Packing Of Units Research Articles

LPS-Challenged Macrophages Release Microvesicles Coated With Histones.

Histones are the protein component of nucleosomes, which are the basic packing unit of chromatin. However, histones are also found in the blood, both as components of nucleosomes leaked out from dead cells, or expelled from neutrophils in the active process of NET formation. Circulating histones contribute to inflammation, and to lethality in sepsis, a hyperinflammatory condition, by interacting with specific receptors, notably toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4). Here, we show that histones are also actively released by LPS-activated macrophages in association with extracellular vesicles. Vesicle-associated histones can be recovered from the plasma of mice with sepsis. Actively released histones are on the outer surface of vesicles and can interact with TLR4. Thus, activated macrophages release histones without dying, at the same time, making their DNA more accessible and communicating to other cells that infection is present.

Optimization Approach for Estimating the Required Amount of Pharmaceuticals in the Russian Federation

ObjectivesTo propose an algorithm that relates the effectiveness of drugs for a wide range of diseases with the financial capabilities of patients. MethodsEstimates of the volume of pharmaceuticals that are consumed in the Russian Federation by all segments of the population regardless of household income were considered. These were calculated using statistically valid probabilities of the appearance of various diseases, official state data on the structure of expenditures of various strata of the population, and the optimal choice of the most effective medicines with income restrictions taken into account. The main idea was to introduce the utility function of the drug and the cost of treatment. For each disease, its own set of drugs was selected. ResultsOn the basis of the real-world data for several diseases, optimal estimates were calculated using the proposed algorithm. In the process of approbation, some weak points of the algorithm were found, such as the methods of packaging pharmaceuticals and associated cost of a packaging unit. These characteristics should be discussed separately, introducing conventional units of drug volumes. A unit of quantity corresponding to the maximum effect of the drug in question is proposed in the work. ConclusionsThe proposed algorithm for estimating the amount of medicines can be successfully used by both pharmaceutical (or dealer) companies and government agencies for objective population provision. The usual sources of such estimates are based either on market surveys or on pharmacy network data. Both ways are very expensive and do not allow predicting mass demand in the future, for example, with an unexpected epidemic or the emergence of new medicines. In addition, the proposed algorithm can be successfully applied to the pricing problem: a variation in price may show a change in the volume of use.

Emission Level of PM2.5 and its Association With Chronic Respiratory Symptoms Among Workers in Cement Industry: A Case of Mugher Cement Industry, Central Ethiopia

In Ethiopia, occupation-related respiratory symptoms are extensively increasing with the expansion of cement manufacturing industries. However, little information is available on the extent of emissions and its association with chronic respiratory diseases. This study assessed the emission level of PM2.5 and its association with chronic respiratory symptoms among workers in Mugher Cement Factory, in 2018. A cross sectional study was employed on a total of 309 cement factory workers. Air check sampler, model 224-54, was used to measure the concentration of PM2.5. Variables with P value < 0.2 during bivariate analysis were selected as candidate for multiple logistic regressions. Significance level was set at P value <0.05. A total of 309 workers participated in the study with an overall response rate of 97%. The mean age of the respondents was 32.02 years (±4.7 SD). Emission levels of all PM2.5 samples were above the allowed standard. Among the workers, 50.8% had chronic respiratory symptoms and factors associated were: working in raw material receiving unit (adjusted odds ratio [AOR]= 7.5, 95% CI, 2.9, 19.4), cement milling unit (AOR = 2.4, 95 % CI ,1.2, 4.8), packing unit (AOR= 2.2, 95% CI= 1.1, 4.3), workers’ monthly income level below 3000 ETB (AOR; 5.8, 95% CI,1.9, 17.6), and workers’ regular medical checkup (AOR = 2.4, 95 % CI, 1.0, 5.2). The concentration level of PM2.5 and prevalence of chronic respiratory symptoms were high in the study area. Use of personal protective devices and periodic monitoring of installed pollution control devices is highly recommended.

Stabilization of the Liquid Metal Bath during DC ESR

The shift of the liquid metal bath with respect to the axis of a melted electrode during the passage from an alternating current to a direct current is considered. A method is proposed to stabilize the liquid metal bath using the centrifugal forces induced by the rotation of a consumable electrode. The experimental data are used to calculate the optimum centrifugal force, and a computer model is developed with the Design Exploration unit of the Ansys Multiphysics software package. The electromagnetic force is determined at various distances of a molten drop from the electrode. The simulated data are used to perform electroslag melting with a fixed liquid metal bath along the ingot axis. The geometry of solidification front is determined and the possibility of controlling a crystal structure is shown.

