Universal City Research Articles

Decellularized Human Dermis for Orthoplastic Extremity Reconstruction.

The reconstruction of patients who possess multi morbid medical histories remains a challenge. With the ever-increasing number of patients with diabetes, infections, and trauma, there is a consistent need for promotion of soft tissue healing and a reliable substrate to assist with every aspect of soft tissue reconstruction, as well as the loss of fascial domain. Several proprietary products filled some of these needs but have failed to fulfill the needs of the clinician when faced with reconstructing multiple soft tissue systems, such as the integument and the musculoskeletal system. In this paper we discuss the use of decellularized human dermis (DermaPure®, Tissue Regenix, Universal City, TX, USA) through which a unique human tissue processing technique (dCELL® technology, Tissue Regenix, Universal City, TX, USA) and the creation of multiple product forms have proven to exhibit versatility in a wide range of clinical needs for successful soft tissue reconstruction. The background of human tissue processing, basic science, and early clinical studies are detailed, which has translated to the rationale for the success of this unique soft tissue substrate in orthoplastic reconstruction, which is also provided here in detail.

Is Ecumenopolis Materializing? The Role of Transportation and Communication Networks

Of the many theories put forward for the future of urbanism and urbanization, the concepts of Eperopolis (the continent city) and Ecumenopolis (the universal city) that were put forward by the late architect planner Constantinos Doxiadis and his Ekistics theory in the 1950s and ‘60s, stand out as the most impressive and visionary. Panayis Psomopoulos, Doxiadis’ close associate and well-known architect planner of the Ekistics group, continued and developed further these concepts and publicized strongly through the Ekistics Journal which he managed as editor-in-chief until his passing away in 2017. This paper – conceived and written as a tribute to Panayis Psomopoulos - looks at the global trends of urbanization today and considers the role of transport and communication networks in its future development. It also tries to assess the degree to which the visions of Eperopolis and Ecumenopolis are materializing in the face of modern megacities and urban sprawl in all continents and how transport, communications and supply chain networks affect this process. Its findings support the view that Eperopolises are already materializing in some continents, most notably in Europe in the face of the central European urban cluster between Paris, London, Amsterdam and the Rhine/Ruhr area. Transport and communications networks provide “global connectivity” that acts both as the context (within which urban form develops) as well as the catalyst that plays a key role in limiting the further physical expansion of megacity clusters and braking the connection between urban development and space expansion. By providing efficient global “connectivity”, the future Transport and communication networks are seen as the main catalyst that will bring about materialization of the “universal city”, Ecumenopolis, through the virtual linking of all socio-economic activities in today’s mega-urban areas in all continents.

Transition of Urban Morphology in the Mountainous Areas Since Early-Modern Times from the Perspective of Urban Historic Landscape—A GIS Tools and Historical Map Translation Approach

Regenerating cities must blend modernization and heritage. Both urban morphology and Historic Urban Landscape (HUL) highlight historical processes and may assist in regeneration. Using Chongqing as the study example may further understand mountain cities, which are prevalent worldwide but seldom examined in morphology research. This study explores and organizes the historical modernization of Chongqing’s parent city from early-modern times to the present day using a universal approach established in this research developed by the HUL perspective and research framework, Geographic information system (GIS), Depthmap tool, and historical map translation method. Large-scale modernization occurred prior to the 1980s, followed by more modest rehabilitation projects. The whole procedure is described by the phrase “Construction first, then planning, then transformation,” which entails a “free growth” block structure at the outset, along with planning control. The study contributes the following: (1) Establishing a theoretical framework and research technique for the universal city based on historical sources and modern instruments; (2) Chongqing’s future sustainable development and historical preservation depend in large part on figuring out the city’s complicated modernization history; (3) The study of mountain cities may benefit from understanding the geographical development and spatial dynamic layering of Chongqing. (4) This study bridges the gap in time by going beyond the early modern period covered by the previous ones and into the post-statehood era (1949–2022).

