Muslim Unity Research Articles

Strategi Pemasaran Paket Ibadah Haji dan Umroh dalam Merekrut Jamaah di Kantor KBIH Kota Bogor

Hajj and Umrah are two significant religious rituals in Islam, holding profound spiritual and religious value for Muslims. Hajj is a mandatory pilgrimage to be performed once in a lifetime by those who are financially and physically capable, whereas Umrah can be undertaken at any time as an opportunity to draw closer to Allah SWT. This study aims to explore the meaning and importance of Hajj and Umrah in the lives of Muslims. The research methodology employed is qualitative, involving the collection and analysis of various relevant sources such as the Quran, Hadith, and other Islamic literature. The findings reveal that Hajj and Umrah provide several primary benefits, including purification from sins, enhancement of faith and piety, and strengthening of global Muslim unity. Moreover, these rituals have significant social, economic, and cultural impacts on Muslim communities worldwide. In the context of globalization and modern technology, the practice of Hajj and Umrah has undergone significant development, enabling millions of Muslims from diverse countries to perform these rituals more conveniently and efficiently. This research is expected to deepen understanding of the significance of Hajj and Umrah in contemporary Muslim life and contribute to enriching existing Islamic literature.

Method of Allama Abul Fazl Al Borqaee (d 1413 H) in his Tafseer "Tabeshe az Quran"

The Quran, the cornerstone of Islam, underpins the faith, society, and civilization of the Muslim world. As the final divine revelation bestowed upon Prophet Muhammad (SAW), it was his duty to memorize and convey its teachings to his companions. This responsibility extends to the entire Muslim community, especially the ulamas (Islamic scholars), as the Prophet (SAW) emphasized the importance of learning and teaching the Quran. Through the dedicated efforts of ulamas, the Quran has been preserved from any alterations, fulfilling Allah's promise of protection. This research focuses on the translation methodology of Allama Burqaee, a distinguished Persian translator of the Quran. The significance of this study lies in recognizing Allama Burqaee's outstanding contributions to Islamic scholarship. He authored over a hundred works, including translations of the Quran and Hadith, and conducted extensive research on various religions and conflicting beliefs. His tafseer (exegesis) is particularly valuable for students of Islamic studies due to its comprehensive integration of Sunni and Shia scholarly perspectives and ease of access to primary sources. The choice of this topic is motivated by several reasons: (1) To acknowledge Allama Burqaee's efforts in opposing religious innovations (bida'). (2) To understand Allama Burqaee's approach to the Quran, Sunnah, and other Islamic sciences. (3) To highlight his inclusion of diverse scholarly opinions and contemporary ijtihad (intellectual striving). (4) To elucidate his emphasis on the importance of aqeeda (belief), a foundational aspect of Islam. (5) To discuss his call for Muslim unity based on the Quran and Sunnah. The research methodology involves following Allama Burqaee's approach without alterations, providing explanations and critical commentary when necessary. The steps include examining Quranic verses with references, analyzing Hadith and athar (traditions) from primary sources, considering scholarly consensus, and offering concise definitions and examples. This study aims to present a thorough understanding of Allama Burqaee's translation methods and their implications for Islamic scholarship.

MUSLIM POLITICAL THOUGHT SINCE COLLAPSE OF OTTAWA UNTIL NOW

This study shows how the miserable political conditions of Muslim ummah were across Muslim world ,after the end of first world war with the collapse of Ottoman Caliphate. This also proves the indispensability of the institution of caliphicate for the unity of the Muslim and their prosperity. In the context of political downfall of Ottomans, the western powers destroyed the unity of Muslims by inventing new terminology of Muslim nations. Not only in the Muslim world but even in the Arab world racial, linguistic and parochial prejudice has been inculcated in the minds and hearts of Muslim towards each other. This turmoil situation is evident from the terrible clashes of Arabs with Turks and between East and West Pakistan Bengalis v/s west Pakistanis. However, in this political turmoil Muslim thinkers came forward and tried to regenerate the Muslim ummah and to re establish an Islamic state which could protect muslim from being destroying, most important among them are, Allama Muhammad Iqbal, maulana Abul’ kalam Azad, Syed Abu al ala Maulana Modoodi,and Dr.Israr Ahmed.A brief description of their work has been discussed in this article.