Klaus Friedrich Roth, 1925-2015

Klaus Friedrich Roth, 1925-2015

Evaluation of red meat consumption in terms of food safety in Turkey

The aim of this study was to investigate consumer preferences regarding consumption of red meat and to examine the knowledge levels of consumers about food safety and to establish the relationship between food safety and consumer preferences considering consumers? socioeconomic situation and purchasing and consuming behaviors related to red meat products. For this aim, interviews with 2690 households in 12 provincial centers in Turkey were conducted. Processed red meat consumption, ages, sex, education level, number of total people in the households, incomes, trust degrees in stages from production to consumption of red meat, and the effect of red meat purchase area variables of the consumers were examined. The opinions of consumers on whether they find red meat products reliable or not were examined using chi-square automatic interaction detector (CHAID) analysis. In conclusion, food safety was evaluated individually in 5 different stages: production, processing, packaging, marketing, and storage of these products at home. The stages that are least trusted by consumers are food safety of processed red meats, meat processing locations, production plants, packaging units, sales areas, and meat preservation at home, in descending order. One of the most important results is that consumers who do not consume processed red meat products such as sausage, salami, and pastrami do not see red meat production places as reliable. Furthermore, female consumers (53.1%) in nuclear families (3?5 persons), especially those with children under 11 years of age, think that the processing stages make red meat unreliable for consumption.

Implementation of Peltier Cooling in Hermetically Sealed Electronic Packaging Unit for Sub-sea Vessel

This paper presents the methodology adopted for implementation of Peltier cooling in hermetically sealed electronic packaging units used in sub-sea vessels. In sub-sea vessels, sonar front-end electronics is packaged in hermetically sealed electronic packaging units. The thermal design of the unit is a highly challenging task considering the heat dissipation of 300W from the electronics, non-availability of chilled air for cooling and IP68 sealing requirements. Cooling fans cannot be integrated, since these units are to be placed in acoustically sensitive pressure capsule area of the subsea vessel. The electronic cooling in this unit is achieved using conduction cooling with external fins. To enhance the cooling, suitable Peltier cooling (Thermo-electric cooling or TEC) module is selected and implemented with the system. Computational fluid dynamic analysis of the unit is carried-out to study the air-flow and thermal performances with Peltier cooler. The unit is realised and the estimated temperatures validated by experimental temperature measurements on the realised unit. The measured temperatures are within the safe operating limits of the electronic components and hence the cooling design of the unit is satisfactory. It is also observed that maximum temperature reduction has occurred at 1.5A current and card edge temperature of Printed circuit board lowered by 9.28 °C by implementing Peltier cooling.

Thermal behavior analysis of stacked-type supercapacitors with different cell structures

As a new energy storage element, supercapacitors have characteristics such as high power density, fast charge and discharge rates, green environmental protection, and long cycle life. Temperature is an important parameter of supercapacitors which significantly influences the stability of the supercapacitors. In this study, the finite element method is used to realize a coupling between a one-dimensional electrochemical model and a three-dimensional thermal model. Then, based on this model, the concept of limited cycle numbers is defined, and different unit quantities, unit size, and the effect of temperature under different temperature environments such as low temperature, room temperature, and high temperature on stacked-type supercapacitors is studied. Finally, stacked-type supercapacitors are compared with rolled-type supercapacitors considering the same cell size, density, and volume approximations. The simulation results show that the higher the number of packaging units, the lower is the limit cycle number. This phenomenon is more pronounced under high current than under low current conditions. Increasing the package size of the porous electrode or separator decreases the limiting cycles. Under the same unit volume scenario, improving the separator size proportion can accurately control the temperature rise at small current values. Under the same material, volume, and density approximations, the temperature rises slowly for stacked-type supercapacitors as compared to rolled-type supercapacitors. This phenomenon is more pronounced with an increase in current.