Touring the Screen: Cinematic Resonances of Diaghilev's Ballets Russes

Touring the Screen: Cinematic Resonances of Diaghilev's Ballets Russes

Introduction, or The Things We Did Not Lose in the Fire

Introduction, or The Things We Did Not Lose in the Fire Diana W. Anselmo (bio) I am touching a strip of film from the 1910s. Composed of sixteen frames, it depicts a man on horseback, galloping down a woodsy trail. In all likelihood, the motion picture these frames belonged to does not exist anymore; it is estimated that only 14 percent of US silent features survived time, neglect, floods, and fire.1 And yet this piece of sepia nitrate rests in my hands, available despite early cinema’s rampant ephemerality. Its survival is due to one movie-loving girl, Eleanor G. Fulton, who decided to assemble a hundred-page scrapbook honoring Jack W. Kerrigan, one of the first screen heart-throbs. Between 1913 and 1917, the twenty-something fan had access to Hollywood’s sprawling lots, so it is possible she gathered the discarded filmstrip herself, on one of her trips to the new Universal studio; there Fulton met her idol at least twice. In addition to the filmstrip, the personal scrapbook includes a snapshot of Kerrigan awkwardly standing by a trailer, the girl fan’s shadow cast by his feet. A proud declaration of authorship is penned under the vernacular reproduction: “Warren Kerrigan posed for this picture at Universal City, October 12 1915. I took it with my Kodak,” Fulton notes, signing off “EGF.”2 An autographed headshot is also preserved among hundreds of Kerrigan-related newspaper clippings and memorabilia. The blue ink scrawled across the star’s face is glossy, as if perpetually wet (Figure 1). Access and ephemerality are the key terms framing this dossier on “Alternative Archives.” I have access to Kerrigan’s snapshot and handwriting—to [End Page 160] Click for larger view View full resolution Figure 1. Jack W. Kerrigan’s autographed headshot in Eleanor G. Fulton’s annotated movie scrap-book (1913–1917). Photo by author. [End Page 161] a material piece of his largely lost filmography—because of a female fan’s archival labor and the knowledge exchange abetted by the World Wide Web. Fulton’s movie scrapbook found me in 2014 through an auction advertised on the online marketplace eBay. Without the portal of mass communication and commerce that is the internet, this peephole into early film reception and celebrity would have remained unavailable to me, and by extension to academic scrutiny. Trafficking in transience, fan artifacts from the silent era have a low survival rate. Most material sources conferred institutional protection and discursive currency have originated from within capitalistic enterprises, functioning to legitimize the systems of power that afforded their production; scrapbooks crafted by no-name screen-struck girls rarely qualify. Pushing against the erasure of female labor in early Hollywood, Janet Staiger, Shelley Stamp, Karen Ward Mahar, Amelie Hastie, Mark Garrett Cooper, Hilary Hallett, and Richard Abel, among many others, have shed light on how women helped implement a lucrative star system as directors, producers, screenwriters, columnists, patrons, and players.3 However, with their credits systemically unpreserved, female legacies of film authorship and agency continue to flirt with oblivion. Silence constitutes an invisible form of violence since it is difficult to mount a historical argument in the void of material evidence. Digital preservation has greatly contributed to the expedient diversification and accessibility of media history. Projects such as the Media History Digital Library, Lantern, Women Film Pioneers Project, and Early African American Film are research-based, non-profit databases that offer open access to (mostly English-language) productions, periodicals, and biographies of workers from the silent and sound eras, spotlighting women and people of color who have not received sufficient attention in scholarly and popular debate.4 Leveraging archival data to increase public awareness of diverse media histories, these databases are extraordinarily useful, particularly to instructors and students. Nonetheless, knowledge of early female moviegoing remains circumscribed to secondhand reports found in the periodical press and the memoirs [End Page 162] of film personalities, resources framed by commercial intent. That intent drives content, which drives exclusion through copyediting bias, market research, and consumer expectations. Black and queer people, for example, are seldom identified in these industry-sanctioned sources. Though undoubtedly part of the heterogeneous connective tissue comprising early US audiences...

A draft decision on the issue of urban expansion of a densely populated city

The problem of urbanization turns up from the urban compaction. This project is designed to solve this problem in the densely populated city of Tokyo, the population of which is more than 13 million people today. The project of a new neighborhood in the city takes into account social, economic, environmental and geographical characteristics of the Land of the Rising Sun. The project provides one to combine the idea of a universal city with high population density in a small territory. The territory involves a residential area, an industrial area and an agricultural area simultaneously that promotes well-balanced relations between man and nature. The purpose of the survey is to show that it is necessary and possible to use a new strategy of city planning and building, relevant for large, densely populated cities, to make cities more comfortable and economical. The quarter is located on a man-made island in Tokyo Bay. The quarter was built after burning solid household waste without causing damage to the environment by a waste burning plant located on this island to the north. In addition, the plant produces gravel material for creating an artificial island. Besides, it yields surplus electric energy that is fed into the power grid of Tokyo.