Qaddafi's Hidden History? The Libyan World Islamic Call Society's Editions and Translations of the Qur'an

AbstractOne of the most important developments in modern Islamic missionary activism was the establishment in 1972 of the Libya‐based World Islamic Call Society (WICS, originally the Islamic Call Society) which acted as a leading think tank advocating Muslim unity and Pan‐Arabism throughout the Qaddafi era. Despite the severe challenges facing post‐revolutionary Libya, WICS remains active today, albeit with reduced global visibility. This article demonstrates the ways that WICS's endeavors in publishing were innovative in the Northern African Arabic context, notably when it comes to the al‐Muṣḥaf al‐Jamāhīriyya (1983) and the various Qur'an translations it produced, and argues that its activities are a neglected yet critical aspect of modern Islamic missionary endeavors at the nexus of Pan‐Islamism and Pan‐Arabism. Through exploring WICS's historical background, the individual actors affiliated with it, and its primary publishing projects, the current study sheds light on an overlooked chapter in modern Islamic missionary activity. It also explores the contextual factors that have influenced the success of its Qur'an translations beyond issues of religious identity, offering new insights into the intersection of politics and religion that underlie many modern translations of the Qur'an.

Indicators of Islamic Awakening in Khalilullah Khalili’s Poetry

Islamic awakening is a movement of vigilance and awareness among Islamic community, during which, after a prolonged period of Intellectual regression, declination, and imitation of West, Muslims renewed the thought and resisted to gain enormity and control over affairs of Islamic lands. Studying role of Khalilullah Khalili a contemporary poet from Afghanistan in Islamic awakening and investigation of such awakening indicators in his poems, show that Khalili had a dominant role in revival of religious thoughts, creation of unity, self-esteem, and spirit of Muslims’ return to their olden enormity. The aim of present paper is introducing Khalilullah Khalili, s describing role of his poetry in awakening of Persian-speaking Islamic society and investigation of the most important indicators of Islamic awakening in his poetry. The present research will answer such questions as what are the indicators of Islamic awakening and how are these indicators reflected in Khalilullah Khalili’s poetry? This research, conducted with an analytical-descriptive approach, utilizes reputable literary and literary criticism sources to explain parameters of Islamic awakening and example of Khalilullah Khalili’s poetry have been described as witness of the discussion. In Khalili's poetry, numerous indicators and signs of Islamic awakening and his attention to the revival of lost Islamic values and the glorious past of the Islamic community can be found. Among the most notable indicators are the promotion of the idea of global Islamic unity, the call for Muslim unity, condemnation of various forms of division, anti-colonialism, advocating the establishment of the duty of jihad, strengthening self-confidence and self-belief among Muslims, instilling hope for a bright future, calling for a return to the Quran and Its liberating message, renewing Islamic thought, and combating superstitions resulting from the period of decline

Newly Found Documents of Rizaetdin bin Fakhretdin abоut the First World Muslim Congress in Mecca (1926)

The article provides external and internal criticism of the documents of Mufti Rizaetdin bin Fakhretdin deposited in the National Archives of the Republic of Bashkortostan about the WMC in Mecca in 1926, which introduce new understanding of the formation of the foreign policy of the young Soviet republic in the East, the reasons for the participation of the spiritual leaders of the Russian ummah, the conditions for the functioning of Islam and its institutions in the USSR. For the first time, the published report of the head of the Soviet delegation on a significant forum acquaints the reader with the background of its convocation, characterizes the decisions made at it, reveals the positions of the envoys of the USSR regarding the initiatives of the future founder of the state of Saudi Arabia, Ibn Sa‘ud, to strengthen the Muslim unity.