Comparison of Psychological Readiness Factors among the Collegiate Armed Uniform

Psychological readiness to endure the difficulty during training and battlefield is essential to develop a mentally strong armed uniform recruit. In order to assess their current psychological enthusiasm of armed uniform recruit. The aim of this study was to identify the differences in psychological readiness among three armed uniform package unit based on the seven readiness factors. A total of 278 respondents consist of 131 respondents from Suksis, 78 respondents from Palapes and 69 respondents from Wataniah participated in this study. They were asked to complete a Psychological Skills Inventory for Sport (PSIS-R-5) questionnaire in this study. The questionnaire contained with seven factors, which are motivation, confidence, anxiety control, mental preparation, team emphasis, concentration, and cognition. The questionnaire used 5 scales likert from scale 1 for ‘Strongly Disagree’ to scale 5 for ‘Strongly Disagree’. The result shows that there are significant different of psychological readiness between these armed uniform package units. Wataniah unit has the greatest psychological readiness by manipulated six from seven factors compared to the Suksis and Palapes. Among seven factors of psychological readiness, six of them shows that there are significant different between Suksis, Palapes and Wataniah which are motivation, confidence, anxiety control, team emphasis, concentration, and cognition except mental preparation that not show any significant different among the three-armed uniform package unit. In conclusion, although the armed uniform unit has a similar role and practice, however, psychological readiness among the show a significant different except mental preparation. This indicates that the participant has no idea about why they choose to participant in armed uniform package unit.

Holding the Nucleosome Together: A Quantitative Description of the DNA-Histone Interface in Solution.

The nucleosome is the fundamental unit of eukaryotic genome packaging in the chromatin. In this complex, the DNA wraps around eight histone proteins to form a superhelical double helix. The resulting bending, stronger than anything observed in free DNA, raises the question of how such a distortion is stabilized by the proteic and solvent environments. In this work, the DNA-histone interface in solution was exhaustively analyzed from nucleosome structures generated by molecular dynamics. An original Voronoi tessellation technique, measuring the topology of interacting elements without any empirical or subjective adjustment, was used to characterize the interface in terms of contact area and occurrence. Our results revealed an interface more robust than previously known, combining extensive, long-lived nonelectrostatic and electrostatic interactions between DNA and both structured and unstructured histone regions. Cation accumulation makes the proximity of juxtaposed DNA gyres in the superhelix possible by shielding the strong electrostatic repulsion of the charged phosphate groups. Overall, this study provides new insights on the nucleosome cohesion, explaining how DNA distortions can be maintained in a nucleoprotein complex.

The impact of design architecture choices on competitiveness: Comparison of Korean and Japanese Shipbuilding Firms

This study examines why shipbuilding firms use both standardised and customised designs and analyses the impact of design architecture choices on competitiveness. Case study findings suggest that Korean and Japanese firms have different strategies. Hyundai Heavy Industry Corporation (HHIC)'s development processes utilise 'package unit' design for its suppliers. It has contributed reducing its production processes by half. Samsung Heavy Industry Corporation (SHIC) emphasises dual strategic options that integrate both standardisation and customisation orientations. Meanwhile, some Japanese companies are still successful. They adopt 'standardised ship' strategies making a bulk carrier which is not so complex or sophisticated. However, overall design is still customised for each requirement. Some successful companies adopt modularisation or closed-standardisation at the subsystem level for the design and manufacturing productivity. These cases show the probability of the ability of architectural dynamics contributing to the productivity and competitiveness in the matured technological category.

Design and Fabrication of an Automated Low-Cost Sterilization and Packing Unit for Making Sanitary Pad

Sanitation is a basic need in our day to day life. It is a way of promoting hygiene by preventing human contact with hazardous wastes. Non-availability of proper sanitation is the major issue in developing countries like India. Many national and international efforts have been made over the past few decades to improve the sanitation habits of people in developing countries. The usage of sanitary pads by women during menstruation is one such example of proper sanitation. The health of women and girls is of prime concern because as a mother, her role is as the creator and educator of her child and they form the significant unit of the society influencing the course of social change in society. To maintain her health and hygiene, proper sanitation is important. Presently, the sanitary pads available in the market are not affordable to millions of women in India due to its cost. As a part of an initiative to produce low cost sanitary pads, this paper discuses a novel method for designing and fabricated an automated low-cost sterilisation and packing unit.

Biochemical Analysis of Dimethyl Suberimidate-crosslinked Yeast Nucleosomes.

