Univariate Frequency Distribution Research Articles

Analysis of Factors in Reducing the Incidence of Anemia in Adolescent Girls at Ummi Kulsum Banjaran SMP Bandung District

Adolescence is a transition period from childhood to adulthood. In Indonesia, around 90% of women menstruate every month, but the onset of menstruation can cause anemia for teenagers who experience it. This is caused by several things, of course because there is irregular bleeding, this is caused by the teenager’s age itself. , parental factors, including education and work, each person’s food intake/nutritional status, and also the menstrual cycle/length of menstruation experienced each month. This research aims to determine the factors associated with the occurrence of anemia in adolescent girls at Umi Kulsum Banjaran Middle School in 2022. The research method used is a quantitative analytical approach research design with a cross sectional research design. The research population was all 120 female students and the sample used was 55 people using the random sampling technique. Data collection was carried out by means of interviews and direct examination of respondents. Data analysis went through three stages, univariate (frequency distribution), bivariate (chi square) and multivariate analysis (Logistic Regression). The results of the research show that there are factors that are associated with the incidence of anemia in adolescent girls, including age, nutritional status and length of menstruation with a p-value <0.05. It is recommended that students increase their knowledge about reproductive health, especially those related to enstruation, educational institutions can optimize education about adolescent reproductive health by collaborating with health workers in the surrounding environment.

Leisure-time physical activity and cognitive function in the elderly community: population census

Adopting healthy habits, especially regular physical activity, is essential for healthy aging and cognitive health promotion. Objective: to describe the prevalence of leisure-time physical activity and its association with cognitive function in community-dwelling elderly. Methods: a cross-sectional, census-based study with individuals ≥ 60 years residing in Coxilha, Rio Grande do Sul in 2021. The level of physical activity, mental state, and sociodemographic characteristics were analyzed. Qualitative variables were presented in univariate frequency distributions and bivariate analysis through the chi-square test and Fisher's Exact Test. Results: Of the 519 elderly evaluated, only 11.4% were classified as physically active in their leisure time, being more common in elderly without cognitive decline (p=0.027). The other investigated variables did not show a significant association with the outcome (p>0.05). Conclusion: The prevalence of physically active elderly in leisure time is low, being more prevalent among those without cognitive decline.

Relationship between Knowledge and Attitude with Snack Food Selection Behavior among Students of State Elementary School 112164 Talun Manumbok, Labuhan Batu Regency, North Sumatra Province

<p><em>Optimal growth and development of school-age children depends on the quality and quantity of their nutritional intake. Meanwhile, the nutritional intake of school-age children is often coloured by snacking behaviour. This study aims to determine the relationship between knowledge and attitudes with snack food selection behaviour in public elementary school students 112164 Talun Manumbok. This study used a quantitative approach with a cross-sectional research design. The research was conducted at 112164 Talun Manumbok public elementary school from January to August 2023. The population in this study were 161 students. The sampling technique used strata sampling of students in grades III, IV, V, and VI, so the research sample was 126. This study collected data using a questionnaire sheet. The independent variables of the study were knowledge and attitude, while the dependent variable was the behaviour of elementary school students in choosing snacks. Data analysis used univariate frequency distribution analysis and bivariate analysis using chi-square test. The results showed that there was a relationship between knowledge and snack food selection behaviour in students at 112164 Talun Manumbok Public Elementary School, with the understanding that students who had better knowledge about snack food selection tended to have better snacks food selection behaviour compared to students who had less good knowledge (</em><em>P</em><em>R = 3.38; 95% CI = 1.57-7.26) and there was a relationship between attitude and snacks food selection behaviour in students at 112164 Talun Manumbok Public Elementary School (</em><em>P</em><em>R = 5.428 95% CI = 2.417-12.186). The importance of providing education to students is one of the targets that must be implemented and also given good implementation so that children can sort and choose which snacks are good or not for consumption.</em></p><p><strong><em> </em></strong></p><strong><em>Keywords: Attitude, Behavior, Knowledge, Snack Food, Students</em></strong>

Mental Telehealth Utilization Patterns Among High School Students from Racial and Ethnic Minority Backgrounds Affected by Violence and Substance Use.