BARAAN: ISLAMIC PHILOSOPHY THROUGH RELIGIOUS TRADITION OF EID-FITR IN BENGKALIS RIAU

This research explores the Islamic philosophy embedded in the cultural traditions of the Bengkalis people. The research was motivated by the need to understand the unique Islamic perspective of the Bengkalis people and how it affects their way of life. The research methodology used in this study is qualitative, with the data collection process conducted through observation, interviews, and document analysis. The participants in this study were members of the Bengkalis community and the data analysis process involved identifying key themes and patterns that emerged from the data collected. The study found that the cultural traditions of the Bengkalis community are deeply rooted in Islamic philosophy, which is reflected in their daily practices, beliefs and values. The community's strong adherence to Islamic principles has helped shape their way of life, as well as their social and economic structure. So the findings of this research are "Baraan" Research reveals that Eid-Fitr in Bengkalis, Riau, is a religious tradition that is an important part of Islamic philosophy. This tradition is seen as a reflection of the values of sincerity, solidarity and unity of Muslims in Bengkalis. Overall, the "Baraan" research provides a deep understanding of the relationship between religious tradition and Islamic philosophy in the community of Bengkalis, Riau

Semantic Aspects of “Wish” in Iqbal’s Thoughts

Allama Iqbal (1877–1938) is a great poet, philosopher and thinker, he has a special place in his philosophy and ideas. He has expressed his feelings in poetry and prose. The life and thoughts of any writer and intellectual are hidden in his desire. In this research paper, an analytical study of Allama Iqbal's thoughts has been presented with the help of Iqbal's poetry, letters and other prose passages. He has mentioned the creation and fulfillment of desire in his writings. In many places, he has openly expressed that he has presented ideas about the identity of the Muslim nation and the life of an individual. Adopting the analytical approach of research, different concepts of hope have been derived from his thoughts in this paper. In the Iqbalistic research, only hope has been seen less than the meaningful point of view of national unity on the political scene. An attempt has been made to fill this gap in this research paper. Iqbal's desire was fulfilled in the form of the Muslim Unity of Muslims in India.

Editorial

Editorial

Kebangkitan Dan Kemunduran Umat Islam: Studi Historis Era Kepemimpinan Shalahuddin Al-Ayyubi

The aim of the research is to explain and describe the rise and decline of Muslims. Research was carried out in the literature where data sources came from articles, books, magazines and news. The results of this research illustrate that the era of Saladin Al-Ayyubi's leadership brought Islam towards a true revival in educational, thought, social, economic, and political aspects. Islam plays a crucial role in the nation's path. However, it turns out that Islam also has its own pluralism in the characteristics of its teachings, people, and beliefs. In the 19th century AD, the latest thinking in Islam emerged among Muslim thinkers who paid attention to the revival of Islam after experiencing a period of decline in all fields after the fall of the Abbasid Caliphate in Baghdad in 1258 AD. The impact of Hulagu's attack destroyed the buildings of Islamic civilization. At that time it was a beacon of world civilization. The emergence of the latest thoughts in Islam is motivated by 2 factors, namely external factors and internal factors. This research needs to be refined with further studies in the form of analysis of Muslim unity to achieve victory through more comprehensive data sources.

