United States Perspectives Research Articles

Cost-effectiveness of tirofiban for acute ischemic stroke without large or medium-sized vessel occlusion: A Markov modelling analysis from the Chinese and United States perspectives.

The RESCUE BT2 trial recently showcased the efficacy of tirofiban in treating acute ischemic stroke (AIS) without large or medium-sized vessel occlusion. To further assess the value of tirofiban from the perspectives of Chinese and US healthcare system, a study was conducted to evaluate its cost-effectiveness. A hybrid model, integrating a short-term decision tree with a long-term Markov model, was developed to assess cost-effectiveness between tirofiban and aspirin for stroke patients without large or medium-sized vessel occlusion. Efficacy data for tirofiban was sourced from the RESCUE BT2 trial, while cost information was derived from published papers. Outcomes measured included respective cost, effectiveness, and incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER). We conducted a one-way sensitivity analysis to assess the robustness of the results. Additionally, we performed probabilistic sensitivity analysis (PSA) through 10,000 Monte Carlo simulations to evaluate the uncertainties associated with the results. The study revealed that tirofiban treatment in AIS patients without large or medium-sized vessel occlusion led to a considerable reduction of 2141 Chinese Yuan (CNY) in total cost, along with a lifetime gain of 0.14 quality-adjusted life years (QALYs). In the US settings, tirofiban also exhibited a lower cost ($197,055 versus $201,984) and higher effectiveness (4.15 QALYs versus 4.06 QALYs) compared to aspirin. One-way sensitivity analysis revealed that post-stroke care costs and stroke utility had the greatest impact on ICER fluctuation in both Chinese and US settings. However, these variations did not exceed the willingness-to-pay threshold. PSA demonstrated tirofiban's superior acceptability over aspirin in over 95% of potential scenarios. Tirofiban treatment for AIS without large or medium-sized vessel occlusion appeared dominant compared to aspirin in both China and the US.

Review of emerging contaminants in water: USA and African perspectives

This research paper comprehensively reviews emerging contaminants in water, examining global trends and specific perspectives from the United States (USA) and Africa. Identifying contaminants originating from industrial, agricultural, and urban sources, the study explores regulatory frameworks, health, environmental impacts, and management strategies. Gaps and challenges are analyzed, including data limitations, regulatory gaps, and technological constraints. The paper recommends a holistic, adaptive approach, emphasizing research, regulatory adaptability, technological innovation, community empowerment, international collaboration, climate resilience, and equity. The proposed strategies aim to enhance water quality management, ensuring sustainable practices that safeguard human health, ecosystems, and equitable access to clean water on a global scale.

Politics With Other Means: Aligning U.S. Military and Diplomatic Efforts in the Indo-Pacific Command Region

This paper offers potential answers to the question, “How does the United States effectively align military and diplomatic efforts to deter the People’s Republic of China expansionism in the Indo-Pacific Command region?” A problem/solution method is used to address the question. The need for alignment is demonstrated by a thorough review of national-level policy documents, and the current gap in the alignment of military and diplomatic efforts is demonstrated through review and analysis of primary and secondary sources. An historical approach is taken throughout the work to provide background and context from Chinese and United States (U.S.) perspectives. An analysis is conducted to juxtapose eastern and western approaches to geopolitical competition and war. Historic examples of U.S. successes due to strategically aligned application of its Diplomatic, Informational, Military, and Economic (DIME) Instruments of National Power (IOP) are analyzed, as well as historic failures due to dis-alignment. Structural options which facilitate the alignment of military and diplomatic efforts within Indo-Pacific Command (INDOPACOM) are outlined and compared, resulting in the author’s recommendation for implementation. Contrasting views are then addressed. Next, tailorable opportunities for global implementation of the recommended structural option are discussed. Lastly, an integrated Whole-of-Government (WOG) structural method is offered to support the oversight and achievement of national strategic objectives and provide the United States of America lasting and adaptable advantage across Great Power Competition (GPC) and beyond.