Recent data show high school students from racial and ethnic minority (REM) backgrounds in the United States confront a twofold challenge, marked by the highest rates of firearm-related homicides since 1994 and increased youth substance use. The pandemic increased online and telehealth usage opportunities for at-risk REM youth. Therefore, this study investigated (1) the frequency and prevalence of co-occurring youth violence and substance use among REM adolescents, (2) racial/ethnic, age, and natal sex (as gender data was not collected) differences in patterns and trends in co-occurring youth violence and substance use among REM adolescents, and (3) the relationship between these syndemic issues and REM adolescent mental telehealth use during the pandemic. Data was sourced from a nationally representative sample of U.S. 9th-12th students (n = 3241) who completed the CDC's 2021 Adolescent and Behavioral Experiences Survey (ABES). Using univariate (frequency distribution), bivariate (Pearson's chi-squared test), and multivariate logistic regression models, we examined seven violence victimization outcomes, four violence perpetration outcomes, two family violence outcomes, and six substance use outcomes and their associations with telehealth use for mental health (dependent variable) among REM adolescents. This sample was primarily female (50.7%), Black or African American (48.3%), Hispanic or Latinx (20.6%), and identified as straight or heterosexual (69.5%). The study found significant sex-based differences in violence perpetration/victimization, substance use, and telehealth use for mental health. In general, mental telehealth use was significantly associated with substance use among REM adolescents (cigarette smoking, vaping, alcohol, marijuana, prescription meds, and illicit drug use) (p-value = .001). Mental telehealth use was also significantly associated with all peer and family violence outcomes (p < 0.001). Controlling for covariates, gun carrying was associated with 4.8 times higher odds of using mental telehealth. Students in a physical fight or carrying a weapon (gun, knife, or club) on school property had 2.45 times and 8.09 times the odds of utilizing mental telehealth. Bullied students were 2.5 times more likely to use mental telehealth (p-value < 0.05). Illicit drug use (cocaine, heroin, methamphetamines, and ecstasy) was associated with a higher likelihood of mental telehealth use (AOR = 1.3, p-value = .05). Our results suggest crucial insights for shaping violence and substance use prevention strategies, with implications for the future of online and telehealth behavioral services. Mental telehealth help-seeking emerges as a crucial avenue for supporting adolescents affected by violence and substance use, especially when they face obstacles to accessing traditional services. It can work in tandem with in-person services to address these challenges.

EFFECTIVENESS OF ACCOMPANIMENT FOR ADOLESCENTS AND PREGNANT WOMEN WITH ANEMIA: ENDEAVORS IN EARLY STUNTING SCREENING DURING THE FIRST 1000 DAYS OF LIFE

The 2022 Indonesian Nutritional Status Study survey reveals that the prevalence of stunting among children under five was 21.6%. In Central Java province, the rate was 20.8%, while in Brebes Regency, it reached 29.1% (the highest in Central Java). Stunting poses a significant nutritional challenge affecting the growth and development of young children. This issue is linked to factors such as malnutrition in pregnant women, adolescents, and nursing mothers, as well as the presence of infectious diseases in mothers. The well-being of young women is crucial, as they will become the next generation of parents, shaping the nation's future. By 2030, an estimated 68% of Indonesia's economic support will come from individuals of productive age, including current adolescents who will soon become parents. This cross-sectional observational study aimed to assess the effectiveness of assisting adolescents and pregnant women with anemia as an early stunting screening initiative. The data collection involved checking hemoglobin levels in adolescents and pregnant women, assisting those with anemia for 30 days, and then re-evaluating their hemoglobin levels. Univariate frequency distribution analysis indicated increased hemoglobin levels among adolescents and anemic pregnant women. Chi-square analysis resulted in a p-value of 0.04, suggesting that assisting adolescents and pregnant women as an early stunting screening effort effectively addresses anemia.