A framework for environmental decision support in cities incorporating organizational LCA

Cities contribute to and are affected by several environmental pressures within and beyond city boundaries. Urban decision makers struggle to find environmentally sound strategies while respecting their obligation to provide the basis for a viable society. Methods to assess the environmental performance of cities beyond greenhouse gases either lack a holistic or multi-impact perspective which limits the informational value of recommendations for improvement. Life cycle assessment (LCA) is already seen as a promising tool to overcome this gap although research on LCA at city scale is still in its infancies. This paper introduces a novel approach for city-scale environmental decision support and extends the current methodological discussion to organizational LCA (OLCA). A four-step procedure was followed. Firstly, a universal city structure was developed by reviewing different city characteristics and by conducting a virtual case study. Secondly, this structure was split into assessment levels by a stakeholder analysis to reflect different levels of decision support. Thirdly, OLCA’s capabilities to cover the required assessment levels were evaluated. Lastly, methodological uncertainties were discussed, and the assessment framework was finalized by giving guidance on how to extend OLCA to city needs. An environmental assessment framework containing four assessment levels is proposed. Results show that OLCA is well suited to estimate potential environmental impacts associated with the provision of public services by the local government (level 1) and by contracted companies (level 2). Methodological challenges were encountered regarding the uncertain definition of the local government’s influence on private activities beyond public service provision (level 3a). Including activities that are neither directly nor indirectly influenced by the local government go beyond OLCA’s capabilities (level 3b). The framework proposed will support local governments in tracking their environmental performance, prioritizing mitigation measures, and considering transformational change in their strategic decisions. The organizational perspective makes OLCA a valuable approach for decision support at city level. This perspective, however, does not allow to capture all activities taking place within the city boundary and methods have to be found that adequately estimate a local government’s influence beyond public service provision. When aiming at developing long-term strategies to improve a city’s environmental performance, future availability of new technologies and business models that may further impact a local government’s influence need to be considered.

Representing Ecological Crises in Children’s Media: An Analysis of The Lorax and Wall-E

ABSTRACT This article examines representation of ecological crises in children’s media. Children’s media constitutes an important area of ecocinema critique due to the particular vulnerability of children to persuasive messaging. Using themes from ecocinema studies, we conduct a textual analysis of two animated motion pictures: Universal Pictures’ The Lorax [(2012). The Lorax. Directed by Chris Renaud. Universal City, CA: Author)] and Pixar’s Wall-E [(2008). Wall-E. Directed by Andrew Stanton. 2008. Emeryville, CA: Author]. We analyze these films in terms of: (1) anthropomorphic representations; (2) displacement of collective aspects of ecological crisis to the level of interpersonal conflict; (3) greenwashing; and (4) narratives of pastoralism and replenishment. We consider how these films discursively constitute ecological conditions, processes, and crises. We examine these representations as indicators of an underlying crisis in capitalism, of a struggle to come to terms with ecological destabilization. Ultimately, we conclude that a more speculative reimagining of the relationship between humans and the natural world is required to stave off the worst effects of global ecological destabilization.

A Judicial Teaching Point: The Lesson of the Late Justice John Paul Stevens in Sony V. Universal City Studios as a Response to Civil Lawfare

