU/25g by naked-eye, color LAMP. It was important to note that in addition to these differences in terms of LOD95, a higher number of samples presenting reaction inhibition was observed after the primary enrichment, compared to the secondary, all successfully identified thanks to the new IAC; and also that statistically longer amplification times were required (Cq values of 19.47 ± 7.87 and 7.90 ± 1.20 respectively). The overall evaluation of the method returned values of diagnostic sensitivity, specificity and accuracy of 100 % along with an index of concordance of 1.00. These results were consistent regardless if the real-time, or the colorimetric, LAMP strategy was followed.

Universal and robust dynamic decoupling controls for zero-field magnetometry by using molecular clock sensors

Universal and robust dynamic decoupling controls for zero-field magnetometry by using molecular clock sensors

Why does malaria transmission continue at high levels despite universal vector control? Quantifying persistent malaria transmission by Anopheles funestus in Western Province, Zambia

BackgroundSome settings continue to experience a high malaria burden despite scale-up of malaria vector control to high levels of coverage. Characterisation of persistent malaria transmission in the presence of standard control measures, also termed residual malaria transmission, to understand where and when individuals are exposed to vector biting is critical to inform refinement of prevention and control strategies.MethodsSecondary analysis was performed using data collected during a phase III cluster randomized trial of attractive targeted sugar bait stations in Western Province, Zambia. Two seasonal cohorts of children aged 1–14 years were recruited and monitored monthly during the malaria transmission season, concurrent with entomological surveillance using a combination of human landing catch (HLC) and Centres for Disease Control (CDC) light traps at randomly selected households in study clusters. Behavioural data from cohort participants were combined with measured Anopheles funestus landing rates and sporozoite positivity to estimate the human behaviour-adjusted entomological inoculation rate (EIR).ResultsBehavioural data from 1237 children over 5456 child-visits in 20 entomology surveillance clusters were linked with hourly landing rates from 8131 female An. funestus trapped by HLC. Among all An. funestus tested by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), 3.3% were sporozoite-positive. Mean EIR directly measured from HLC was 0.07 infectious bites per person per night (ib/p/n). When accounting for child locations over the evening and night, the mean behaviour-adjusted EIR was 0.02 ib/p/n. Children not sleeping under insecticide-treated nets (ITNs) experienced 13.6 infectious bites per person per 6 month season, 8% of which occurred outdoors, while ITN users received 1.3 infectious bites per person per 6 month season, 86% of which were received outdoors. Sleeping under an ITN can prevent approximately 90% of potential An. funestus bites among children.ConclusionsIn this setting ITNs have a high personal protective efficacy owing to peak An. funestus biting occurring indoors while most individuals are asleep. However, despite high household possession of ITNs (>90%) and high individual use (>70%), children in this setting experience more than one infectious bite per person per 6 month transmission season, sufficient to maintain high malaria transmission and burden. New tools and strategies are required to reduce the malaria burden in such settings.Graphical

A Comprehensive Assessment of Quality of Antimalarial Medicines in Mainland Tanzania: Insights from Five Years of Postmarket Surveillance.

Sustainable access to high-quality antimalarial medicines is pivotal to achieving universal and effective malaria control. Poor-quality antimalarial medicines are prevalent in sub-Saharan Africa, impeding malaria control initiatives and claiming the lives of many children. Regular monitoring of the quality of antimalarial medicines is crucial to ensure the quality of service to the community. A cross-sectional study using a postmarket surveillance (PMS) approach was conducted from 2019 to 2023. Samples were collected from the port of entry, local manufacturers, and various distribution outlets in 15 regions of mainland Tanzania. The samples were subjected to tier 1 evaluation, comprising a product information review (PIR) and identification using the Global Pharma Health Fund-Minilab® techniques. Samples that failed the identification tests and 10% of the samples from distribution outlets that passed the tests were subjected to confirmatory testing (tier 2), which included assays, related substances, dissolution, and sterility per the pharmacopeial monographs. During five annual PMSs, 2,032 antimalarial samples were collected and subjected to quality tests. All samples complied with the standard specifications for identity, dissolution, related substances, sterility, physical evaluation, disintegration, and assay. A total of 292 (55.5%) tested samples failed the PIR evaluation, with incomplete package information in leaflets contributing to 64.7% of all deviations. Antimalarial medicines circulating in the mainland Tanzanian market meet expected quality standards. Continuous monitoring of the quality of antimalarial medicines is recommended.