The Effect of Nursing Care Documentation Training Based on Indonesian Nursing Standards

Background: Maintain accurate and full nursing documentation to meet patient safety criteria. Evidence links nurse documentation to the hospital setting. Nursing documentation is impacted by patient load, lack of time, and skill and training.Purpose: This study examines the effectiveness of nursing documentation training based on Indonesian Nursing Standards (Diagnosis, Outcome, and Intervention) on nurses' knowledge.Methods: The research method is quasi-experimental with a pre-test post-test design for a single group. Participants in this study are 150 nurses from state-owned hospitals in Jember Regency, East Java. Total sampling was employed as the sampling approach. Data were analyzed using univariate frequency distribution, and bivariate analysis using paired t-test.Results: The average pre-test knowledge was 37.95 and the average post-test knowledge was 66.51. The p-value for the t-test analysis of the data was 0.000 ( 0.05).Conclusions: Effective nursing documentation training enhances nurses' abilities to document nursing care in accordance with the Indonesian Nursing Standards (diagnosis, outcome, and intervention).

Prevalence and Patterns of Elderly Abuse in Family Environment: A Cross-Sectional Study of Hetauda Sub-Metropolitan City

The primary goal of this study is to investigate the relationship between elderly people's socioeconomic characteristics and the average rank of elderly abuse patterns. The study was primarily concerned with quantitative research and employed a cross-sectional survey method. From a population of 16,489 in Hetauda Sub-metropolitan City, 412 elderly people were chosen at random. To collect data, face-to-face interviews with structured interview schedules were used. A pilot survey was conducted to ensure validity and reliability in data. In the study, data was analysed using univariate and bivariate frequency distributions, as well as non-parametric tests. According to the study, the prevalence of overall abuse was 35.90% and psychological abuse was observed high among others. The most common types of abuse were moderate psychological abuse (43.8%), neglect (60.5%), and overall abuse (57.8%). Mild economic abuse accounted for 60%, while other types of abuse accounted for 79.4%. The study also looked at the link between abuse and gender, and found statistically insignificant differences (p&gt;0.05). However, there was a significant difference (p&lt;0.05) in the prevalence of psychological and overall abuse based on property ownership, whereas other patterns revealed no significant differences (p&gt;0.05). Except for psychological and overall abuse, dependency status had no significant impact on the occurrence of elder abuse patterns (p&gt;0.05). Except for certain participants, the prevalence of elderly abuse was high. Psychological, economic, and overall abuse varied significantly by age group, but neglect and other forms did not (p&gt;0.05). Except for psychological abuse, family size and income level were found to have significant differences in abuse patterns. The study's findings highlight the importance of targeted interventions and policies to prevent and address elder abuse, particularly among vulnerable populations. To address the identified disparities, comprehensive measures that prioritise the well-being and safety of vulnerable elders must be implemented.

Copula-based joint modelling of extreme river temperature and low flow characteristics in the risk assessment of aquatic life

Compounding the joint impact of extreme river temperature and low flow characteristics can harm the aquatic habitat of certain organisms (e.g., ecototherm fish) and freshwater ecosystems. Considering only river temperature or low flow via univariate frequency distribution as a stress indicator would be incomplete. Maximum water temperature and low flow series are strongly negatively correlated; thus, their joint probability distribution can be helpful to assess better the risks associated with joint extreme events. This study incorporated the 2-D parametric copulas in the bivariate joint modelling of annual maximum river water temperature and corresponding low flow. This proposed bivariate framework is applied to 5 independent and identically distributed stations in Switzerland. Parametric 1-D probability density functions are employed in modelling the univariate marginal distribution of both variables separately. The efficacy of eighteen different parametric class negatively dependent 2-D copulas is tested. The best-fitted copulas and selected marginals are used to estimate joint return periods for quantiles corresponding to multiple return periods. The joint return periods of annual maximum temperatures conditional to low flows or vice versa are also estimated. Investigation reveals that the occurrence of bivariate events simultaneously is less frequent in the AND-joint case than in the OR-joint event case for all stations. Also, OR-return periods are less (nearly half) the value of univariate return periods. Secondly, higher conditional return periods are observed in annual maximum temperature (or low flow) when increasing the percentile value of the conditioning variable, i.e., low flow (or maximum temperature). Also, when the low flow (or water temperature) conditioning variable is fixed, higher bivariate event return periods are observed at a higher water temperature (or low flow) value. In conclusion, these estimated bivariate statistics can help provide a more complete picture for an adequate assessment of the risks associated with cold-water species.

