Unitary Ones Research Articles

Head transplant: ethical and legal conflicts in the light of brazilian and italian laws

This article aims to confront the procedure of head transplantation, designed by the Italian neurosurgeon Doctor Sergio Canavero, this study is based on the optics of ethic and legality, from the perspective of juspositivism and the comparison of national and Italian legislation. At first, it will introduce a layman perspective in medical terms about the procedure in order to illustrate the complexity of what the Italian doctor intends to achieve. Next, it will address ethical issues, whether it would be ethically correct to prioritize a single transplant instead of several unitary ones, how the disconnection of the spinal cord and the paralysis of the neocortex would eventually worsen the life condition of the recipient patient, and some notes on the safe surgery manual of the World Health Organization. In terms of comparative law, it will make a dialogue between the Brazilian and Italian legislation on organ transplantation in a positivist analysis of the norm and within the scope of ethics, also, it will approach the morality and bioethics of the procedure in the instance of the dignity and probability of patient worsening. The article will adopt a zetetic, inductive approach, in the field of effectiveness and positivism of the norm. Its methodological objective is reflective and exploratory and its research technique will be bibliographical and documental.

Semantic Analysis of a Linear Temporal Extension of Quantum Logic and Its Dynamic Aspect

Although various dynamic or temporal logics have been proposed to verify quantum protocols and systems, these two viewpoints have not been studied comprehensively enough. We propose Linear Temporal Quantum Logic (LTQL), a linear temporal extension of quantum logic with a quantum implication, and extend it to Dynamic Linear Temporal Quantum Logic (DLTQL). This logic has temporal operators to express transitions by unitary operators (quantum gates) and dynamic ones to express those by projections (projective measurement). We then prove some logical properties of the relationship between these two transitions expressed by LTQL and DLTQL. A drawback in applying LTQL to the verification of quantum protocols is that these logics cannot express the future operator in linear temporal logic. We propose a way to mitigate this drawback by using a translation from (D)LTQL to Linear Temporal Modal Logic (LTML) and a simulation. This translation reduces the satisfiability problem of (D)LTQL formulas to that of LTML with the classical semantics over quantum states.

Nearest Unitary and Toeplitz matrix techniques for adaptation of Deep Learning models in photonic FPGA

Photonic circuits pave the way to extremely quick computation and real-time inference in critical applications, such as imaging flow cytometry (IFC). Nevertheless, current photonic FPGA implementations display intrinsic limitations that restrict the complexity of Deep Learning (DL) models that could be sustained. One of these restrictions implies the weight matrices to be unitary. Thus, machine learning mechanisms to transform weight matrices to their nearest unitary one, are essential for the effective deployment of such demanding tasks. Furthermore, DL models that perform convolutions, require special handling so as to fit in the photonic system. In this work, several methods have been investigated for conversion of non-unitary matrices to unitary ones, as well as, linear algebra techniques for the transformation of Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) to Feed-Forward models, under the prism of discovery of the best candidate for the photonic FPGA in terms of accuracy and restrictions. Experimental results proved that post-training or iterative techniques to find the nearest unitary weight matrix can be applied for photonic chips with the minimum loss in accuracy, while CNNs adapted well in a photonic configuration employing a Toeplitz matrix implementation. The proposed approach envisions efficient tackling of DL models limitations for deployment in photonic FPGAs.

Modernization of the eu patent system: innovations and opportunities for Ukraine

An economic and legal analysis of the new rules for modernizing the patent system of the European Union (EU) proposed by the European Commission (EC) on April 27, 2023, their features, problems, prospects and opportunities for use for Ukraine, was carried out. The proposed EC provisions on standard essential patents, compulsory licensing of inventions in crisis situations and the revision of legislation on subsidiary protection certificates, the role of the SME Fund 2023 Ideas Powered for Business SME Fund with a budget of 60.1 million euros are examined. It aims to support small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) to effectively manage their intellectual property (IP) portfolios, with the aim of accelerating the green and digital transition, supporting their recovery from recent crises such as COVID-19 and the impact of the Russian invasion of Ukraine. Financial support provided to Ukrainian SMEs by the EC and EUIPO includes: protection of trade marks and industrial designs within the EU (national, regional and EU level) up to 75 % of all fees up to a maximum of €1,000; protection of patents or related activities within the EU for national and European patents, including unitary ones) in the amount of 75 % of the total fees — up to 1500 euros. IP value added has been shown to be increasing in most European industrial ecosystems. IP rights, particularly patents, which are a critical intangible asset, have a critical role to play in scaling up green innovation, while creating the business case for clean technologies and enabling sustainable digital transformation.