Gun-control proponents, unable to enact their favored gun control measures via democratic means, often engage in lawfare against gun manufacturers and distributors — i.e., warfare by means of litigation and other legal processes, designed to penalize financially such businesses with a view toward putting them out of business altogether. Courts presiding over these cases should take a lesson from the late Supreme Court Justice John Paul Stevens. He authored the 1984 decision in Sony Corp. v. Universal City Studios, Inc., 464 U.S. 417 ( the “Betamax” case), in which movie production companies tried to use the courts — and not the legislature — to outlaw the selling of video cassette records, or VCRs, on the grounds that they could be used by criminals to infringe upon the studios’ copyrights. The Supreme Court’s ruling in that case, which refused to hold sellers of VCRs liable for the harms caused by third-party misuse of the product, is equally applicable to manufacturers of firearms that some seek to ban. Just as VCRs were widely and predominantly used for legitimate, unobjectionable purposes in the 1980s and 1990s, the same can be said for firearms today. Justice Stevens, who decades later advocated for the repeal of the Second Amendment, sat in the same seat as today’s judges before whom warfare against the gun industry is currently being waged. But when the studios sought to accomplish through the courts what they could not accomplish through the legislature (the imposition of financially devasting legal liability arising from the conduct of unaffiliated third parties), Justice Stevens and our highest court said, “No.” In 2005, Congress passed the Protection of Lawful Commerce in Arms Act (“PLCAA”), which was inspired by the same sentiment implicit in the Justice Stevens’s Betamax ruling, i.e., the desire to stem the tide of liability suits against gunmakers and sellers for the criminal misuse of guns by individuals over whom the gun manufacturers had no control or relationship. Recently, litigants have tried (with some success) to exploit loopholes in the PLCAA. Such lawsuits are not necessarily meant to win in court. They are often motivated partially, if not entirely, by political desires to rid American society of gun manufacturers by intentionally and effectively driving them out of business due to the onerous cost of civil lawfare. If successful, the gun control lobby will have succeeded in accomplishing through the courts something that they were unable to accomplish in the legislative or political sphere: eliminating the manufacture and sale of firearms in the United States. The Betamax decision represents an important — but, until now, mostly overlooked — judicial teaching moment. Justice Stevens’ reasoning and the language and purpose of the PLCAA should be considered by today’s courts when deciding lawsuits against the gun industry for harms caused by criminal third parties.

11th GCC Closed Forum: Cumulative Stability; Matrix Stability; Immunogenicity assays; Laboratory Manuals; Biosimilars; Chiral methods; Hybrid LBA/LCMS Assays; Fit-for-Purpose Validation; China Food and Drug Administration Bioanalytical Method Validation

The 11th Global CRO Council Closed Forum was held in Universal City, CA, USA on 3 April 2017. Representatives from international CRO members offering bioanalytical services were in attendance in order to discuss scientific and regulatory issues specific to bioanalysis. The second CRO-Pharma Scientific Interchange Meeting was held on 7 April 2017, which included Pharma representatives' sharing perspectives on the topics discussed earlier in the week with the CRO members. The issues discussed at the meetings included cumulative stability evaluations, matrix stability evaluations, the 2016 US FDA Immunogenicity Guidance and recent and unexpected FDA Form 483s on immunogenicity assays, the bioanalytical laboratory's role in writing PK sample collection instructions, biosimilars, CRO perspectives on the use of chiral versus achiral methods, hybrid LBA/LCMS assays, applications of fit-for-purpose validation and, at the Global CRO Council Closed Forum only, the status and trend of current regulated bioanalytical practice in China under CFDA's new BMV policy. Conclusions from discussions of these topics at both meetings are included in this report.

Fair Use For Free, or Permitted-but-Paid?

The U.S. Supreme Court in Sony Corporation of America v. Universal City Studios fended a fork in the fair use road. The Court there upset the longstanding expectation that uses would rarely, if ever, be fair when the whole of a work was copied. In the aftermath of that decision, lower courts have rendered a plethora of decisions deeming the copying of an entire work (even with no additional authorship contribution) a fair use, and therefore “free” in both senses of the word. A perceived social benefit or some market failure appears to motivate these decisions. This is because fair use is an on/off switch: either the challenged use is an infringement of copyright or it is a fair use, which section 107 declares “is not an infringement of copyright.” As a result, either the copyright owner can stop the use, or the user not only is dispensed from obtaining permission, but also owes no compensation for the use. I contend that fair use for free should be available only where a second author copies in the creation of a new work (instances which I will call productive uses). By contrast, when the entire work is copied for essentially distributive purposes, courts and legislatures should sometimes allow the use, but subject it to an obligation to compensate authors and rights holders. This is not a radical idea: the United States is in fact an outlier in the broader international landscape of copyright exceptions. Many countries have permittedbut-paid regimes for various uses, including those by libraries, educational institutions, and technologies. Indeed, the United States has some as well, particularly respecting new technological modes of dissemination. For many authors and other members of the creative communities, while their works stoke the engines of others’ enterprises, the Internet age has proffered more rags than riches. Creators should be compensated for the non-creative reuse of their works. © 2014 Jane C. Ginsburg. † Morton L. Janklow Professor of Literary and Artistic Property Law, Columbia Law School. Many thanks for research assistance to Trey Brewer, Arjun Jaikumar, and Olena Ripnick, all Columbia Law School class of 2014. Thanks also for observations and criticisms to June Besek, Jack Browning, Irene Calboli, David Carson, Jacqueline Charlesworth, Susy Frankel, Wendy J. Gordon, Brad Greenberg, Lital Helman, Bert Lazerow, Yafit Lev-Aretz, Jessica Litman, Tony Reese, Pamela Samuelson, Paul Spera, Eva Subotnik, and Edouard Treppoz, and to Shyamkrishna Balganesh, Christopher Yoo, and the participants in the University of Pennsylvania copyright colloquium; to Jennifer Rothman and Jay Dougherty and the participants in the Loyola Law School faculty workshop, and to my colleagues at the Columbia Law School faculty workshop. Much gratitude to Barton Beebe for sharing his database of fair use cases. This article benefited from the support of the Philippe P. Dauman Faculty Research Fund. 1384 BERKELEY TECHNOLOGY LAW JOURNAL [Vol. 29:1383