Knowledge and Attitudes Related to Behavior of Pregnant Women in Prevention of Covid-19

Background The Central Sulawesi Provincial Health Office noted that until April 7 2021 the number of Covid-19 patients was 11,424. Palu City occupies the maximum number of patients with 3,042 people. One of the groups at risk of exposure to Covid-19 is pregnant women. During the pandemic, pregnant women felt more comfortable doing examinations at the Independent Midwife Practice Place (TPMB) for fear of contracting Covid-19. Purpose This research is to find out the relationship between knowledge and attitudes in pregnant women's behavior toward the prevention of Covid-19 at the Mandiri Midwife Amanah Practice. Methods This quantitative research uses a cross-sectional design using 53 samples of pregnant women who visited TPMB Amanah from June to July 2021. Samples were taken accidentally using a questionnaire instrument. Univariate (frequency distribution) and bivariate data analysis using the kai square test reported in tabular and. Results The research found that most of the respondents had good knowledge, namely 22 respondents (41.5%), had a positive attitude 35 respondents (66%), and behaved not doing 3M totaling 30 respondents (56.6%) with a p-value ≤ 0, 05, which is 0.000. Conclusion There is a relationship between knowledge and attitudes regarding the behavior of pregnant women in preventing Covid-19. It is recommended to actively seek reliable information regarding the prevention of transmission of Covid-19 and get used to carrying out the stages of preventing

Antibiotic knowledge, attitudes and reported practice during pregnancy and six months after birth: a follow- up study in Lao PDR

BackgroundAntibiotics are important medicines to prevent maternal and child morbidity and mortality. Women’s knowledge and attitudes towards antibiotic use influence their practice. When they become mothers, this may be mirrored in the use of antibiotics for their newborn children. The current study aimed to assess knowledge, attitudes, and reported practice of pregnant women regarding antibiotic use and antibiotic resistance as well as their approach towards antibiotic use for their newborn babies.MethodsThis was a follow-up study with data collected via structured interviews between September 2019 and August 2020 in Feuang (rural) and Vangvieng (urban) districts in Vientiane province, Lao PDR. We identified and invited all women attending antenatal care in their third trimester of pregnancy in the selected areas. Using a structured questionnaire at third trimester of pregnancy we captured data on knowledge regarding antibiotic use and resistance. We collected information on attitudes and reported practice at two time points: (i) at third trimester of pregnancy and (ii) 6 months after birth. Univariate analysis and frequency distributions were used to study pattern of responses. Chi-square and Mann-Whitney tests were used to compare categorical and continuous variables respectively. P value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.ResultsWe surveyed 539 women with a mean age of 25 years. Two oral antibiotics, i) ampicillin and ii) amoxicillin were correctly identified by 68 and 47% of participants respectively. Only 24% of women (19% in Feuang and 29% in Vangvieng) answered correctly that antibiotics are effective against bacterial infections. The most prevalent response was “I don’t know” suggesting the questions were challenging. Significantly less women would use antibiotics from a previous illness for their child than for themselves (16% vs 29%), however they would be more willing to use antibiotics for their baby even in case of mild symptoms (29% vs 17% while pregnant). The majority of antibiotics were prescribed by healthcare providers and 46% of children with the common cold received antibiotics.ConclusionsWomen’s knowledge was sub-optimal, still, they manifested appropriate attitudes towards antibiotic use during pregnancy and for their child. Nearly half of children received antibiotics for the common cold. There is a need for context adapted programs aiming at improving women’s knowledge, as well as healthcare providers, emphasising rational antibiotic prescribing during pregnancy and for children.

