Security Council Resolution Research Articles

Women, peace, and security: an assessment of UN security council resolution 1325 implementation policies in different peacebuilding contexts

Women, peace, and security: an assessment of UN security council resolution 1325 implementation policies in different peacebuilding contexts

Exploring the Viability and Implications of a NATO-like Defense Cooperation Among Turkic States

This paper explores the viability of a NATO-like defense cooperation among the Turkic states. While several challenges such as divergent security perceptions, differing foreign policy orientations, and the institutions’ limited capacities must be overcome, there are also several catalysts that could provide impetus for new security cooperation arrangements. Türkiye’s military capabilities as the only member of NATO in the region is particularly important. Furthermore, an ongoing imbalance in Armenia’s favor, supports the establishment of a security cooperation framework among the Turkic states. The developments in Ukraine and Crimea point to the necessity of a collective defense arrangement amid an increasingly insecure environment for the Turkic states. While initially beneficial, the OSCE has gradually and mostly lost its credibility in the southern Caucasus. The unequal implementation of its own principles and tactics employed in conflict resolution have inevitably led to a loss of trust from the parties involved. Meanwhile, it has ceased to analyze arms control developments in the region, despite UN Security Council Resolutions recognizing their regional dimension. Furthermore, the inadequate response to Armenia’s non-compliance with the above resolution damaged the OSCE’s credibility. Today, the Turkic states are left with few operational security cooperation options. The UN is far too inefficient and does not even have the legal framework to resolve any post-Soviet disputes. The CIS, which exists in the Caucasus in both political and military forms, lacks regional capacity and legitimacy. The GUAM organization created in 1997 at the instigation of the US and the West to pacify the edges of “the Russian World,” has been rendered operationally void. Overall, this paper explores cooperation strategies, assesses key institutional and political challenges, and discusses implications and future developments exploring the viability of a NATO-like defense cooperation among the Turkic states.

United Nations Security Council Resolutions

United Nations Security Council Resolutions

An analysis of humanitarian and health aid harmonisation over a decade (2011–2019) of the Syrian conflict

IntroductionAid harmonisation is a key component of donor efforts to make aid more effective by improving coordination and simplifying and sharing information to avoid duplication. This study evaluates the harmonisation...

Gender equality with regard to the current challenges to Ukraine’s national security: theoretical and practical aspects

The article examines the legal and institutional mechanisms for integrating gender equality into the national security and defence sector of Ukraine. The analysis of the legal framework governing gender policy, in particular in the Armed Forces of Ukraine, is carried out. Particular attention is paid to the role of international standards, such as UN Security Council Resolution 1325 and the Istanbul Convention, in ensuring equal access of women and men to participation in defence processes. Based on theoretical analysis and empirical data, the article examines the impact of gender balance on the effectiveness of the national security sector, in particular its managerial, operational and strategic components, in the context of modern military challenges. It is found that the integration of gender equality contributes to the efficiency of the defence sector, but requires improvement of legal regulation and changes in institutional approaches. The results of the study indicate the need to revise legislative acts and introduce gender-sensitive approaches in the planning and execution of military operations. The article provides recommendations for strengthening the legal framework for gender equality in the security and defence sector of Ukraine. It is concluded that gender equality in the military does not mean mandatory establishment of equal obligations for both sexes. It is important to take into account the specifics and capabilities of each gender, ensuring equal access to military service on a voluntary basis, which is a more effective and fair approach. This allows to take into account the individual characteristics of women and men, thus ensuring the harmonious functioning of the Armed Forces of Ukraine in the context of modern challenges and needs of society.