Prinsip Etika Global untuk Kota Modern Multikultural

ABSTRACT: This article aims to look at the principles of the idea of global ethics at the implementation of the advanced city in the present day or modern city. The concept of global ethics logically can be considered in a certain local as the common foundations of ethical living in this universal city. Using literature method, the author tries to positively see from the idea of a global ethic associated with globalism, pluralism, secularism, postmodernism, ecumenism and humanitarianism that form the concept of global ethics, which are selectively used to add the principle of good livelihood for the civilization of the world today. The author subsequently tries to see a multidimensional pluralistic city today with a conflict on religious factors, which require a more fundamental principle of unity and universal living. Therefore global ethics is not a substitute for existing religious ethics, but additional ethics for people of different religion without discrimination. So the principle can be implemented at a local anywhere, including major cities in Indonesia. KEYWORDS: city, modern, crisis, ethics, global, consensus, religions, for all

Parodies, Photocopies, Recusals, and Alternate Copyright Histories: The Two Deadlocked Supreme Court Fair Use Cases

Before any of the Supreme Court’s trio of fair use decisions – Sony v. Universal City Studios, Harper & Row v. Nation, and Campbell v. Acuff-Rose – there were the 1958 case of CBS v. Loew’s and the 1974 case of Williams & Wilkins v. United States: two copyright infringement suits that had turned on fair use in the lower courts, and that the Supreme Court had decided to review and had heard argument in. In both of those cases, however, one of the Justices recused himself, and the others deadlocked 4-4, leading to summary affirmance of the lower court judgments. How would the Court have decided those cases without the recusals? How would the decisions have affected the development of copyright and fair use doctrine? And were the recusals justified? The papers of a number of Justices, combined with other historical materials, provide surprisingly good answers to those questions. In CBS v. Loew’s, a case in which the Ninth Circuit had held that a Jack Benny parody of the movie Gaslight infringed copyright in that work, the Supreme Court voted to reverse. Justice Douglas started to draft an opinion for the Court, only to recuse himself to pursue a business opportunity with CBS that never materialized. In Williams & Wilkins, a case in which the Court of Claims had held the photocopying practices of two government libraries to fall within the scope of fair use, the Court would also most likely have reversed, with Justice Blackmun providing the fifth vote to decide that the practices were infringing. However, Blackmun recused himself because the Mayo Clinic, whose employment he had left fifteen years previously, took the position that the photocopying was fair use, and was one of thirteen parties signing on to one of many amicus briefs in the court below. Justice Douglas’s recusal, I argue, was unjustified, and Justice Blackmun’s dubious at best. In a world in Douglas and Blackmun had not recused themselves and the Court had decided CBS and Williams & Wilkins, how could copyright law look different than it now does? I explore that question at three different moments in time. First, I argue that immediately after a CBS v. Loew’s decision in 1958, there might not have been a fair use doctrine separate from a general inquiry into copyright infringement. Second, I contend that just after a Williams & Wilkins decision in 1974, fair use doctrine would likely have focused entirely on what have become known as “productive” or “transformative” uses, while excluding “non-productive” uses and eschewing any distinction between commercial and noncommercial uses. Finally, I consider the present moment, and consider the possible continuing impact of hypothetical decisions in CBS and Williams & Wilkins. Ultimately, however, my goal is not to prove exactly how CBS or Williams & Wilkins would have come out, or would have diverted the path of fair use doctrine or copyright infringement analysis. Rather, I am interested in using the materials that are available about those cases, and the realization that the Supreme Court came very close to deciding them, to free up my imagination, and yours, about how copyright law and the fair use doctrine could be different than they are.