Magnetic quivers for rank 2 theories

In this note we construct magnetic quivers for the known rank-2 four dimensional mathcal{N} = 2 superconformal field theories. For every rank-1 theory one can find a unitary magnetic quiver; we observe that this is no longer possible at rank 2. Our list of magnetic quivers necessarily includes orthosymplectic quivers, in addition to unitary ones, of both the simply and non simply laced variety. Using quiver subtraction, one can compute Higgs branch Hasse diagrams and compare with the results obtained via other methods finding nearly perfect agreement.

Fate of symmetry protected coherence in open quantum system

We investigate the fate of coherence in the dynamical evolution of symmetry protected quantum systems. Under the formalism of system plus bath for open quantum systems, antiunitary symmetries exhibit significant differences from the unitary ones in protecting initial coherence. Specifically, taking advantage of the Lindblad master equation, we find that a pure state in the symmetry protected degenerate subspace will be decoherent even though both the system Hamiltonian and system-environment interaction respect the same antiunitary symmetry. In contrast, the coherence will persist when the protecting symmetry is unitary. We provide an elaborate classification table to illustrate what kinds of symmetry combinations are able to preserve the coherence of the initial state, which is confirmed in several concrete models of single spin-$3/2$ systems. It can also be applied to the Haldane phase in interacting topological systems. Our results could be helpful in exploring possible experimental realization of stable time-reversal symmetric topological states.

Flat-floor bubbles, dark solitons, and vortices stabilized by inhomogeneous nonlinear media

We consider one- and two-dimensional (1D and 2D) optical or matter-wave media with a maximum of the local self-repulsion strength at the center, and a minimum at periphery. If the central area is broad enough, it supports ground states in the form of flat-floor \textquotedblleft bubbles", and topological excitations, in the form of dark solitons in 1D and vortices with winding number $m$ in 2D. Unlike bright solitons, delocalized bubbles and dark modes were not previously considered in this setting. The ground and excited states are accurately approximated by the Thomas-Fermi expressions. The 1D and 2D bubbles, as well as vortices with $m=1$, are completely stable, while the dark solitons and vortices with $m=2$ have nontrivial stability boundaries in their existence areas. Unstable dark solitons are expelled to the periphery, while unstable double vortices split in rotating pairs of unitary ones. Displaced stable vortices precess around the central point.

Fundamental limitations on distillation of quantum channel resources

Quantum channels underlie the dynamics of quantum systems, but in many practical settings it is the channels themselves that require processing. We establish universal limitations on the processing of both quantum states and channels, expressed in the form of no-go theorems and quantitative bounds for the manipulation of general quantum channel resources under the most general transformation protocols. Focusing on the class of distillation tasks — which can be understood either as the purification of noisy channels into unitary ones, or the extraction of state-based resources from channels — we develop fundamental restrictions on the error incurred in such transformations, and comprehensive lower bounds for the overhead of any distillation protocol. In the asymptotic setting, our results yield broadly applicable bounds for rates of distillation. We demonstrate our results through applications to fault-tolerant quantum computation, where we obtain state-of-the-art lower bounds for the overhead cost of magic state distillation, as well as to quantum communication, where we recover a number of strong converse bounds for quantum channel capacity.

The Level of European Companies’ Integrated Reports Alignment to the <IR> Framework: The Role of Boards’ Characteristics

In terms of corporate governance, the board of directors (BoDs) is the main responsible structure in meeting and safeguarding both shareholders and stakeholders’ interests. Integrated reporting’s primary aim is to improve information quality provided to shareholders while responding to stakeholders’ interests and needs. Using lenses of stakeholder theory, this study explores the relationship between board of directors’ characteristics as size, gender diversity, activity, tenure, outside directors, chief executive officer (CEO) duality and the Integrated Reports alignment level to the International Integrated Reporting Committee (IIRC) framework, using a self-constructed disclosure index. Applying a content analysis method, data were collected from integrated reports to determine the self-constructed disclosure index (Integrated Reporting Score—IRS). Through quantitative analysis, we analyzed which BoDs’ characteristics are correlated to IRS. The analyzed sample was formed of 98 integrated reports produced by 61 European companies, published on the IIRC website for the period 2013–2017. The current study contributes to existing knowledge by exploring the voluntary adoption of integrated reporting using quantitative analysis and focusing on the European context. The obtained results highlight that integrated report alignment levels with IIRF is directly correlated with the proportion of outside directors on the board and longer board tenure. Results show a higher alignment for reports produced by two-tier or mixed boards than the unitary ones. Additionally, there is a constant improvement in alignment score, with a statistical difference occurring in 2016 compared to 2013.

