Unit Live Weight Gain Research Articles

The use of the complex drug "Optibak®-F" in feeding young ferrets

The use of probiotics and symbiotics allows you to normalize the work of the gastrointestinal tract, normalize the microflora, increase immunity, prevent infectious diseases, and increase the safety of livestock. The aim of the research was to study the effect of complex application preparation "OptiBak®-F" in diets on the growth of young ferrets during the growing period. The experiment was carried out on slaughtered young ferrets of pearl type at the ferret farm FSUE "Russian Sable" of Moscow region. It was found that daily introduction of "OptiBak®-F" preparation into ferrets' feed in July-September in the amount of 0,05-0,06 g per head per day increases live weight gain of young animals in a month by 137,2 g (p<0,05) in comparison with animals of the control group. The similar tendency was maintained three weeks after completion of the preparation introduction into the general ration: at the end of September the live weight of young animals was significantly higher by 138.7 g (p<0.05) and was 2003.0 g against 1864.3 g in the control. High safety of young animals was recorded in both groups. Average daily feed intake in the groups was 225 g per head. During the experiment period when "OptiBak®-F" was used, absolute live weight gain of young ferrets in the experimental group was higher than in the control by 109.7 g (795.5 g vs. 685,8 g), relative - by 4.5% (49.6% vs. 45.1%), while feed costs in physical weight per unit of live weight gain decreased by 13.7%, and in terms of feed cost - by 11.0%, taking into account the cost of the preparation.

Phyto and mineral complex and Glucolux F enzyme in feeding of calves during preweaning period

One of the main tasks of animal husbandry is the proper rearing of replacement young animals on diets that meet feeding standards for all elements of a detailed nutrition system. However, the nutritional value of animal feeding does not always correspond to the required norms. Having a high antibacterial, immunostimulating, immunomodulating eff ect, extracts of various vegetative organs of plants are used to treat many diseases of contagious and non-contagious etiology, for the prevention of parasitic diseases, and the healing of wound surfaces. Containing biofl avonoids and other biologically active components, they increase feed intake by animals, its digestibility, and nutrient conversion, improve product quality, and reduce feed costs for its production. The purpose of the research was to establish the infl uence of the phyto and mineral complex and the enzyme Glucolux F in the diets of calves during the preweaning period on metabolic processes in their bodies and productivity when used separately and together. When rearing calves on the basic diet were consumed per unit of live weight gain 4,15 energy feed units and 506 g of digestible protein, with the addition of the phyto and mineral complex feed consumption decreased by 1,2–1,8 %, with the Glucolux F enzyme by 1,9–3,1 %, and when they were used together by 0,5–4,6 %. At the same time, in the 4th experimental group there was the highest total live weight gain by 25,29 kg, which exceeded the 1st control group by 4,8 %, the 2nd experimental group by 3,0 and the 3rd experimental group by 1,6 %. The level of profi tability of live weight production of calves was higher in the 2nd experimental group by 2,3 abs.%, in the 3rd experimental group by 3,8 abs.% and in the 4th experimental group by 5,3 abs.% than in the 1st control group. The use of a phyto and mineral complex of biogenic microelements 100 ml/animal/day and the enzyme Glucolux F at a dose of 0,50 kg/t of compound feed in the diet of calves during the preweaning period, both separately and together, made it possible to increase the productivity of animals and the level of profi tability of production. The best results were obtained when using them together.

Influence of multienzyme drugs in the diets of broiler chickens on their hematological parameters