Keynote Address: Whose Space Is It, Anyway?

Keynote AddressWhose Space Is It, Anyway? Marvin Carlson (bio) The normal image of a theatrical performance is one that takes place inside a space particularly created for such activity. Almost all theatrical cultures have developed some sort of performance space set apart from the normal world of human activity, a space that serves as a site of imagination subject to certain rules, a fundamental one being that the audience agrees to serve as spectators and accept the fictive world the actors present to them. The performance space itself thus serves as a kind of “frame” emphasizing this dynamic (indeed, an alternative name for the proscenium arch theatre is the “picture-frame stage,” and some late nineteenth-century British theatres in fact surrounded the stage on all four sides with an ornate frame). In most cases this performance space, the stage and auditorium, is not even entered directly from the outside world, but is separated from that world by a liminal area, as a kind of mimetic airlock, the theatre lobby, which allows audiences to move by stages into the illusory realm of the theatre. Theatrical performances that were not “protected” by this house of illusion have been much more susceptible to incursions from the physical world. Even the classic Greek stage, forming a partial enclosure, could and apparently did take advantage of the “real world” accessible to its audiences, the open sky above them. Thus, many of the extant plays, among them Oedipus and Antigone, begin at or near dawn, and it is difficult to imagine that the plays which were presented at that time of day did not take advantage of this contribution from the real world. In the very earliest liturgical dramas of the Middle Ages we find already a complex mixture of theatrical elements and real spaces. Early liturgical drama was staged in parts of medieval cathedrals, but although these were real locations, they were accepted as suitable symbolically, reinforcing the effect of the performance on an emblematic if not on a realistic level. When religious dramas began to be performed outside the cathedrals, [End Page 9] the utilization of the physical surroundings became much more complex. Often these plays remained in the vicinity of the cathedral, particularly on its wide front platform and steps, and the cathedral performed not merely as a rich decorative background, like the classic Roman scenic façade, but also in its “true” role as the abode of God and the angelic choirs. In some cases this “theatricalization” of real places could involve a large part of the city, most notably in the Passion processionals that are still echoed in the widespread Via Dolorosa process of modern times. As early as the fifteenth century, the city of Vienna staged the public humiliation of Christ in the city marketplace, and then the actor bore his cross through the winding streets of the city to the distant cemetery where the crucifixion and resurrection were to be enacted. The market, the streets, the cemetery, and even the watching public were thus elements of the real world imaginatively refigured as parts of the universal city, Jerusalem.1 There is still of course a certain slippage between the Vienna cemetery and what it represents, because although it is a real cemetery, it is not the site it imaginatively represents. This distinction is of particular importance in reference to sacred sites, which inevitably take on some aura of the actions that reportedly occurred there. In fact the most ancient records that we have of theatrical activity are ritual observances carried out in specific sacred locations, which are essential to the event. The ancient Egyptian text from Abydos, whose “passion play” of Osiris is often cited as the earliest known theatrical text, was performed annually for some two thousand years, beginning in the second millennia bce. These were presented at the most sacred site in Egypt, the island where Osiris was reportedly buried.2 Jerusalem also witnessed theatrical activities at its major sites from very early times, as may be seen in the first detailed reports that we have from a pilgrim to that city, Egeria, in 381–84 ce. She reports a number of commemorative activities at...

Copyright Law and Science

Copyright Law and Science

Ресурс урбанизации в России

Институтом экономических исследований Дальневосточного отделения Российской академии наук, при поддержке Научного Совета по вопросам регионального развития при Президиуме РАН, издается научный журнал «Пространственная экономика».

2014 White Paper on recent issues in bioanalysis: a full immersion in bioanalysis (Part 2 - hybrid LBA/LCMS, ELN & regulatory agencies' input).