Description Quality of Sleep of Children With Autism

Background: A developmental disorder that affects communication and behavior is known as Autism. The prevalence of autism is still increasing, ranging from 1-2/1000 in males more than in females (4:1). In children with autism, physical health problems are often complained of, one of which is sleep problems, such as delayed sleep onset, frequent awakenings at night, and sleep duration. This problem makes parents stressed because it impacts the severity of behavior both during the day and at night.&#x0D; Objectives: The description of sleep quality in children with autism.&#x0D; Methods: Cross-sectional approach to 55 special school students with autism in Cimahi. Data collection was collected by measuring sleep quality with the Children's Sleep Habits Questionnaire (CSHQ) with a cut-off point of &lt; 30 good sleep quality and &gt; 30 sleep problems with Chronbach's alpha = 0.68 to 0.78. Content validity; ROC = 0.41, differentiating between clinical and control groups; sensitivity = 0.80, specificity = 0.72. Data analysis was carried out univariate (frequency distribution) and bivariate with a chi-square test. &#x0D; Results: It was found that most of the children with moderate Autism had sleep problems (54.5%) p = 0.005.&#x0D; Conclusion: The study results describe that some children with autism in the city of Cimahi have sleep problems in conditions of delayed sleep onset and often wake up at night.

HUBUNGAN KEMAMPUAN DAN MOTIVASI KERJA DENGAN PRESTASI KERJA PERAWAT PELAKSANA DI RUANG RAWAT INAP RUMAH SAKIT CAMATHA SAHIDYA KOTA BATAM TAHUN 2021

Work performance is related to the ability to work and motivation in carrying out work. Based on the presurvey, it was obtained interviews from 11 nurses who said that some of them had participated in research that supported their work and were motivated because they had just finished their education, but some nurses were less motivated because they felt that the reward had not been noticed and did not know what the work assessment was like. The purpose of this research is to know the relationship between ability and work motivation with a cross-sectional approach. The population in this study were all nurses in the inpatient room totaling 52 people. Sampling using total sampling. The research site was at Camatha Sahidya Hospital, Batam City on June 24 – August 12. Collecting data using a questionnaire adopted from Wahyudi (2010) regarding ability while a questionnaire about motivation and achievement was adopted from Adryani (2012). This study used univariate (frequency distribution) and bivariate (chi-square) analysis. The results obtained that more than half of the implementing nurses have the ability in the high category and more than half with the low category on work motivation and work performance. Furthermore, there is a relationship between ability and work performance (p Value 0.000) and there is a relationship between work motivation and work performance (p Value 0.009). Based on the conclusions of the researchers, it is recommended for hospital management to continue to maintain and improve the work motivation of implementing nurses and complete the supporting needs in improving nursing services, work motivation of nurses in carrying out their duties by creating a system of rewards that provide feedback on the performance that has been carried out by nurses.Keywords: Ability, Work Motivation, Work Performance

Relationship between Anxiety Levels and Smoking Behavior in Early Adolescents in Nias Ciranjang Junior High School