The Phenomenon Of Al-Takfir: Impacts On Unity Within The Islamic Ummah

The phenomenon of Al-Takfir, characterized by the practice of denouncing fellow Muslims as apostates, has emerged as a critical concern within the Islamic community. This article delves into the detrimental ramifications of Al-Takfir on the unity of the Islamic ummah, elucidating its role as a divisive theological practice that has led to fragmentation within the global Muslim community. Employing an extensive examination of historical occurrences, theological viewpoints, and modern expressions of Al-Takfir, this study scrutinizes its contributory role in eroding the essential unity intrinsic to Islam. The research underscores that the prerogative of declaring Takfir is not vested in every individual but is relegated to Allah and the Prophet, supported by explicit Quranic verses, authenticated Hadiths, or consensus (Ijma') among Muslim scholars. Similarly, the research underscores that the phenomenon of Takfir has grave repercussions for Muslim unity, as it engenders multiple factions and nurtures mutual animosity among Muslims. In conclusion, the study proffers strategies aimed at fortifying unity within the Islamic ummah. These strategies encompass raising awareness about the diverse aspects of Islam, promoting dialogue among divergent perspectives, and accentuating the shared values that traverse sectarian divides. Ultimately, this research endeavors to present a nuanced comprehension of the intricate issue of Al-Takfir and its effects on the unity of the Islamic ummah. By providing insights into this multifaceted concern, the study aspires to contribute to the cultivation of a more harmonious and all-encompassing Muslim community.

Letters of invitation to Islam were sent during the reign of Caliph Abū Bakr

Caliph Abū Bakr is the most crucial figure in the history of Islam during and after the Prophet's era. He was the first caliph in the history of Islam. He performed essential services in Islam's invitation, notification, and guidance. He ensured peace in society by successfully managing the problematic process that emerged after the death of the Prophet. The subject of this communiqué is the letters of invitation to Islam written during the reign of Abū Bakr. While most of these letters were written by Abū Bakr, some were by Khalid b. Walid, was the most important commander of this period. There are more than fifty such political, military, and diplomatic letters. Abu Bakr had a significant role in forming the Islamic society and establishing Islam in the community, starting from the Prophet's era. Among the first Muslims, there are dozens of personalities whom he was instrumental in converting to Islam. After the Prophet's death, his efforts like invitation, communiqué, and guidance, especially in establishing peace in the society and initiating the conquest movements, express the value of his efforts like invitation, communiqué, and guidance. Addressing the role of Abū Bakr's period in preaching Islam will contribute to a better evaluation and understanding of this period in Islamic history. This study focuses on the letters of invitation to Islam written during the reign of Abū Bakr. To shed light on our study, the subject has been investigated through qualitative research and literature review method by examining the early Islamic history sources, including the period of Abū Bakr, especially the work entitled Jamharat al-Rasail al-Arab and Tārīkh al-Ṭabarī, in which these letters were compiled, as well as research books, articles, and theses written on the subject today. During his caliphate, Abū Bakr was a man of preaching and enlightenment. His personal life, his stance as a statesman, the effective methods he applied for the Islamic invitation, notification, and guidance, and his decisions made it possible for Islam to be recognized and spread in the right way and for the peace of the people. Abū Bakr used different methods related to the invitation to Islam in his activities. As one of these methods, he invited people to the truth through letters, warned them about their mistakes, and tried to preserve the line of Prophet Muhammad by reminding them of forgotten facts. Sometimes he achieved his goal by paving the way for more efficient communication through mutual correspondence. In the letters he sent to the commanders during his caliphate, he guided them in terms of military strategy and advised them to be spiritually strong. He first communicated Islam to the apostate tribes, and those who turned away from Islam were informed that they would be dealt with accordingly. He also sent letters to his governors and zakat officials, reminding them of their duties and advising them to preserve Islamic sensitivities. With these efforts, he calmed the chaotic environment that emerged after the Prophet, ensured the unity of Muslims, and eliminated the obstacles to the spread of Islam.

Combating Islamophobia on the International Stage: The Need for Muslim Unity

Islamophobia has become the global norm, with governments in many countries blatantly discriminating against Muslims. Islamophobia should be recognized internationally as a violation of international human rights norms, and governments that adopt Islamophobic laws and policies should be held accountable for those violations. Muslim countries should take the lead in raising this issue at international fora, but unity on this front, like on other issues, remains elusive. Nevertheless, recent initiatives by Qatar and Malaysia show promise.