In order to intensify modern poultry farming, close attention is paid to breeds, crosses with high growth potential. The poultry diet should be balanced in terms of metabolic energy and protein due to the inclusion of several ingredients and additives. Specialists of the agro-industrial complex have accumulated a large amount of research on the eff ective use of biologically active drugs in poultry farming. The use of enzyme drugs contributes to an increase in the level of energy nutrition, as well as accelerated growth and development of farm animals and poultry. The purpose of our work was to improve of production traits and hematological parameters in broiler chickens when using diff erent multi enzyme drugs in their diets. A scientifi c and economic experiment was carried out on broiler chickens of the cross Ross 308 under the conditions of a poultry farm of the IP Fitisov G. N., village Ozerny in the Caucasian district of the Krasnodar Territory. The broilers of the 1st control group received wheat and corn compound feed. The following multi enzyme drugs were additionally included in the diet of chickens of the experimental groups: the 2nd experimental group – Natugrain TS 100 g/t of compound feed, the 3rd experimental group – Rovabio Excel AP 50 g/t of compound feed, the 4th experimental group – Ronozim Multigrain 125 g/t of compound feed, the 5th experimental group – Akstra HV 100 g/t of compound feed, 6th experimental group – Akstra HAR 100 g/t of compound feed, 7th experimental group – Hostazim Combi 100 g/t of compound feed, 8th experimental group – Vilzim 20 g/t of compound feed and 9th experimental group – Enzyme Complex 750 g/t compound feed. The conditions of housing and feeding for broiler chickens of the experimental groups were the same and corresponded to the zoo and hygienic requirements for housing and feeding poultry. The use of multi enzyme drugs in compound feed for broiler chickens allowed us to increase live weight by 4,76–13,87 %, reduce expenditures of feed per unit of live weight gain by 4,73–12,43 %. The inclusion of multi enzyme drugs in the formula of compound feed allowed us to improve blood parameters. For example, there was an increase in the number of red blood cells, total protein, calcium, phosphorus and a decrease in the number of white blood cells. Thus, the introduction of multi enzyme drugs into compound feed for broiler chickens had a positive effect on the productive indicators of poultry and also on morphological and biochemical parameters of blood.

Infl uence of sorgo on the productivity of meat quails

One of the trends in meat production is to reduce feed expenditures per unit of live weight gain while simultaneously increasing the growth rate, slaughter yield, muscle yield and reducing the content of internal fat. Reducing the fat content in the carcasses of quails will improve the feed conversion and increase the yield of muscle tissue. One of the ways to reduce the prime-cost of poultry products is the introduction of non-traditional promising feed ingredients. The purpose of the research was to study the use of sorghum grain in feeding quails of meat productivity. The results of the infl uence of complete nutrient-balanced compound feed with the introduction of 10 % sorghum on livestock and economic indicators in the rearing of meat quails have been presented the article. It was found that the live weight of quails in the experimental group increased by 0,46 %, while the average daily feed intake decreased by 4,39 %. Feed expenditures per 1 kg of live weight gain of the experimental group were 5,08 % lower due to better assimilation of feed nutrients. It was found according to the results of physiological (balance) experiment that the digestibility of crude protein increased by 6,92 abs.%, crude fat by 0,73 abs.%, crude fi ber by 0,82 abs.%. It was found when calculating economic indicators that the use of sorghum in compound feed for quails allowed to increase the yield of meat and revenue from its sale by 5,81 %. Despite the increase in the total cost of the feed consumed by the experimental group by 1,43 %, the profi t was received by 58,14 % more. The prime-cost of production of 1 kg of quail meat in the experimental group decreased by 6,20 % compared with the control group.

The use of amaranth presscake in compound feed for poultry

Poultry farming in the Russian Federation is one of the key branches of animal husbandry, providing the population with dietary and high-calorie food products such as meat and eggs. In this regard, the production of the maximum amount of competitive high-quality products is possible only under conditions that take into account the biological characteristics of the poultry, its physiological state, the type of productivity and the infl uence of environmental factors on it. The main factor in increasing the productivity of poultry is a rational and balanced feeding system. In the feeding of poultry, the search for new alternative feed sources is promising in the fi eld of feeding. One of such non–traditional feed sources is the product of processing amaranth seeds into oil as amaranth cake. We carried out scientifi c and production experiments at the Research center for the safety and eff ectiveness of feed and additives at the Volgograd State Agrarian University on broiler chickens of the cross Ross 308 and laying hens of the cross Hisex Brown. The poultry of the control group, both in the fi rst and in the second experiments received compound feed with sunfl ower presscake, and in the diet of poultry of the 1st, 2nd and 3rd experimental groups 50, 75 and 100 % sunfl ower presscake was replaced with amaranth presscake. Replacing sunfl ower presscake with amaranth presscake in compound feed for broiler chickens allowed to increase the live weight by 2,15–5,26 %, increase the slaughter yield of carcasses by 0,15 -0,29 abs.% and reduce feed expenditures per unit of live weight gain by 2,08–4,98 %. The inclusion of amaranth presscake instead of sunfl ower presscake in the formula of compound feed for laying hens allowed to increase the number of laid eggs by 0,52–1,54 % and their weight by 0,50–1,45 %, while there was a decrease in the expenditures of feed for 10 pieces of eggs and 1 kg of egg mass by 0,75–1,50 % and 0,93–2,80 %. Thus, the replacement of sunfl ower presscake with amaranth presscake in compound feed for laying hens and broiler chickens had a positive infl uence on the productive parameters of poultry.