Background: Adolescence is a period in which a child experiences a transition from childhood to adulthood both physically and psychologically. In 2018 the prevalence of smokers in the population aged &gt;10 years in Indonesia, especially West Java, was ranked first at 32.0%, while the smoking prevalence in the population aged 10-18 years was 9.1% in 2018, this number increased from 2013 which was only 7.2%. Mental health is important in determining the quality of a nation. The phenomenon when the incidence of health problems in adolescents increases, the underlying cause comes from internal and external factors, this problem is still a threat if not treated immediately.&#x0D; Objective: This study aims to determine the relationship between anxiety levels and smoking behavior in early adolescents.&#x0D; Methods: The research design used is a correlation study with a cross sectional design. The number of samples was 55 male students in grades 7 and 8 in Nias Ciranjang junior high school which were selected through purposive sampling technique. Data collection filled out the Depression Anxiety Stress Scale 42 (DASS 42) questionnaire, rcount &gt; rtable 0,514 and ralpha value = 0,952. Data analysis was carried out univariate (frequency distribution) and bivariate with chi square test.&#x0D; Result: The results showed that some respondents had moderate anxiety levels as much as 54.5%, most respondents had bad smoking behavior as much as 54.5%, and there was a relationship between anxiety levels and smoking behavior in early adolescents in Nias Ciranjang junior high school with p -value=0.001.&#x0D; Conclusion: It is hoped that nursing science and schools will continue to improve students' understanding of the dangers of smoking through counseling or other activities so that there are no more teenagers smoking.

HUBUNGAN PERAN KELUARGA DENGAN TINGKAT KECEMASAN ANAK USIA SEKOLAH YANG MENGALAMI HOSPITALISASI DIRUANG RAWAT INAP ANAK RUMAH SAKIT TINGKAT III DR.REKSODIWIRYO PADANG

Based on the coud from Hospital Dr.Reksodiwiryo Padang number of children who are sick in the year 2017 as much 338 children. The results of the researchers initial survey through interviews, children in hospital many are not accompanied by family consequently the child feels anxiety show by crying and anxious children also because of hospital action like taking not to want to be acted and the hospital environment, especially the treatment room that causes anxiety. The purpose of this research is to know Relationship Family Role With Anciety Level School Age Children That Experience Hospitalization At Child Inpatient Room At Hospital Dr.Reksodiwiryo Padang 2018. This type of research is the research design with analytic deskriftif Cross Sectional Study. This research was in At Child Inpatient Room At Hospital Dr.Reksodiwiryo Padang 2018. Research and data collection is carried out from March 2018 through the month of August 2018, with the number of total 160 and samples of the 30 respondents, sampling techniques using accidental sampling. The data obtained were analyzed in univariate frequency distributions with and bivariat with statistical test Chi Square. The research univariat results obtained by family role not good (56,7%) with anciety level (43,3%). Results of bivariate research based on statistical test obtained that there is a meaningful relationship family role with anciety level pvalue=0,000. Recommended to the hospital so that employess in the hospital, especially the children room pay more attention to children in the room and provide nursing care to reduce anxiety. For parents can pay more attention to children when children experience treatment in the hospital so that more comfort will be created by the child and the level of anxiety experienced by the child can be slightly controlled.

HUBUNGAN BEBERAPA FAKTOR DENGAN KURANGNYA PENGGUNAAN METODE KONTRASEPSI JANGKA PANJANG PADA IBU USIA 15 – 49 TAHUN DI PROVINSI MALUKU UTARA (ANALISA DATA SDKI 2017)

Long Term Contraceptive Method (MKJP) is the most effective contraceptive method in reducing the number of birth rates. In 2012 the prevalence of MKJP of North Maluku Province (23.7%) prevalence of MKJP usage below the national figure (27.5%). This study aims to analyze factors related to the practice of mkjp use in mothers aged 15-49 years in North Maluku Province. This type of research is explanatory research using Cross Sectional design. This study has a population of 316,855 mothers 15 - 49 years, a sample of 1050 mothers who use contraceptives Data sources in this study are the results of the 2017 Indonesian health demographic survey (SDKI). This type of research is quantitative research Stages conducted in data processing are data input, edit, and clening., entry, tabulation. Analysis is done based on univariate (frequency distribution) and bivariate (frequency distribution, cha square, and p-value= 0.05.) The results showed that most mothers who did not use MKJP (81.2%), mothers aged &lt;35 years (61.5%), mothers with the number of children living 0 - 2 (64.6%), mothers with low levels of pedidikan (79.2%), mothers of poor knowledge about the type of contraceptives (54%). Sources of birth control services received by mothers as much as (53.2%) from other sources of service (friends, shops, NGOs). The practice of using MKJP relates to maternal knowledge (p-value = 0.050), maternal education level (p-value = 0.002), the area where the mother lives (p-value = 0.000), and the source of maternal kb services (p-value = 0.018). However, the age of the mother (p- value = 0.436) and the number of children living in the mother (p-value = 0.106) have no relationship with the practice of using MKJP in mothers.Keywords: Long-Term Contraceptive Method, Lifespan, number of children living, knowledge, education level, residential area, source of birth control services.