UN Security Council Resolution 1540 on Non-Proliferation: 20 Years Later

UN Security Council Resolution 1540 on Non-Proliferation: 20 Years Later

DOKTRIN “RESPONSIBILITY TO PROTECT” DALAM PENANGANAN KEJAHATAN TERHADAP KEMANUSIAAN DI REPUBLIK SUDAN TAHUN 2023

Differing views on sovereignty and intervention gave birth to the Responsibility to Protect (R2P) principle which emphasizes the responsibility of states to protect their people from war crimes, crimes against humanity, and ethnic cleansing. The armed conflict in Sudan showed violations of the R2P principle that caused thousands of casualties and sexual violence. The problem of this article is the status of the R2P principle in international law and whether the UN Security Council resolution implementing R2P can be a precedent for applying the R2P principle in Sudan. This article is normative juridical research, descriptive-analytical in nature, using secondary data, qualitative data processing, and deductive conclusions are drawn. The results show that the position of the R2P principle is internationally recognized in various UN documents and resolutions and the UN Security Council has not applied the R2P principle in the case of Sudan.

Gulf War I: The Legality of Prosecuting Existing Iraqi Ba’ath Party in Response to Kuwait’s Deceased Captives

This paper analyzes and describes the role of international law in prosecuting international crimes committed during and after wartime, in general, and in the territories of Kuwait and Iraq during the invasion by the latter (Gulf War I), in particular. Through these approaches, I will identify the importance of international criminal and humanitarian laws’ mandates in trying existing Ba’ath commanders who had ordered, aided, abetted, and/or neglected their duties over their forces in which this conduct resulted in the death of Kuwait’s captives. In light of this analysis, I propose the establishment of an ad hoc tribunal to try and punish these perpetrators as a corollary initiative laid out on the United Nations’ obligations, and as a consequence to the Security Council resolution to liberate Kuwait. This paper will consist of four parts. The first part will illustrate the background of the Iraqi invasion of Kuwait and the liberation initiative led by the US and the UN (Operation Desert Storm) to free Kuwait from that invasion. The second and third parts’ approaches will analyze and criticize the legality of both: the Iraqi invasion of Kuwait, on the one hand, and the US-UN intervention to liberate Kuwait, on the other hand. Consequently, all of these proponents will lead to the development of a test to create an ad hoc criminal tribunal to try and punish the existing Ba’ath regimes who have violated international law by not keeping Prisoners of War (POWs) safe and unharmed. In conclusion, this paper is an attempt to achieve informative and analytic frameworks to argue why the UN should create an ad hoc tribunal and how this mechanism can be accomplished.

Jurisprudence in hard and soft law output of international organizations: a network analysis of the use of precedent in UN Security Council and general assembly resolutions

Jurisprudence in hard and soft law output of international organizations: a network analysis of the use of precedent in UN Security Council and general assembly resolutions

United Nations Security Council Resolutions

United Nations Security Council Resolutions

Women, Peace and Security Agenda in Africa

The complex opportunities and challenges of the Women, Peace and Security (WPS) Agenda articulated in the UN Security Council Resolution 1325 of 2000, and other successive resolutions, subject themselves to the proverbial interpretation of either a cup half-empty or a cup half-full. The WPS is a progressive agenda for gender programmes in Africa. The downside is that the WPS agenda appears not known beyond policy and activist circles in the continent. This study sought to interrogate the progress made by the WPS agenda in Africa since the UNSCR 1325 was adopted using secondary research and content analysis (CA) of current literature. It was revealed that despite some challenges faced the gender perspective is not deficient in peacekeeping operations (PKOs) except in peace agreements, but that gender 1325 commitments are mirrored in the mandates of PKOs. The African Union-United Hybrid Operation in Darfur (UNAMID), showed the least WPS agenda consideration but the United Nations Multidimensional Integrated Stabilisation Mission in the Central African Republic (MINUSCA) significantly reflected this. For the rest of Africa, it remains unclear if the agenda is stagnating or going forward. There is a host of structural challenges rooted in masculinity issues and patriarchal mind-sets among others.

Analysis of Women's Participation in the Political and Social Processes of Afghanistan

Purpose: This study examines the implementation of UN Security Council Resolution 1325 on women, peace, and security in Afghanistan, focusing on the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan's action plan.Methodology:The research employs a mixed-methods approach, combining quantitative and qualitative analysis, and is a field study. The sample consisted of 100 well-known activists in women's participation studies and advocacy, chosen based on their professional experience and interactions over the past fifteen years. Data collection involved distributing 110 questionnaires with 35 closed-ended and three open-ended questions, resulting in 101 valid responses. The study utilized books, reports, surveys, and existing scientific studies to categorize and present the findings.Findings: The study revealed that since adopting the National Action Plan for Women, Peace, and Security to implement Resolution 1325, the Afghan government and national and international partners have undertaken various initiatives to enhance women's social and political participation.Implication:Numerous challenges and obstacles remain, necessitating severe attention from the government, legislative bodies, and their.