A Heuristic Rational Algorithm for Checking the Congruence of Normal Matrices

A finite algorithm that uses arithmetic operations only is said to be rational. There exist rational methods for checking the congruence of a pair of Hermitian matrices or a pair of unitary ones. We propose a rational algorithm for checking the congruence of general normal matrices.

Remarks on the structure of C-normal operators

ABSTRACT We study a new class of Hilbert space operators, named C-normal operators for C a conjugation on a complex Hilbert space , which were introduced by M. Ptak, K. Simik and A. Wicher. We provide a refined polar decomposition of C-normal operators. It is proved that those invertible ones are norm dense in and each contraction in is a mean of two unitary ones. For a dense class of operators, we prove that their C-normality coincides with C-symmetry. Also some illustrating examples are provided to show that is not closed under several natural operations.

Quantum walk as generalized evolution and measurement device

We show that arbitrary quantum evolution, both unitary and non-unitary ones, can be efficiently realized via one-dimensional quantum walk. This is done based on the equivalence between quantum evolution and positive-operated valued measurements, and an algorithm of properly controlling one-dimensional discrete-time quantum walk to realize arbitrary positive-operated valued measurements. Furthermore, our method based on one-dimensional quantum walk can be easily generalized to other platforms Our method enriches technics for quantum information processes, and the applications of quantum walk.

Participation in safety and health in European workplaces: Framing the capture of representation

We discuss experience of worker representation in occupational health and safety in the European Union, using findings from a large qualitative study of practices in 143 establishments in seven Member States. This study was a follow-up to the second EU-OSHA European Survey of Enterprises on New and Emerging Risks. We focus on the experience of the operation of the institutional forms of representation of workers in safety and health and draw attention to the extent to which statutory provisions largely conceived in pluralist industrial relations contexts are currently operationalized in more unitary ones. We discuss the consequences for the model of representation that previous studies have identified to be most effective.

Electrochemical properties of PEDOT: PSS /V2O5 hybrid fiber based supercapacitors

Binary conducting polymer (CP)/transition metal oxides (TMO) fiber-based supercapacitors (FSCs) are considered to possess good electrochemical performance and cyclic stability compared with unitary ones since TMO within FSCs can prevent the structure damage of CP during charge/discharge cycles to some extent. In this study, the CP/TMO hybrid fibers are made by directly injecting the solution into capillary. Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene): polystyrene sulfonate/30 wt% vanadium pentoxide (PEDOT: PSS/30 wt% V2O5) fiber-based electrode has good electrochemical performance and cyclic stability (cycle retention: 94.02% after 4000 cycles at 0.1 mA/cm2). The energy density of the PEDOT: PSS/30 wt% V2O5 fiber in gel electrolyte is 1.37 μWh/cm2 at power density of 20 μW/cm2, which is much lower than the one in organic electrolyte (21.46 μWh/cm2 at power densities of 162.5 μW/cm2). Therefore, the method developed in this work induces good electrochemical performance for hybrid FSCs and promotes scalable fabrication of FSCs.

Canonical quantization of the covariant fields on de Sitter space–times

The properties of the covariant quantum fields on de Sitter space–times are investigated focusing on the isometry generators and Casimir operators in order to establish the equivalence among the covariant representations and the unitary irreducible ones of the de Sitter isometry group. For the Dirac quantum field, it is shown that the spinor covariant representation, transforming the Dirac field under de Sitter isometries, is equivalent with a direct sum of two unitary irreducible representations of the [Formula: see text] group, transforming alike the particle and antiparticle field operators in momentum representation. Their basis generators and Casimir operators are written down finding that the covariant representations are equivalent with unitary irreducible ones from the principal series whose canonical weights are determined by the fermion mass and spin.

