Unit Price Of Energy Research Articles

An Analysis of the Energy Consumption and Expenditure Patterns of the Households

India Energy statistics explores the opportunities and challenges ahead for India as it seeks to ensure reliable, affordable and sustainable energy to a growing population. This study focuses on energy consumption and expenditure pattern, and assessed the income, energy expenditure usage of alternative energy consumption pattern of the householder finally this study reveals that increased the income of the people they are interested to continue same the energy consumption patterns but they are not interested to in utilization of alternative sources of energy. This study analysis the pattern of energy consumption and expenditure of households and usage of alternative energy sources and reasons for usage of alternative energy sources of householders. Per unit price of energy and total amount of energy expenditure are hindering to usage of alternative energy sources. Householders have not able to more consumption of energy. These have encouraged the economic development and without the usage of energy sources economy has not been able to attain economic empowerment. Total amount of energy expenditure increased but have not increased the total consumption of energy as well as usage of alternative energy sources in rural area.

Techno-econo-environmental feasibility of retrofitting urban transportation system with optimal solar panels for climate change mitigation – A case study

Abstract Two novel solar buses are proposed to mitigate climate change in urban settings. Operational problems of solar power harnessing in cities such as high land costs and dust accumulation on the panels are obviated by installing solar panels on the otherwise rooftop area of the urban buses. Furthermore, the fuel consumption and hazardous emissions of buses decrease by improving their aerodynamic performance. An integrated solar power and aerodynamic model is developed, validated, and employed in a multi-objective optimization algorithm to compare proposed single-part (SiPS) and separate-part (SePS) systems. A multi-level stochastic procedure is applied to obtain a robust plan, calculate the economic payback, and study the feasibility of the optimal system’s application using a novel combined economic-environmental ratio in Tabriz metropolitan city. The results showed that the costs of energy and vehicle-specific power were 0.922 $/kWh and 0.864 $/kWh, and −12.71 kW/t and −17.53 kW/t for the optimal SiPS and SePS, respectively. Moreover, 233.76 MWh/year green energy could be generated, 1132 tCO2-eq/year hazardous emissions could be reduced, and 398,400 US$ land costs could be saved by retrofitting the bus rapid transport routes in Tabriz with the SePS. Although the project was recommended if the energy unit price was greater than 0.25 $/kWh in the case study, it was profitable under almost all probable conditions considering the combined economic-environmental revenue.

Energy Cost Optimization for Water Distribution Networks Using Demand Pattern and Storage Facilities

Energy consumption in water supply systems is closely connected with the demand for water, since energy is mostly consumed in the process of water transport and distribution, in addition to the energy that might be needed to pump the water from its sources. Existing studies have been carried out on optimizing the pump operations to attain appropriate pressure and on controlling the water level of storage facilities to transfer the required demand and to reduce the energy cost. The idea is to reduce the amount of the water being supplied when the unit price of energy is high and to increase the supply when the unit price is low. To realize this scheme, the energy consumption of water supply systems, the amount of water transfer, the organization of energy cost structure, the utilization of water tanks, and so forth are investigated and analyzed to establish a model of optimized water demand management based on the application of water tanks in supplied areas. In this study, with the assumption that energy cost can be reduced by the redistribution of a demand pattern, a numerical analysis is conducted on transferring water demand at storage facilities from the peak energy cost hours to the lower energy cost hours. This study was applied at the Bupyeong 2 reservoir catchment, Incheon, Korea.

Profitability of short-rotation biomass production on downy birch stands on cut-away peatlands in northern Finland

The economic feasibility of short-rotation energy biomass production was evaluated from measurements on six naturally afforested 15–26-year-old downy birch-dominated (Betula pubescens Ehr.) stands in a former peat-production area in northern Finland. In the financial analysis, afforestation by natural or broadcast seeding was assumed, and the stands were regenerated by coppicing after the first, second, and third rotations. With respect to the first rotation, the sales revenues from whole-tree fuel chips covered their production costs in five cases out of six when a 21 EUR MWh−1 price for energy on delivery was assumed. The bare land value (BLV) was positive even with a five per cent discount rate in five cases, reaching a maximum of 995 EUR ha−1. With an interest rate of three per cent, for example, the break-even stumpage price for energy wood (assessed as the net present value of the first generation equal to 0) fluctuated between approx. 1 and 7 EUR per cubic metre, implying an economic surplus to be reached without subsidies in these cases. The unit price of energy (when bare land value equals 0) for the majority of the stands was well below the assumed price level, indicating noteworthy long-term financial incentives associated with the production.

Agricultural demands for natural gas and liquefied petroleum gas in the USA

This study endeavors to determine whether farmers adjust their consumption of natural gas and liquefied petroleum gas in response to changes in the unit price of energy. A demand model is specified and estimated. The conclusions suggest that the unit price of natural gas (liquefied petroleum gas) is a factor impacting the quantity of natural gas (liquefied petroleum gas) demanded by farmers, but there is no indication that other types of energy are substitutes for natural gas or liquefied petroleum gas. Additionally, the number of acres irrigated is an important factor driving the demand for natural gas and liquefied petroleum gas. Finally, the estimated models of natural gas and liquefied petroleum gas demand were structurally stable over the period 1971–1989.