Scoping Review on the Benefits of Reciting, Listening and Memorising the Quran

This scoping review examines the benefits of Quranic engagement, encompassing recitation, listening, and memorisation. From a pool of 1,739 articles, 21 relevant studies were analysed. Recitation of the Quran provides solace and inner peace while listening to it reduces stress and promotes overall well-being. Memorisation enhances cognitive abilities and fosters a deeper understanding of Islamic principles. Quranic engagement also yields social benefits by preserving heritage and fostering Muslim unity. These practices contribute to holistic well-being, personal growth, and community cohesion. Further research is needed to elucidate the underlying mechanisms and explore how Quranic engagement facilitates these benefits.

Religio-Political Dynamism in the 20th Century Colonial India and Subsequent Muslim Response: A Case Study of the Punjab Province

Religio-Political Dymanism is a term that was coined in the 20th century political milieu especially in the perspective of famous Khilafat Movement in the backdrop of the World War I (1914-1919). The entire ‘Muslim India’ stood with their Turkish Brethren at that time of turmoil and upheaval in order to provide them helping hand against the ominous British Imperial designs to disintegrate centuries old Ottoman Empire. This movement that could later be called a mother of all other movements like Tehrik-i- Hijrat (Migration Movement) of 1919-1920, Tehrik-i-Tark-i-Mawalat of 1919-1920 (Non-cooperation Movement) and Tehrik-i-Nafarmani of 1929-1930 (Civil Disobedience Movement). It was for the first time in Indian History that Ulama (Muslim religious scholars as they were called by the community) and Masha’ikh (commonly called as pirs:spiritual guides) arrived into political arena and later this nexus or liaison was established on more profound and stable grounds. This early immature unison failed to prove its worth as the issue of Khilafat was extra-terestrial and was called as an ‘international problem’ by some seasoned politicians like Iqbal and Jinnah. They were of the view that changes and challenges on international scenario were under rapid changes and could not solely be controlled by Indian Muslims who were already in the bonds of slavery and the roots of International Imperialism were very deep which could not easily be deracinated. However; this religio political dymanism proved its effectivity during the decisive phase of freedom movement when the religio-political relationship between religious ranks and All India Muslim League used ‘religion’ as effective tool to attract and convince ‘Muslim India’ under the banner of two-nation theory. ‘Muslim Response’ as another effective term applied in Indian political milieu is actually the counter-strategy of Muslim political intelligentsia to mainly cope with the propaganda of Indian National Congress, the represenatative of Hindu Majority in the garb of so-called ‘nationalism’. Although a faction of Ulama supported the nationalist’s agenda of Congress. So they were called as ‘nationalist Ulama’ who opposed All India Muslim League demand for a separate homeland. Another faction of Muslims called Unionists were the landlords of Punjab, ‘the landed aristocracy’ who were previliged by the British Colonizers in order to subdue the Indian subjects of rural areas. During the War of Independence, this artificially created class appeased their colonial ‘benefactors’. These land artiatocrats like Sir Fazl-e-Hussain, Sir Sikander Hayat Khan, Sir Chhotu Ram, etc established their own political party in 1923. They worked for their own vested interests and nothing to do with the common folk. They were so powerful in Punjab that Jinnah had to sign a pact with them to seek help for the Muslim unity, called Jinnah-Sikandar Pact in 1937, as AIML had badly failed in 1937 General Elections. In order to curb their power, it was quite advisable to adopt another strategy so ‘religio-political nexus’ of Ulama-League which was later transformed into ‘religio-political dymanism’ by the dint of political circumstances filled this gap. The research paper in hand explains the political process and circumstancial pressure that brought AIML and Ulama closer and also highlights the fact that a considerable faction of Ulama, the Ulama-i-Ahl-i-Sunnat worked voluntarily, unconditionally and were sincere with cause of Islam and Pakistan and this fact was proved after the partition of India that they did not demand any reward from the newly established administrative set up.