The 2014 8th Workshop on Recent Issues in Bioanalysis (8th WRIB), a 5-day full immersion in the evolving field of bioanalysis, took place in Universal City, California, USA. Close to 500 professionals from pharmaceutical and biopharmaceutical companies, contract research organizations and regulatory agencies worldwide convened to share, review, discuss and agree on approaches to address current issues of interest in bioanalysis. The topics covered included both small and large molecules, and involved LCMS, hybrid LBA/LCMS, LBA approaches and immunogenicity. From the prolific discussions held during the workshop, specific recommendations are presented in this 2014 White Paper. As with the previous years' editions, this paper acts as a practical tool to help the bioanalytical community continue advances in scientific excellence, improved quality and better regulatory compliance. Due to its length, the 2014 edition of this comprehensive White Paper has been divided into three parts for editorial reasons. This publication (Part 2) covers the recommendations for Hybrid LBA/LCMS, Electronic Laboratory Notebook and Regulatory Agencies' Input. Part 1 (Small molecules bioanalysis using LCMS) was published in the Bioanalysis issue 6(22) and Part 3 (Large molecules bioanalysis using LBA and Immunogenicity) will be published in the Bioanalysis issue 6(24).

2014 White Paper on recent issues in bioanalysis: a full immersion in bioanalysis (Part 3 - LBA and immunogenicity).

The 2014 8th Workshop on Recent Issues in Bioanalysis (8thWRIB), a 5-day full immersion in the evolving field of bioanalysis, took place in Universal City, California, USA. Close to 500 professionals from pharmaceutical and biopharmaceutical companies, contract research organizations and regulatory agencies worldwide convened to share, review, discuss and agree on approaches to address current issues of interest in bioanalysis. The topics covered included both small and large molecules, and involved LCMS, hybrid LBA/LCMS, LBA approaches and immunogenicity. From the prolific discussions held during the workshop, specific recommendations are presented in this 2014 White Paper. As with the previous years' editions, this paper acts as a practical tool to help the bioanalytical community continue advances in scientific excellence, improved quality and better regulatory compliance. Due to its length, the 2014 edition of this comprehensive White Paper has been divided into three partsfor editorial reasons. This publication (Part 3) covers the recommendations for Large molecules bioanalysis using LBA and Immunogenicity. Part 1 (Small molecules bioanalysis using LCMS) and Part 2 (Hybrid LBA/LCMS, Electronic Laboratory Notebook and Regulatory Agencies' Input) were published in the Bioanalysis issues 6(22) and 6(23), respectively.

2014 White Paper on recent issues in bioanalysis: a full immersion in bioanalysis (Part 1--small molecules by LCMS).

The 2014 8th Workshop on Recent Issues in Bioanalysis (8th WRIB), a 5-day full immersion in the evolving field of bioanalysis, took place in Universal City, California, USA. Close to 500 professionals from pharmaceutical and biopharmaceutical companies, contract research organizations and regulatory agencies worldwide convened to share, review, discuss and agree on approaches to address current issues of interest in bioanalysis. The topics covered included both small and large molecules, and involved LCMS, hybrid LBA/LCMS, LBA approaches and immunogenicity. From the prolific discussions held during the workshop, specific recommendations are presented in this 2014 White Paper. As with the previous years' editions, this paper acts as a practical tool to help the bioanalytical community continue advances in scientific excellence, improved quality and better regulatory compliance. Due to its length, the 2014 edition of this comprehensive White Paper has been divided into three parts for editorial reasons. This publication (Part 1) covers the recommendations for small molecule bioanalysis using LCMS. Part 2 (Hybrid LBA/LCMS, Electronic Laboratory Notebook and Regulatory Agencies' input) and Part 3 (Large molecules bioanalysis using LBA and Immunogenicity) will be published in the upcoming issues of Bioanalysis.

Revisiting Urban Encomia in Fourteenth-Century Paris: Poetics of Translation, Universalism, and the Pilgrim City

The translation of the relics of the Passion of Christ from Constantinople to Paris around 1241 inspired urban encomia of the French Capital. In the fourteenth century, Paris was celebrated as the universal city of election in the West. Meanwhile, the city experienced unprecedented growth, attracting a diverse body of migrants, from pilgrims to scholars, to artists, merchants, and paupers: all of them contributed to modify the topography and culture of the city. This situation generated a wide array of urban images that both challenged and redefined those of translation and universalism as well as the view of the French capital as a pilgrim city. Overall, this study shows how Paris emerged during this period as a potent and complex source of poetic inspiration and a Parisian identity was being shaped.