Nucleosomes are the fundamental unit of eukaryotic chromosome packaging, comprised of 147 bp of DNA wrapped around two molecules of each of the core histone proteins H2A, H2B, H3, and H4. Nucleosomes are symmetrical, with one axis of symmetry centered on the homodimeric interaction between the C-termini of the H3 molecules. To explore the functional consequences of nucleosome symmetry, we designed an obligate pair of H3 heterodimers, termed H3X and H3Y, allowing us to compare cells with single or double H3 alterations. Our biochemical validation of the heterodimeric X-Y interaction included intra-nucleosomal H3 crosslinking using dimethyl suberimidate (DMS). Here, we provide a detailed protocol for the use of DMS to analyze yeast nucleosomes.

Однопроходная электродуговая сварка под тонким слоем шлака толстолистовых конструкций стали 09Г2С

Introduction. The technology of single-pass arc welding under a thin layer of slag (AST) of thick plate welded structures in the thermal and nuclear engineering is considered. The structure material is 09G2S steel. The work objective is the experimental study on the applicability of the AST method instead of the automatic welding under flux (AWF) and electroslag welding (ESW) under manufacturing the package units of the power plants. Materials and Methods. The technology is developed on the basis of the calculation results of the thermal welding mode (thermal cycle parameters and welding mode settings). Test joint weld-samples, 100 mm thick, are made of 09G2S lowcarbon low-alloy steel. Welding is performed on the certified equipment of “EMC-Atommash” JSC. The welded joints quality is assessed on the standard control results by the following techniques: magnetic-particle testing (MPT), ultrasonic control (USC) and radiographic testing (RT). The non-destructive testing results were supplemented with the metallographic study data. To investigate the nature of the weld metal crystallization along the length of the weld, the macrotemplates were cut out mechanically from the middle through-the-thickness and at the distance of 10 mm from the surface. The technique and installation of “TCS-1” for simulating the thermal cycle of the metal welding of the heat affected zone (HAZ) of the welded joints; standard methods for determining mechanical properties; hardness and microhardness indices; and method for determining the grain size in micrographs according to GOST 5639-82 were used in the experiments. The microstructure was studied with MMP-2P and Reichert optical microscopes with increase up to thousandfolds. Besides, the distribution pattern and identification of the second phases of nonmetallics; welded samples and samples modeling the HAZ metal for the notch sensitivity; structure stability and welding cracking resistance were studied through the replica technique using the EMV-100LM electron microscope. Research Results. Based on the thermal calculation results and the HAZ metal modeling, the optimum values of the heat input and welding variables are validated and experimentally verified. The welded joints quality is estimated by the nondestructive and destructive methods. The effect of the welding method on the structure, quality and mechanical properties of the welded joints is established. Discussion and Conclusions. Positive results of the theoretical and experimental studies are obtained. They indicate the technological and economic efficiency of the AST method application (instead of AWF and ESW) under manufacturing the 100 mm thick welded joints of 09G2S low-alloy steel. Moderate heat input in AST allows for the one-pass forming of a welded joint with better fine-grained structure and higher mechanical characteristics as compared to the ESW and AWF. Recommendations on the use of the AST technique in the welding production are given.

COMPREHENSIVE ASSESSMENT OF THE EFFECTIVE USE OF PACKAGE UNITS TO SORT MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE

Based on conclusions made in research into municipal waste processing, it is established that the existing technologies using stationary sorting plants most often involve special trucks that compact municipal solid waste (MSW) transported, which results in decreasing the plant efficiency. Preliminary MSW compacting during transportation significantly complicates the sorting process; at the compression ratio , time spent to sort the i-th volume of waste increases up to 30%. A method proposed to run the feasibility analysis of the process involving the use of a package unit to sort MSW allows establishing the area of its application.

A polynomial algorithm for packing unit squares in a hypograph of a piecewise linear function

AbstractWe consider the problem of packing the maximal number of unit squares in a hypograph of a function. A polynomial time algorithm is described to solve this problem for a piecewise linear function.