Telenephrology: current perspectives and future directions

There is increasing interest in telemedicine among physicians and patients; however, the evidence regarding the quality of care delivered by telemedicine, and telenephrology in particular, compared with in-person care is limited. In this review, different electronic modalities used to deliver nephrology care are reviewed and critiqued, with a focused analysis from the Australian and United States perspectives. Both countries are geographically expansive with significant rural populations where access to nephrology care is limited. However, their health care systems are organized differently. The Australian health care system is a mostly nonprofit, single-payer system, whereas the United States system is more fractured with a greater proportion of patients covered by for-profit private insurance or no insurance coverage. Videoconferencing is widely used in Australia to manage kidney disease including chronic kidney disease, dialysis, pediatric nephrology, and post-kidney transplantation care. In contrast, the United States telenephrology experience is limited, with most reports originating from the Veterans Health Administration, a single-payer system providing care for nearly 9 million veterans, ∼3 million of whom reside in rural communities. Preliminary reports from the Veterans Health Administration suggest that that delivery of nephrology care via videoconferencing results in clinical outcomes that are at least equivalent to in-person care and improved patient adherence to scheduled appointments. Nevertheless, large, adequately controlled studies are needed to identify patient populations that are most likely to benefit from telenephrology and to determine the optimal systems for the delivery of telenephrology care.

Tomato tomahto: European perspectives on information science

ABSTRACT'And oh, if we ever part, then that might break my heart’ (Gershwin and Gershwin, ).In the lyric, ‘tomato tomahto', the marked, or explicitly differentiated term, is tomahto, corresponding more to the English rather than the United States pronunciation. The marked term of a contrast characteristically designates the exception or minor term and the distinctions contained in the unmarked term may be implicitly, and incompletely, understood. Analogously, information science has often been implicitly based in the United States and influenced by American modes of thought, while European, including English, developments have been the occasionally marked and often minor term.This panel explores European perspectives on information science, explicitly and implicitly contrasting them with United States perspectives, from a base in a number of languages and in Europe and beyond.The panel employs diverse and complementary viewpoints and should make for a lively discussion. It concludes, in sympathy with Gershwin, that cooperation and integration, corresponding to increasing globalization, is the way forward.The combination of European and beyond and United States perspectives on information science is especially appropriate for the first ASIS&T Annual Meeting outside North America.

CLIMATE GOVERNANCE TOWARDS “PARIS-2015” AND BEYOND: EU AND US PERSPECTIVES

In view of the Paris Climate Conference in December 2015, where the adoption of a universal, binding climate agreement is foreseen, this note examines the respective roles of the European Union (EU) and the United States (US) in shaping the international response to climate change, and considers the prospects for the adoption and implementation of such a new climate agreement. It considers how the EU and the US have contributed to the design and implementation of the relevant international legal norms, addressing the shift in leadership from the US to the EU in the 1990s, EU activism through the Emission Trading Scheme (ETS) and ambitious emission reductions, and the renewed commitment from the Obama Administration since 2013, including US-China cooperation. This article discusses the EU and US perspectives on the adoption and implementation of a new climate agreement, focusing on its legally binding nature. The author concludes that an adequate system of monitoring and verification mechanisms at the domestic and international levels is a conditio sine qua non for any new climate agreement. A system of “checks and balances”, limiting the role of international law to one offacilitation, rather than prescription, may be the first step towards an innovative and more effective normative framework.

Women’s Roles in Decision Making on Boards of Directors: European and United States Perspectives

This panel will discuss decision making inside the black box of corporate boards of directors to understand the roles women are playing in this process. A better understanding of women’s actual rol...

ASEAN Integration in 2030: United States Perspectives

The paper argues that United States (US) participation in the East Asia Summit (EAS) — regional integration architecture led by the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) — was motivated by four changes in the regional economic landscape: (i) the Asian financial crisis of 1997 and emergence of the ASEAN 3 grouping; (ii) the rise of the People’s Republic of China (PRC) as the leading regional growth engine and an active player in regional integration arrangements; (iii) the failure of the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) arrangement to foster trade liberalization in the region; and (iv) the inability of the World Trade Organization (WTO) Doha Development Round to lower global trade barriers significantly.

Interest groups and lobbying in Europe: Essays on trade, environment, legislation and economic development; Interest groups and lobbying in the United States and comparative perspectives: Essays in ethics, institutional pluralism, regulation and management

Interest groups and lobbying in Europe: Essays on trade, environment, legislation and economic development; Interest groups and lobbying in the United States and comparative perspectives: Essays in ethics, institutional pluralism, regulation and management

Who should perform thyroid surgery? United Kingdom (UK) and United States (US) perspectives with recommendations