The Effect of Youth's Healthy Packages on Premenstrual Syndrome

Abstract— Most women of reproductive age have premenstrual symptoms which consist of emotional and physical symptoms. Many factors can affect PMS including physical activity, nutrition such as drinks containing calcium and ginger, massage and other factors. This study aims to determine the effect of a healthy package consisting of (exercise, giving ginger milk and effleurage massage) on premenstrual syndrome.&#x0D; The design of this study was a quasi-experimental pre-post with control group. The research variables were measured in 2 groups, There are the intervention group and the control group. The number of samples in this study consisted of 38 girls in the intervention group and 38 girls in the control group with simple random sampling. The analysis used univariate (frequency distribution) and bivariate (T Test, Chi-Square).&#x0D; The results showed that there was an influence between the effect of a healthy adolescent package (consisting of exercise, giving ginger milk and eflleurage massage) on premenstrual syndrome.&#x0D; Keywords— Pre Menstrual Syndrome, Exercise, Ginger Milk, Eflleurage Massage&#x0D;

Relationship Between Self-Esteem and Family Social Interaction with Mental Disorders in Medan Sunggal, Medan

Family member with mental illness causes inferiority, shamefulness, and minimal function in the community. In some cases, mentally ill patients withdrawn from interaction and refuse to communicate. The objective of the research was to analyze the correlation between self-esteem and social interaction in the family with mentally ill patients in Kelurahan Medan Sunggal, Medan. This was a descriptive quantitative study with correlation method. The samples were 18 family members who suffered from a mental disorder, with purposive sampling technique. The data collection using questionnaires and data analyses is undergone with univariate analysis and frequency distribution. The bivariate analysis applied Spearman's Rho test. The result of the research showed that 15 respondents (83.3%) had high self-esteem and 11 respondents (61.1%) had a good social interaction. There was a significant correlation between self-esteem and social interaction in a family with a mentally ill patient (P-value = 0.012) with positive direction (r = 0.576). It is concluded that a high self-esteem correlates well with the social interaction among the family members with mental illness. It is recommended for family members to maintain their self-esteem and social interaction capacity. A mentally disorder person should get social support from family, health care providers, the government, and society.

Citizen-Centered Mobile Health Apps Collecting Individual-Level Spatial Data for Infectious Disease Management: Scoping Review.

BackgroundThe novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 rapidly spread around the world, causing the disease COVID-19. To contain the virus, much hope is placed on participatory surveillance using mobile apps, such as automated digital contact tracing, but broad adoption is an important prerequisite for associated interventions to be effective. Data protection aspects are a critical factor for adoption, and privacy risks of solutions developed often need to be balanced against their functionalities. This is reflected by an intensive discussion in the public and the scientific community about privacy-preserving approaches.ObjectiveOur aim is to inform the current discussions and to support the development of solutions providing an optimal balance between privacy protection and pandemic control. To this end, we present a systematic analysis of existing literature on citizen-centered surveillance solutions collecting individual-level spatial data. Our main hypothesis is that there are dependencies between the following dimensions: the use cases supported, the technology used to collect spatial data, the specific diseases focused on, and data protection measures implemented.MethodsWe searched PubMed and IEEE Xplore with a search string combining terms from the area of infectious disease management with terms describing spatial surveillance technologies to identify studies published between 2010 and 2020. After a two-step eligibility assessment process, 27 articles were selected for the final analysis. We collected data on the four dimensions described as well as metadata, which we then analyzed by calculating univariate and bivariate frequency distributions.ResultsWe identified four different use cases, which focused on individual surveillance and public health (most common: digital contact tracing). We found that the solutions described were highly specialized, with 89% (24/27) of the articles covering one use case only. Moreover, we identified eight different technologies used for collecting spatial data (most common: GPS receivers) and five different diseases covered (most common: COVID-19). Finally, we also identified six different data protection measures (most common: pseudonymization). As hypothesized, we identified relationships between the dimensions. We found that for highly infectious diseases such as COVID-19 the most common use case was contact tracing, typically based on Bluetooth technology. For managing vector-borne diseases, use cases require absolute positions, which are typically measured using GPS. Absolute spatial locations are also important for further use cases relevant to the management of other infectious diseases.ConclusionsWe see a large potential for future solutions supporting multiple use cases by combining different technologies (eg, Bluetooth and GPS). For this to be successful, however, adequate privacy-protection measures must be implemented. Technologies currently used in this context can probably not offer enough protection. We, therefore, recommend that future solutions should consider the use of modern privacy-enhancing techniques (eg, from the area of secure multiparty computing and differential privacy).