Women, peace and security: Digitalization and cyber feminist solidarity building in the global South

Since its launch in 2000, the United Nations Security Council Resolution (UNSCR) 1325 on Women, Peace, and Security (WPS) and resulting WPS agenda are widely used by intergovernmental, governmental, and civil society actors to advance women's participation in peace and security matters. This paper investigates WPS-cyber sphere connections to uncover the implications for the WPS agenda in the digital realm. We ask: How can digital information and communication technologies (ICTs) facilitate solidarity building and efforts to support the WPS agenda? Building on WPS scholarship and cyberfeminism, we explore our question through Nepal and Sri Lanka, both postwar countries located in South Asia that demonstrate digital feminist future possibilities. Using primary sources from social media and secondary publications, we argue that there is potential for solidarity building in WPS digital networks. This paper contributes to understanding the digitalization of women's movements, building digital feminist solidarity, and the cyber realm's potential for the WPS agenda.

Linguistic tools of manipulation in russian language translations Of UN Security Council Resolution 1325 and its “Sisters” resolutions

One of the ways to clarify national terminology and to enshrine correct definitions of concepts related to various aspects of gender issues in the legal framework is using the official translations of international documents on women’s rights and gender equality in Ukrainian language. The issue of the correctness of translations of international documents in general and in the field of human rights and gender equality in particular is not only an important subject of scientific research, but also has great practical significance in the context of Russia’s hybrid war against Ukraine. Russian language is an official language of the UN. All documents from the working languages of the UN General Assembly (English and French) are translated into Russian and used by regional international organisations, as well as by countries beside the russian federation where this language has status of the official or state language. In addition, many translations of international documents into Ukrainian have been made using Russian translations as basis. This also applies to such important documents in the field of women’s rights and gender equality as UN Security Council Resolution 1325 “Women. Peace. Security” and related Security Council resolutions, in particular, 1888, 2467, 2493 and others. Based on a comparative analysis of the original texts of the above-mentioned UN Security Council resolutions and their russian translations, the article offers a classification of directions of linguistic manipulation in the translation of documents, illustrated by specific examples; draws conclusions about the consequences and impact of the using of incorrect translations on the policy of ensuring women’s rights and gender equality at both the international and national levels; offers recommendations for identifying linguistic manipulation during translation process.

Indonesia’s Diplomacy as a Non-Permanent Member of The UN Security Council in Combating to Terrorism Crime 2019-2020

The United Nations (UN) was formed to maintain world peace and security. The UN gives a mandate to its main body, called the Security Council (SC), to maintain peace and security stability, take necessary actions, and act as a mediator in all issues and conflicts that occur based on the provisions written in the UN Charter. As a member of the UN Security Council, Indonesia is fully committed to maintaining world peace regarding the UN mission. In carrying out its role, Indonesia refers to the free and active foreign policy, the 1945 Constitution, and the UN Charter. This research used qualitative methods to analyze the dynamics of Indonesia's membership in the Security Council in dealing with global issues. The results proved that Indonesia’s policies have tried to fight terrorism crimes through the UN Security Council membership. The mechanisms for conflict resolution put forward an approach to law enforcement, prevention, and the formation of UN Security Council resolutions related to terrorism crimes.