Historically, in the United States and Europe, thyroid surgery has fallen within the domain of the general surgeon [1]. To date, most thyroid operations have been completed by surgeons without specialist or sub-specialist interest [2]. Approximately 75% of thyroid operations in the US and UK are performed by low volume surgeons (less than 35 operations over a 2 year period) [2, 3]. It has been demonstrated that the units participating in high volume surgery improve training opportunities and reduce both complications and the length of inpatient stay [4, 5]. Indeed, the length of stay decreases and the training exposure improves as the volume of surgery increases as shown in a busy UK thyroid surgical unit (Figs. 1, 2). As well as having training implications, annual workload within units has implications for membership of some thyroid cancer multidisciplinary meetings (MDT) [3]. These factors shift the paradigm towards specialisation and regional concentration of cases. Thyroid surgery is increasingly performed by surgeons with fellowship training in endocrine or head and neck disease. This includes surgeons in the UK and US with not only a background in general surgery but, more and more, head and neck surgeons with a background in otolaryngology [1]. The thyroid gland poses unique and speciWc challenges with potential risk of signiWcant complications. In the US and UK, permanent damage to one or both recurrent laryngeal nerves (RLN), inappropriate cancer management and airway compromise are common reasons for litigation following thyroid surgery [6]. The thyroid surgeon must have the ability to identify and manage complications as they arise. Head and neck surgeons with a background in otolaryngology are trained in airway management, have a mastery of malignant neck disease and regularly manage recurrent laryngeal nerve palsy [7]. As such they, as well as endocrine surgeons, are well positioned to deal with the surgical complexity of the thyroid gland. The background of the surgeon is less important than training experience and the volume of thyroid surgery in their current practice [1]. Surgeons from diVerent training backgrounds often bring new skills and perspectives to common surgical problems. It is the collaboration between disciplines rather than conXict that will result in the best outcomes for patients.

Afterword: Contextualized Comparison in Local and Regional Economic Development: Are United States Perspectives and Approaches Distinctive?

Afterword: Contextualized Comparison in Local and Regional Economic Development: Are United States Perspectives and Approaches Distinctive?

STATUS OF PRIVATE MILITARY COMPANIES’ PERSONNEL IN THE LAWS OF WAR: THE QUESTION OF DIRECT PARTICIPATION IN HOSTILITIES

In view of the Paris Climate Conference in December 2015, where the adoption of a universal, binding climate agreement is foreseen, this note examines the respective roles of the European Union (EU) and the United States (US) in shaping the international response to climate change, and considers the prospects for the adoption and implementation of such a new climate agreement. It considers how the EU and the US have contributed to the design and implementation of the relevant international legal norms, addressing the shift in leadership from the US to the EU in the 1990s, EU activism through the Emission Trading Scheme (ETS) and ambitious emission reductions, and the renewed commitment from the Obama Administration since 2013, including US-China cooperation. This article discusses the EU and US perspectives on the adoption and implementation of a new climate agreement, focusing on its legally binding nature. The author concludes that an adequate system of monitoring and verification mechanisms at the domestic and international levels is a conditio sine qua non for any new climate agreement. A system of “checks and balances”, limiting the role of international law to one offacilitation, rather than prescription, may be the first step towards an innovative and more effective normative framework.

Spies in Suits: New Crimes of the Information Age from the United States and Canadian Perspectives

The rapid growth of computing and communications technologies (collectively known as 'information technologies') and the increasing global nature of commerce and business have caused an increase in technologically sophisticated criminal activity as well as international economic espionage. This article analyzes the existing laws and law enforcement policies and practices in the USA and Canada relating to such crimes. An analysis of the USA and Canada penal code and the criminal legislation relating to such crimes provides the starting point of the article. The article concludes with a comparison between the laws of the USA and Canada in this area.

Drugs that Prolong the QT Interval: Regulatory and QT Measurement Issues from the United States and European Perspectives

Drugs that Prolong the QT Interval: Regulatory and QT Measurement Issues from the United States and European Perspectives