Temperature Rise on the Plugger Surface of 2 Commercially Available Gutta-percha Heating Devices

IntroductionThe objective of this study was to examine the temperature rise on the plugger surface of 2 commercially available gutta-percha heating devices: the System B (Kerr Dental, Amersfoort, The Netherlands) and the System B Cordless Pack Unit (Kerr Dental). MethodsTemperature changes were recorded by a Thermocouple Data Logger device (Pico Technology Ltd, St Neots, UK) and 2 thermocouples: the first to record the temperature on the plugger surface in an isolated polytetrafluoroethylene system and the second to record the base temperature of the environment. The gutta-percha heating devices studied were System B with F, FM, M, and ML pluggers set at the “use” position, “touch” mode, temperature of 200°C, and a power setting of 10 and the System B Cordless Pack Unit with the FM plugger set at low power. Two variables were extracted from the collected temperature data: the temperature on the plugger surface 10 seconds after activating each gutta-percha heating device (θ10) and the time required to reach 60°C (t60). The differences between the pluggers over those 2 variables were investigated using analysis of variance and the Tukey B test for post hoc comparisons (P < .05). ResultsThe mean θ10 for all pluggers ranged between 73°C and 87°C. The mean t60 for all pluggers ranged between 1.3 and 3.3 seconds. No clinically significant differences between the pluggers were observed. ConclusionsThe gutta-percha heating devices tested achieve maximum temperatures lower than 94°C and are capable of gutta-percha phase transformation within approximately 4 seconds of activation.

Assessment of Basic Fitness Related Performance Components between Three Essential Co-Curriculum Units of University Sultan Zainal Abidin Malaysia

Uniform arm units are set up to serve as the first line defence and to assist the university members for any emergency that might arise. To discharge their duties effectively, they need to meet up to the requirement of highest physical fitness level. This study aims to examine the physical fitness levels among armed uniform package unit of UniSZA and to investigate the components that distinguish their level of physical fitness. A total of 120 participants within the age range of (±20.45) male and (±20.63) female took part in this study 60 from each group. Standard physical fitness tests were conducted, and Multivariate Analysis of Variance (MANOVA) was used to analyse their performance on the physical fitness with the performance of physical fitness as the dependent variable (DV), while the categories of the uniform units as the independent variables (IV). Pairwise Comparison follow-up test was conducted to determine the significant parameters that differentiate the groups. The finding shows that there is a significant difference in the performance of physical fitness tests for both male and female F (20, 98) = 1.68, p

Model-based design of a pilot circulating bed membrane bioreactor for sewage treatment

Population growth in developing countries leads to overloading existing sewage treatment plants. Additionally, suburban residential complexes are sometimes constructed and inhabited before their sewage treatment facilities are ready for various reasons. Therefore, there is a need for locally developed package units which should be robust, modular, and require minimum maintenance. The following article describes the conceptual design of a hybrid bioreactor of such a unit intended to treat 120 m3 of sewage per day. The design makes use of published literature in this regard over the last three decades. The proposed bioreactor consists of an upstream circulating bed compartment (CBC) with plastic biofilm carriers and a downstream microfiltration membrane compartment (MMC). Each of these two compartments has a nominal effective volume of 29 m3. The CBC is mainly anoxic whilst the MMC is aerobic (oxic) making the reactor an A/O arrangement. Following implementation, an initial experimental phase is envisaged to tune the reactor with respect to functionality and maximization of nitrogen removal. Details of this tuning phase are also given in the article.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5755/j01.erem.73.2.18193

Asymmetric breathing motions of nucleosomal DNA and the role of histone tails.

The most important packing unit of DNA in the eukaryotic cell is the nucleosome. It undergoes large-scale structural re-arrangements during different cell cycles. For example, the disassembly of the nucleosome is one of the key steps for DNA replication, whereas reassembly occurs after replication. Thus, conformational dynamics of the nucleosome is crucial for different DNA metabolic processes. We perform three different sets of atomistic molecular dynamics simulations of the nucleosome core particle at varying degrees of salt conditions for a total of 0.7 μs simulation time. We find that the conformational dynamics of the nucleosomal DNA tails are oppositely correlated from each other during the initial breathing motions. Furthermore, the strength of the interaction of the nucleosomal DNA tail with the neighboring H2A histone tail modulates the conformational state of the nucleosomal DNA tail. With increasing salt concentration, the degree of asymmetry in the conformation of the nucleosomal DNA tails decreases as both tails tend to unwrap. This direct correlation between the asymmetric breathing motions of the DNA tails and the H2A histone tails, and its decrease at higher salt concentrations, may play a significant role in the molecular pathway of unwrapping.