ISLAM IN KAZAKHSTAN UNDER THE CORONAVIRUS PANDEMIC CONDITIONS: “TESTING” WITH MEDIATIZATION

The article is devoted to the study of the impact of the coronavirus pandemic on the functioning of Islamic institutions in Kazakhstan. The COVID-19 pandemic gave a new impetus to the mediatization process of Islam in Kazakhstan, resulting in the transfer of most of the Spiritual Administration of Muslims of Kazakhstan (SAMK) and its subdivisions’ activities to the Internet and media space, excluding religious rituals. The authors argue that the use of new media technology had a substantial impact on the activities of official Islamic structures in Kazakhstan, becoming a ‘test’ of mediatization, based on the concepts of ‘mediatization’ of religion by S. Hjarvard and ‘network religion’ by H. Campbell. The authors show that the SAMK, which represents ‘traditional Islam’ in Kazakhstan, is currently involved by the state as a mediator for outreach work among the population for the purpose of reducing social tension and promoting official state discourses on various social issues. The SAMK’s mediation function in the context of the coronavirus pandemic is to explain and substantiate, from an Islamic perspective, the government’s unpopular decisions to close mosques during the state of emergency and the subsequent ban/restriction of collective prayers in religious institutions. The authors identified the discourses produced by the SAMK under quarantine conditions and broadcast on its media platforms and messengers based on a content analysis of the Muftiat’s website and social media pages. The content posted in the media by official Islamic structures demonstrated the intertextuality of state institutions’ official discourse and the SAMK’s discourses, legitimizing government decisions by appealing to Islamic values. Support for state-imposed emergency and quarantine restrictions, the discourse of Islam as a religion of purity, the discourse-call for Muslim unity, and the discourse on the importance of charity were among the dominating discourses. Interviews with the mosque’s imams and ministers made it possible to hear the voices of Muslim clergy who interacted with the local population (in particular, the benefits and drawbacks of new forms of work from their perspective were revealed), as well as show how they passed the ‘test’ of mediatization. In a decentralized and competitive media space, such a consequence of mediatization as a shift of religious authority from traditional Islamic structures to new influential religious actors, including both promoting SAMK discourses and expressing alternative positions based on their reading of Islam, was given particular attention. The pluralization of religious authority in the discussion of the media agenda shaped by the issues of Muslims in the context of the pandemic had caused a conflict of interpretations. In general, the ‘test’ of mediatization resulted in strengthening the SAMK’s activities to adapt new media technology, in the production of new initiatives, such as the electronic muftiat, and the advancement of new requirements for the competencies of imams.

WOMEN AND RURAL SUFISM MOVEMENTS: PORTRAIT OF THE FEMALE YASSIN PILGRIMS “AL-HIDAYAH” BANGUNREJO KIDUL VILLAGE

<p>Religious traditions in rural areas, one of which is yassinan became a medium for women's religious expression through spiritual groups such as the female yassin pilgrims “Al-Hidayah.” How yassin putri “AlHidayah” of Bangunrejo Kidul community in developing personal spirituality and humanity. Descriptive qualitative research methods, using a sociology of religion approach, and data analysis through interactive analysis models include data reduction, data submission, and drawing conclusions. The yassinan tradition is a tradition that has been passed down for generations in the community of Bangunrejo Kidul Kedunggalar Ngawi Village. This tradition has the benefit of two values, namely: first, the religious value in the form of habl min Allah as a religious expression to train and accustom the pilgrims of yassin putri and the community to read kalimah ţayyibah, dhikr, prayer, shalawat, and chant quranic verses intended to get ridho Allah Swt. This tradition is carried out every Thursday in addition to praying for the dead, it also provides spiritual comfort, tranquility, coolness of heart, and increased faith of the community. Second, social values in the form of habl min nas strengthen social ties, strengthen the ropes of silaturrahmi, ngraketake taline kekadangan to realize ukhuwah Islamiyah, ukhuwah wathoniyah, and ukhuwah insaniyah. The existence of an emotional bond of "yassin pilgrims " is able to foster a sense of brotherhood, social interaction, and unity of Muslims in the community of Bangunrejo Kidul Village.</p><p><strong>Keywords</strong> : Rural Sufism, the Female Yassin Pilgrims, Al-Hidayah, Social Piety</p>

Doctor, Indian nationalist and humanitarian: Mukhtar Ahmad Ansari (1880-1936).