Hubungan Umur dan Konsumsi Makanan Mengandung Zat Besi dengan Anemia pada Ibu Hamil di Puskesmas Talise Palu

&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; Anemia in pregnant women is called a potential that endangers the mother and child, therefore anemia requires serious attention from parties involved in health services. The purpose of this study is to know the relationship of age and consumption of iron-containing foods with the incidence of anemia in pregnant women in Talise Palu Health Center in 2017. The type of research is descriptive comparative using a cross sectional approach. The population of all pregnant women in the Talise Health Center area. The sample in this study amounted to 55 respondents with the sampling technique using consecutive sampling technique. The data collection is done through direct interviews and direct Hb measurements. Data analysis using univariate frequency distribution and bivariate analysis with Fisher's Exact Test. The results of the study of 55 respondents there were 96.4% of pregnant women who had anemia, with the age of pregnant women not at risk of 85.5% and pregnant women who rarely consumed foods containing iron there were 78.2%. The results of statistical tests using Fisher's Exact Test showed that there was a relationship between consumption of iron-containing foods (p = 0.04) with the incidence of anemia in pregnant women at Talise Palu Health Center in 2017 and no age relationship (p = 0.728) with anemia in pregnant women . Conclusion that age has no relationship with the incidence of anemia in pregnant women. Consumption of iron-containing foods is associated with the incidence of anemia in pregnant women. Suggestions for midwives who work at the KIA-KB Poli to continue to provide services according to operational standards during pregnancy examinations so that anemia in pregnant women can be treated and even prevented during pregnancy.&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D;

Pelayanan dan Fasilitas Kesehatan, Biaya Persalinan, dan Kebijakan di Tempat Bersalin Mempengaruhi Ibu Dalam Memilih Tempat Bersalin di Kelurahan Kemiri Muka, Kecamatan Beji, Depok

One indicator of a country's health status is the maternal and infant mortality rate. 52.4% of mothers in Indonesia have access to maternal services. Maternal Mortality Rate (MMR) in Indonesia in 2008 according to the Demographic Health Survey of Indonesia is 307 per 100,000 live births, its far from the supposed target of 110 per 100,000 live births. The general objective of this study was to determine the factors associated with mother's decision when choosing a birth place, including the choice of giving birth. The factors that affect mother's decision when choosing a birth place are characteristic of the respondents and distance delivery and home place. Research sample is mothers residing in RW 03 Kelurahan Kemiri Muka - Depok totaling 125 people. This study uses a questionnaire and return rate = 100%. This study uses cross sectional data analysis using univariate and bivariate frequency distribution using the chisquare test. The results showed that there was a significant relationship between respondent’s education (p-value = 0.009; = 0.05), the husband's income &amp; (pvalue = 0.046; = 0.05), and health facilities (p -value = 0.033; = 0.05) with a choice of place of birth.