РЕЗУЛЬТАТЫ ПРОМЫШЛЕННОГО СКРЕЩИВАНИЯ КРАСНОГО СТЕПНОГО СКОТА С ЧИСТОПОРОДНЫМИ БЫКАМИ ГЕРЕФОРДСКОЙ ПОРОДЫ ПРИ РАЗНЫХ ТЕХНОЛОГИЯХ ПРОИЗВОДСТВА ГОВЯДИНЫ

The purpose of the research was to establish the effectiveness of breeding crossbreed bulls of the 1st generation, obtained by industrial crossing of Hereford bulls with red steppe cattle, in a comparative aspect with their red peers with different beef production technologies adopted in cattle breeding. The first control group included calves of the red steppe breed (n = 10), the second – first-generation crossbreeds from the crossing of red steppe cattle with Hereford bulls (n = 10), raised according to the dairy cattle breeding technology adopted on the farm. The first experimental group of calves was formed from animals of the red steppe breed (n = 10), the second – F1 crossbreeds (red steppe × Hereford) (n = 10). It was found that the bulls of the experimental groups by the age of 18 months had reached a live weight exceeding the values of the control groups by 59,1–73,8 kg (P > 0,999). The experimental groups of bull calves outperformed their control peers by an average of 114–135 g (P > 0,999) in terms of average daily live weight gains over the entire study period. With the same feed costs per unit of live weight gain, the largest gross increase was typical for individuals of the experimental groups. According to the main indicators of the control slaughter, the superiority was on the side of steers raised according to the beef production technology adopted in beef cattle breeding. With both cultivation technologies, the highest yield of carcass and fat was obtained from Hereford × red steppe bulls, which provided a greater slaughter yield (by 2,8–3,0 %) in comparison with peers of the red steppe breed.

Rye containing compound feeds in the diet of bulls on rearing

Relevance. Rye occupies a special place among cereals as components of compound feeds. Rye, unsuitable for food purposes, but quite suitable for feeding farm animals, can be used for the production of compound feeds.Methods. To solve the problems, 4 groups of gobies were formed for rearing and 4 recipes of compound feed concentrates with different rye input rates were developed (0, 20, 30, 40%). The duration of the experiment was 135 days. To find out the effect of the compound feed composition on feed consumption, daily group feeding accounting was carried out. Experimental animals were weighed every 30 days, that is, monthly. To identify the effect of the tested grain (rye) consumption of the basic balanced diet, records were kept on the account of the feed consumed and their residues the next day. During the entire scientific and economic experience, feedabilitywas recorded.Results. Studies have shown that compound feeds prepared according to the developed recipes allow balancing the feeding of experimental bulls that will be raised to produce beef according to the detailed feeding standards available today, with a relatively low specific gravity of concentrated feeds. The inclusion of 20 to 40% rye in the composition of compound feeds does not reduce the balance of the diet of animals in the experiment. The gross increase in live weight and the increase per day in the experimental bulls of the first three groups did not differ significantly. Animals from group IV, which were fed compound feed with 40% rye, were inferior to control animals by 5.6 kg in total growth, in an average daily increase — by43 g. 5.87–6.03 ECU was spent per unit of live weight gain (1 kg).

Potential of grazing management to improve beef cattle production and mitigate methane emissions in native grasslands of the Pampa biome.

We tested the hypothesis that improving sward structure through adjustments in forage allowance results in greater forage intake and live weight (LW) gains by beef cattle and lower CH4 emissions per unit LW gain and unit area in a native grassland ecosystem of the Pampa biome. The experiment was carried out during 2012 and 2013 in southern Brazil. The experimental design was a randomized complete block with two replicates. Treatments consisted of five contrasting forage allowances of a native grassland managed under continuous stocking: 4, 8, 8-12, 12, and 16kg of dry matter (DM) 100kg LW-1day-1 (or % LW). The 8-12% LW treatment had a variable forage allowance of 8% LW in spring and 12% LW in summer, autumn, and winter. Forage allowance was controlled by changes in stocking rate (kg LW ha-1). Average daily gain (kg LW day-1) was high for forage allowances of 12 and 16% LW but decreased at 8%, reaching the lowest value at 4% LW treatment (p<0.001). Live weight gain ha-1year-1 was the greatest at forage allowance of 8-12% LW (p<0.001). Forage DM intake peaked at a forage allowance of 12% LW (p=0.005). Individual CH4 emissions remained constant around 150gday-1 for the two highest forage allowances and decreased to 118 and 107gday-1 under forage allowances of 8 and 4% LW, respectively (p=0.002). Emissions per unit LW gain and unit area were driven by animal productivity changes and decreased with increasing forage allowance (p=0.001 and p=0.040, respectively). We propose that the combination of 8% LW forage allowance during spring and 12% LW during the rest of the year should be targeted to best balance animal production and environmental impact in the Pampa biome.