Mukhtar Ahmad Ansari was a doctor and remarkable political figure in the late 19th century and the first half of 20th century. After studying medicine in Edinburgh, he returned to his country and became interested in political issues. Not unlike other educated Indian Muslims, Ansari first expressed his concerns about the situation in the Ottoman empire and went to Istanbul as the head of the medical mission. Ansari, who became more interested in politics after his days in Istanbul, came to the forefront as one of the leading figures of the Indian independence movement. Along with Mahatma Gandhi (1869-1948), Ansari did not engage in violence but supported the unity of Muslims and Hindus and opposed communalism. Despite his active political life, Ansari continued his medical studies with great seriousness and played an active role in establishing the Delhi Medical Association in 1914. During this period, his most important aim was to graft animal testicles onto human beings.

Raspad bivše SR BiH - drinsko ratište

We provide the analysis of the war in the former Socialist Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina by analyzing the Yugoslav crisis, namely, the disintegration of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (SFRY). Bosnia and Herzegovina was located in the heart of the former SFRY. It was a bridge between Croatia and Slovenia in the West and northwest, with Serbia and Macedonia in the East and southeast, and with Montenegro in the south. After Slovenia and Croatia declared their independence, Bosnia and Herzegovina stopped being that "synapse", the solid foundation of unity and coexistence of Serbs, Croats, and Muslims. In 1992, the civil "spilled over" into the Socialist Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina. The Dayton Agreement ended the war in 1995. To begin with, we describe the events that led to the breakup of the former SFRY. The introduction of the multi-party system and democratic elections in 1990 did not ease the growing tensions. The three constituent nations of Bosnia and Herzegovina could not agree on the constitutional framework of the country they were creating. The Muslims insisted on unitary Bosnia; the Croats supported the union of the three entities, while the Serbs wanted to preserve the Socialist Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina as a part of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. The plan was to potentially make the country a federation or a confederation. The War was inevitable. In the second part of the paper, we focus on the creation of the Republic Srpska and the Army of the Republic Srpska, with the emphasis on the war events that took place in the Drina area. The Drina River, as a natural border between Serbia and Bosnia and Herzegovina, represents the "lifeblood" of the survival, existence and well-being of the Serbian people in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Hence, the conflicting side tried to occupy that area to sever the ties of the Republic Srpska with the mother country, Serbia. Finally, based on the relevant data and research findings, we give our opinion on the outcome of the war, as well as the consequences for the current and generations to come.

Letters from the Ottoman Empire: Migration from the Caucasus and Russia's Pan-Islamic Panic

This article explores the exchange of letters by Caucasus Muslims across the Russo-Ottoman border and the tsarist government's reactions to it. Between the 1850s and World War I, about a million Muslims left the Caucasus for the Ottoman empire. Many of them, especially Circassians, were expelled by the Russian army, and others, including Chechens, Abkhazians, and Daghestanis, were pushed out or emigrated under tsarist rule. Private letters sustained the Russo-Ottoman Muslim world, which included refugees, emigrants, and pilgrims. The letters, written in Arabic or Ottoman Turkish, were typically smuggled across the border and occasionally intercepted by Russian authorities. I argue that Muslims’ letters fueled the Russian government's paranoia about Pan-Islamism, or advocacy for Muslim unity, that purportedly threatened Russia's colonial project in the Caucasus. Russian officials interpreted the letters as pro-Ottoman propaganda, which underpinned tsarist suppression of transborder correspondence and mobility.