Introduction

In 1994, the Japanese Foundation for AIDS Prevention(JFAP) and the University of California at San Francisco's Center for AIDS Prevention Studies(CAPS) initiated a 2-year collaborative research project with funding from the Center for Global Partnership. The emphasis of the project has been on exploring the ways in which Japan and the United States can benefit from each other's experience in AIDS prevention. Three general questions have guided our research: (a) In what areas do the experiences of Japan and the United States overlap sufficiently for them to pursue similar prevention strategies? (b) Can their different experiences, successes, and failures be mutually educational and beneficial? In which specific ways? (c) How can the United States and Japan work together to develop more effective prevention programs for other nations, particularly those in the Asian-Pacific region? Our first task was to bring together experts in AIDS prevention from Japan and the United States to learn more about the past and present trends of the disease in each country and to discuss current prevention policies, programs, and research. At the outset, there was a need to share basic information about AIDS in both countries. Although there has been more scientific and policy research about the disease in the United States than in Japan, there has been little interchange, and experts in neither country were well informed about AIDS prevention in the other country. [For an overview of AIDS policy in Japan, see Feldman EA, Yonemoto S. Japan: AIDS as a non-issue. In: Kirp DL, Bayer R, eds. AIDS in the industrialized democracies. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1992:339-60. ] At the first meeting, a multidisciplinary panel of Japanese and American experts in education, epidemiology, social/behavioral research, government/public health, nongovernmental organizations, law, and health policy identified topics of mutual interest. The participants then wrote papers summarizing a specific aspect of AIDS prevention from their national perspective, which were addressed at a second meeting. The papers that developed from these meetings form the basis of this special issue. Together, they summarize what is currently known about AIDS prevention in each country, its successes and failures, and the specific tasks that must be accomplished to build more effective AIDS prevention programs in the future. Bringing together AIDS prevention and policy experts from Japan and the United States has led to several important outcomes. Most American participants, although expert in their own nation's problems, were uninformed about AIDS in Japan, and the same was true for Japanese understanding of AIDS in the United States. This project has served to expand Japanese and United States perspectives, to stimulate new ideas, and to bring about innovative approaches to research. It has facilitated ongoing professional relationships that will engender further collaboration and intellectual exchange as well as program and policy development. More concretely, we have learned that Japan and the United States have many complementary strengths and weaknesses. In Japan, for example, widespread condom use is a tremendous asset in educating the population about safe sexual behavior. Sexually transmitted diseases are generally well controlled, and the centralized government bureaucracy is able to design and implement national programs. In addition, Japan has been forced from the outset to focus prevention efforts on the heterosexual population. Researchers from the United States have shared with their Japanese colleagues the knowledge gained in more than 10 years of the AIDS epidemic about how to efficiently collect data on HIV and AIDS, how to educate the public and caregivers, and how to target AIDS prevention messages. We have also discovered that our mutual strengths are threatened by similar problems: a lack of openness in both nations in discussing important aspects of AIDS prevention such as sex education, fear and prejudice by some in the medical community about treating AIDS patients, and incomplete epidemiologic information. In the collaborative research process, we have each been enriched by expanding beyond the confines of our own national perspective. We hope that our work will lead not only to greater cooperation and understanding between the United States and Japan in AIDS prevention but also to concrete changes in the way prevention is conceptualized and practiced that will result in behavior change and, ultimately, will save lives. Perhaps the greatest lesson learned has been that the prevention of AIDS in Japan and in the United States cannot be truly effective if the problems of other nations are not also addressed. We hope that the forging of institutional links between JFAP and CAPS will benefit those two nations and, as they work more closely together, will become part of the solution to one of the most serious and tragic problems of our time.

Australian and United States Perspectives on Stuttering in Preschool Children

One aspect of current treatment practices for early stuttering is that clinicians in two countries have, in essence, diametrically opposed treatment practices. In this paper we suggest some historical reasons for this situation. One reason is that stuttering treatment practices in Australia were not influenced by academics who stuttered. Another reason is that, in comparison to the United States, Australia has had a short line of descent in thinking about the clinical problem of stuttering. Further, the Australians involved in that line of descent were independent of theoretical developments in the United States. We argue that this situation has considerable implications for the future development of early intervention with stuttering, and the development of the field will be impeded if it is not resolved. We argue that one resolution will be for research to show that the two treatment approaches produce equivalent results, in which case, the field can develop by means of exploration of how apparently opp...

International Student Teaching: New Zealand and the United States Perspectives on Schooling

Abstract Six New Zealand and five American education majors completed all or part of a student teaching practicum abroad in an exchange program between Waikato University and the University of Nevada, Las Vegas. Their perceptions of teaching in a system different from their own were self documented and examined through a variation of the constant comparative method of data analysis. Seven categories of personal constructs regarding international student teaching and living in another culture were identified. They are: choices, expectations, impressions, procedures, supervision, philosophy, and recommendations. Responses suggest that through their international experiences, students do acquire new attitudes and beliefs to test against the realities they will encounter when they return home to teach in their home country school systems.

An international social work curriculum for children and families: United Kingdom and United States perspectives

An international social work curriculum for children and families: United Kingdom and United States perspectives

North American Elders: United States and Canadian Perspectives.

North American Elders: United States and Canadian Perspectives.

Psychology and Education of Exceptional Children and Adolescents: United States and International Perspectives

Psychology and Education of Exceptional Children and Adolescents: United States and International Perspectives