Квазиоптимальный закон управления для лагранжевых систем с дефицитом управляющих воздействий

Mechanical systems with a deficit of control influences are essentially nonlinear dynamic systems of high order, which are characterized by the presence of significant dynamic interaction between the elements. Therefore, the task of control synthesis should be considered in the initial nonlinear formulation, since the use of linear synthesis methods can lead to a loss of stability or significantly worsen the quality of the control process. When solving the problem of synthesis with a deficit of control influences, it is advisable to analyze such a mechanical system as a non-stationary one and use the principle of decomposition in conjunction with the maximum condition of generalized power, which makes it possible to find the structure of a universal two-level control system. The resulting quasi-optimal control provides an increase in the stability area and the quality of the transient process in terms of a quadratic criterion in comparison with known linear algorithms.

Optimizing Lasing Parameters for Fabricating an Efficient Flexible Electrothermal Heater Based on Laser-Induced Graphene

This work involved fabrication of an efficient thin film heater from 100 μm thick polyimide (PI) sheet by scribing it using a carbon dioxide lasing machine through optimizing laser power (P), scanning speed (SS), and pulses per inch (PPI). A 15 mm × 15 mm square pattern was designed using CorelDRAW software and scribed in a rastering mode on top of PI with the help of Universal Control Panel (UCP) software of the laser machine. Laser power of 8 %, SS of 4 % and PPI of 1000 were obtained as optimal parameters for producing laser induced graphene (LIG). This LIG exhibited a low sheet resistance of approximately 16.64 Ω/sq and was thermally stable on the PI substrate even after 30 cycles of repeated heating and cooling. The LIG was found to be highly porous with the aid of scanning electron microscope (SEM) and its structure was crystalline from XRD patterns. FTIR was conducted and showed disappearance of functional groups in PI after treatment with the laser beam. Our developed LIG heater showed great electrothermal performance with maximum temperature of approximately 288.7 °C, rate of temperature rise of 107.06 °Cs-1, and time of 1.85 s to reach 63 % of temperature difference at a low input voltage of 6 V with homogeneous temperature distribution seen in the thermal images taken using FLIR camera. This LIG heating element can be placed in confined spaces because of its flexibility, thinness, and lightness. Additionally, its efficient joule heating effect attracts many applications such as seat warmers, anti-fogging equipment, food shelf displays, etc.

A Lyapunov–Razumikhin control strategy for stochastic nonlinear delayed systems with polynomial conditions

Numerous control schemes for stochastic systems involving time-varying delays need a strict slow time-delay condition, which does hold for some practical models. Also, some stochastic systems will have different structures as working conditions change. In this article, we will investigate the control of stochastic systems which contain time-varying delays and polynomial conditions. By providing the dynamic-gain based homogeneous domination approach, and selecting a new Lyapunov–Razumikhin (L–R) function, a universal dynamic controller for systems with different growing conditions is presented, and the slow time-delay condition is removed successfully. The algorithm is finally verified with a practical example.

Research on the change of the combined moment of inertia for two-link manipulator with angular coordinate system

The main of the problems of the development of two-link manipulators with an angular coordinate system is the lack of effective and universal control systems capable of implementing energy-intensive modes of movement. This is due to the design features of the pointer system of such manipulators and the methods of their use. During the operation of the manipulator, significant dynamic loads occur in its drive system, which create oscillations of the mechanical system and reduce the accuracy of work. The control system must also effectively compensate for such dynamic variations. Dynamic equations of motion used to build manipulator control controllers, which allow taking into account various features of using manipulators. These mathematical models necessarily contain one of the characteristics in the form of the combined moment of inertia of the mechanical system, which is important in the calculation of differential equations and the determination of kinematic parameters of motion. In this article, the combined moments of inertia of the boom system of a two-link manipulator with an angular coordinate system are determined. A study was carry out and it shown that the nature of the change in the combined moments of inertia influenced by the modes of movement of the boom system links. The results of the study showed that the combined moment of inertia of the boom system of the manipulator is not a constant value, which does not change uniformly under special operating conditions of the machine. To determine the combined moments of inertia, the method of bringing the kinetic energy of the moving system to the drive mechanism was apply. This is relevant, because in the future it will be necessary to adjust the unevenness of the movement of the manipulator links by the drive itself. The study was conduct for a typical linear motion mode and a motion mode with a change in speed along a parabolic trajectory.