The development of unitary relations in Ukraine as one of the conditions for the formation of a modern legal system

modern Ukraine on the way of reforming the legal system in accordance with European standards. It is concluded that at the present stage of state building the unitary form of the state structure is optimal. At the same time, practical actions are needed in the direction of decentralization of state power to create a civilized state. The great influence on the development of the modern legal system of Ukraine is due to the integration of the legal norms and principles generally recognized by the world community into its structure. Today, there are not so many states, which, having emerged as unitary, then changed the form of government into federal. The process of studying various types of unitary states should be based on a clear methodological basis. Ukrainians have confirmed that they are Europeans who profess the same values of democracy and citizens of European countries that have a decent standard of living for people. Democracy in the state, sovereignty and independence are provided not by changes in the territorial structure, but, in particular, by stable economic growth. Over the past decades, there have been processes of transformation of federal states into unitary ones, without making any changes to the constitution. According to studies by most experts, for our country the optimal form of government is the unitary decentralized state. The author defends the preservation of the unitary character of the Ukrainian state at a certain decentralization of power, development of the institution of local government and improves the structure of Parliament. We must build the newest Ukraine with a modern legal system, focusing on best practices, but not trying to copy even the best world examples.

Quantum simulation of quantum channels in nuclear magnetic resonance

We propose and experimentally demonstrate an efficient framework for the quantum simulation of quantum channels in NMR. Our approach relies on the suitable decomposition of non-unitary operators in a linear combination of $d$ unitary ones, which can be then experimentally implemented with the assistance of a number of ancillary qubits that grows logarithmically in $d$. As a proof-of-principle demonstration, we realize the quantum simulation of three quantum channels for a single-qubit: phase damping (PD), amplitude damping (AD), and depolarizing (DEP) channels. For these paradigmatic cases, we measure key features, such as the fidelity of the initial state and the associated von Neuman entropy for a qubit evolving through these channels. Our experiments are carried out using nuclear spins in a liquid sample and NMR control techniques.

Shear Behaviors of the Binary Structural Plane

Binary-medium contact interfaces widely exist in rock engineering. They have significant impacts on the safety of rock engineering due to their poor shear behavior. A material of different strength is produced by pouring mortar of a different sand-to-cement ratio on the top of a rock-like mortar material (with the ratio of 1:1), thereby forming a binary-medium structural plane. Then, direct shear test is performed on the structural plane by applying different normal stresses. The shear strength parameters of the structural plane (cohesion $$c$$ and friction angle $$\varphi$$ ) are obtained from the Mohr–Coulomb criterion. Moreover, the mechanical behaviors of the structural plane are compared with the unitary-medium specimen in the shearing process. A similar shear stress–shear displacement rule is observed in the shearing process. However, the peak and residual shear strengths of the binary structural plane are far lower than those of the unitary ones. The difference between the unitary and binary planes at cohesion $$c$$ decreases with the increasing sand–cement ratio, whereas a up-down trend is observed in the friction angle $$\varphi$$ with the increasing sand-to-cement ratio. When the upper and lower parts of the structural plane are different in sand-to-cement ratio, the cohesion $$c$$ of the structural plane slightly increases with the increasing ratio of the upper specimen. However, when the two parts are identical in ratio, the cohesion of the structural plane reaches the peak, and its friction angle $$\varphi$$ substantially increases with the increasing ratio of the upper part.

Representations of Nilpotent Groups on Spaces with Indefinite Metric

The paper studies the structure of J-unitary representations of connected nilpotent groups on \(\Pi _{k}\)-spaces, that is, the representations on a Hilbert space preserving a quadratic form “with a finite number of negative squares”. Apart from some comparatively simple cases, such representations can be realized as double extensions of finite-dimensional representations by unitary ones. So their study is based on some special cohomological technique. We concentrate mostly on the problems of the decomposition of these representations and the classification of “non-decomposable” ones.

Quasilocal charges in integrable lattice systems

We review recent progress in understanding the notion of locality in integrable quantum lattice systems. The central concept concerns the so-called quasilocal conserved quantities, which go beyond the standard perception of locality. Two systematic procedures to rigorously construct families of quasilocal conserved operators based on quantum transfer matrices are outlined, specializing on anisotropic Heisenberg XXZ spin-1/2 chain. Quasilocal conserved operators stem from two distinct classes of representations of the auxiliary space algebra, comprised of unitary (compact) representations, which can be naturally linked to the fusion algebra and quasiparticle content of the model, and non-unitary (non-compact) representations giving rise to charges, manifestly orthogonal to the unitary ones. Various condensed matter applications in which quasilocal conservation laws play an essential role are presented, with special emphasis on their implications for anomalous transport properties (finite Drude weight) and relaxation to non-thermal steady states in the quantum quench scenario.