Issues and Perspectives on Cyberterrorism and Information Security in Nigeria

The advent of information and communication technology (ICT) and the internet in Nigeria offer endless opportunities and also raise a lot of concerns bothering on cybercrime, cyberterrorism, information and human security. Recently, Nigeria has experienced an unprecedented surge in cybercrime, with potentially disastrous consequences for the country's socioeconomic and sustainable growth. Consequently, the complexities and horrific nature of cyberterrorism in recent times have increased proportionately which calls for prompt action. This study therefore, examines the effects of cyberterrorism on information and human security in Nigeria. Anchored on the technology-enabled crime and risk society theory and integrative literature review approach, the study revealed that, aside from the fact that information security is important for the continued existence of individuals, organisations and government in Nigeria, different terrorist and secessionist groups in Nigeria such as Boko Haram have been using the Nigeria’s cyberspace to mobilize and train its members, raise funds as well as propagate their nefarious agenda. The study however recommends among many things that, the Nigerian government should strengthen the Cybercrime Prohibition and Prevention Act 2015 while also ensuring the establishment of strong legal, institutional and security frameworks in line with the United Nations Security Council Resolution 2341 (2017) and the United Nations Global Counter-Terrorism Strategy (GCTS) in order to fight cyberterrorism in Nigeria.

Trafficking in Persons in Situations of Conflict Accountability, Prevention and Protection Gaps

Accountability for trafficking in persons remains limited. The consequences of such continued impunity include limited access to justice and effective remedies for trafficked persons and continuing failures of prevention and protection. UN Security Council Resolution 2331 (2016) recognises that 'trafficking in persons entails the violation or abuse of human rights, and underscoring that certain acts or offences associated with trafficking in persons in the context of armed conflict may constitute war crimes'. Further, it recognises that '[...] trafficking in persons in areas affected by armed conflict and post-conflict situations can be for the purpose of various forms of exploitation'. Despite this recognition, limited progress has been made in promoting accountability and access to justice for victims of trafficking in situations of conflict. This article deals with trafficking in persons in conflict and the failures of protection and accountability; the application of international criminal law to trafficking in persons; child trafficking and the continuing invisibility of child victims; the principle of non-punishment of victims of trafficking; and the gender dimension of trafficking: moving beyond stereotypes.

United Nations Security Council Resolutions

United Nations Security Council Resolutions

مسوغات الحرب في الشريعة الإسلامية: دراسة مقارنة بالقانون الدولي المعاصر

This study aims to identify the reasons that justify the state’s use of military force in self-defense according to Islamic Sharia, in comparison with the justifications in contemporary international law. In this study, we have adopted the inductive method by tracing the particulars related to the topic in their sources, the deductive method in extracting rulings from Sharia and legal texts, and the comparative method in comparing the rulings of Sharia with the law. The study concluded that the justifications for war of various types in Islamic Sharia are limited to two cases: legitimate defense and the achievement of justice. This includes self-defense, repelling injustice, supporting the oppressed who are unable to defend themselves, ensuring freedom of belief, ensuring the safe delivery and dissemination of the Islamic message, cooperating with non-Muslims in fighting a common enemy, and repelling aggression against others. In contrast, international public law limits justifications to cases of legitimate defense and Security Council resolutions, and the use of military force is not justified except in the case of an armed attack. The study also concluded that offensive warfare is considered nothing more than preventive defense.

Making for “strange bedfellows”: the Women, Peace and Security agenda after UNSCRs 2467 and 2493

ABSTRACT In 2019, a year before the twentieth anniversary of the adoption of United Nations Security Council Resolution (UNSCR) 1325, the United Nations Security Council (UNSC) adopted two more resolutions – UNSCRs 2467 and 2493 – under the Women, Peace and Security (WPS) thematic agenda. The WPS agenda is considered revolutionary for bringing women’s rights and security into the UNSC; however, it also reflects the precariousness of the alliance between feminist activists and the UNSC. During the drafting of UNSCRs 2467 and 2493, the United States (US), Russia, and China – all permanent members of the UNSC – objected to the inclusion of certain language in the final texts. The US pushed for the deletion of language on sexual and reproductive health from UNSCR 2467, while Russia and China challenged the definition of women human rights defenders in UNSCR 2493. These objections epitomize and contribute to the global pushback on women’s rights and security, which foregrounds concerns that the UNSC and feminist activists make for “strange bedfellows.” In this article, we consider whether the UNSC has been used as a forum to damage women’s rights and security.