Quantum-enhanced learning with a controllable bosonic variational sensor network

Abstract The emergence of quantum sensor networks has presented opportunities for enhancing complex sensing tasks, while simultaneously introducing significant challenges in designing and analyzing quantum sensing protocols due to the intricate nature of entanglement and physical processes. Supervised learning assisted by an entangled sensor network (SLAEN) (Zhuang and Zhang 2019 Phys. Rev. X 9 041023) represents a promising paradigm for automating sensor-network design through variational quantum machine learning. However, the original SLAEN, constrained by the Gaussian nature of quantum circuits, is limited to learning linearly separable data. Leveraging the universal quantum control available in cavity quantum electrodynamics experiments, we propose a generalized SLAEN capable of handling nonlinear data classification tasks. We establish a theoretical framework for physical-layer data classification to underpin our approach. Through training quantum probes and measurements, we uncover a threshold phenomenon in classification error across various tasks—when the energy of probes exceeds a certain threshold, the error drastically diminishes to zero, providing a significant improvement over the Gaussian SLAEN. Despite the non-Gaussian nature of the problem, we offer analytical insights into determining the threshold and residual error in the presence of noise. Our findings carry implications for radio-frequency photonic sensors and microwave dark matter haloscopes.

Formalization of Elements and Control Schemes in Intelligent System Models

The purpose of the work is to formalize the concepts and principles that form the basis of the mathematical model for controlling the life cycles of intelligent systems. The controlling elements formal description is part of a universal model of such systems. This model part is important for implementing complex intelligent systems with a large amount and diversity of knowledge flows and knowledge processing schemes performed simultaneously. The other two areas of this model are associated with a unified logical-algebraic description of the concept of knowledge representation formalism, as well as concepts related to the architecture of intelligent systems. Formalization of ideas about control in intelligent systems is carried out according to the principle of a hierarchy of controlling elements and processes. The elements of the mathematical model that implements this principle correspond to event-controlled automata with infinite memory and associated algorithms for the automata simulation in specific systems. The objectives of the research include the development of formats for describing the hierarchy of diagrams and assemblies of control elements in a universal model of an intelligent system, and diagrams of algorithms for the functioning of intelligent systems based on the processing of model descriptions. Models of intelligent system control elements hierarchy and execution algorithms for the sets of activated control elements for the implementation time of life cycles of intelligent systems are described by extending the special ontological structures. These structures implement customizations of universal control model

Postfault Strategy of Universal Control for Dual Three-Phase PMSM Under Single Open-Phase Fault Considering Current Amplitude

Postfault Strategy of Universal Control for Dual Three-Phase PMSM Under Single Open-Phase Fault Considering Current Amplitude

Design of Universal Control Structure for Regulation of Voltage and Frequency in Hybrid Microgrid

Hybrid microgrid (HMG) control strategies reveal several critical research gaps that must be addressed. Current approaches often fall short in efficiency and reliability due to the inherent complexities of transitioning between grid-connected mode (GCM) and islanded mode (IM), resulting in increased losses and operational difficulties. Additionally, managing overloads, especially in IM, poses significant challenges for maintaining stable voltage and frequency regulation. This paper seeks to address these issues by introducing a novel universal control structure (UCS) for HMGs, which includes a frequency compensation unit (FCU) and a three-stage bidirectional AC/DC droop. It presents a streamlined yet robust solution for handling overloads, maintaining power balance, and ensuring precise voltage and frequency regulation while promising smooth maneuver in both GCM and IM. The proposed UCS provides flexible and reliable operation, allowing for the versatile placement of DC and AC sources and loads. This will reduce power transformation stages thereby lowering cost and increasing efficiency of system. Through experimental validation, this study demonstrates the effectiveness of the proposed control in addressing these critical research gaps and advancing the field of HMG control strategies.