COMPARATIVE UTILIZATION OF COOKED SOYBEANS AND FISHMEAL-GROUNDNUT CAKE MIXTURE IN DIETS

A 4 week experiment involving 45 growing albino rats was carried out to assess the nutritional utilization of cooked full-fat soybean (CFFS) as a major source of dietary protein relative to that of the protein concentrates fishmeal-groundnut cake mixture and the response to supplementation of the cooked soybeans with 2g DL-methionine/kg diet and/or 2g L-lysine/kg diet. Feed intake (FI), average daily weight gain (DLG),. feed conversion ratio (FCR), protein efficiency ratio (PER) and feed cost (FC) per unit live-weight gain, (FC/WG) were measured, No significant effect of the various dietary treatments was observed on PER and FCIWG. However, the incorporation of CFFS either alone or in conjunction with either of both lysine and methionine significantly improved Fl and FCR (P&lt; 0.05) and also DLG (P&lt; 0.01) over the control fish-groundnut meal ration. Supplementation of CFFS with lysine either alone or along with methionine appeared unwarranted as methionine supplementation alone resulted in similar or slightly better efficiency of protein (0.247) and overall feed (0.596) utilization. From the results obtained, it appears that maize-based CFFS diet supplemented with 2 g/kg DL-methionine may be applicable for lion- ruminant feeding. However, since this level of methionine supplementation only provides for 67% of rat requirement, it is suggested that further studies with higher methionine levels be conducted.

The use of probiotic drug Monosporin in diets of heifers

Rearing of replacement young animals in particular of calves based on the scientific notion of development of the organism, knowledge of age-specific physiology of digestion, metabolism of nutrients and needs them in the process of ontogenesis animals. The main task in the development and use of new effective feed additives is to increase the growth energy and livability of young cattle. One of the most reliable tools in this case are probiotic drugs of the new generation. Probiotics in animals activate digestion; strengthen non-specific immunity, which is the result of normalization of the microbiocenosis of the gastrointestinal tract. The purpose of this work was to study the possibility and effectiveness of using a multi-factorial microbiological drug Monosporin produced by Biotechnagro LLC (Krasnodar) in feeding of heifers. In the diets of heifers of experimental groups, the probiotic feed additive Monosporin has been used in quantities of 3,0 g/head/day (the 2nd experimental group) and 5,0 g/head/day (the 3rd experimental group). Heifers of the 1st control group did not receive this additive. It has been found that the expenditures of concentrated feed in heifers of the 2nd experimental group was lower by 3,5 %. Their herdmates of the 3rd experimental group spent concentrates per 1 kg of live weight gain by 5,4 % less compared to the 1st control group. In heifers of the 3rd experimental group have been received 5 g/head/day of probiotic feed additive of multivariate action Monosporin, feed expenditures per unit of live weight gain were the lowest. According to the results of research, it can be assumed that the use of the studied feed additive in these dosages contributes to the better use of metabolic energy and nutrients in the diet when rearing heifers.

Nutritional Quality, Voluntary Intake and Enteric Methane Emissions of Diets Based on Novel Cayman Grass and Its Associations With Two Leucaena Shrub Legumes.

Methane (CH4) emissions from enteric fermentation in cattle are an important source of greenhouse gases, accounting for about 40% of all agricultural emissions. Diet quality plays a fundamental role in determining the magnitude of CH4 emissions. Specifically, the inclusion of feeds with high digestibility and nutritional value have been reported to be a viable option for reducing CH4 emissions and, simultaneously, increase animal productivity. The present study aimed to evaluate the effect of the nutritional composition and voluntary intake of diets based on tropical forages upon CH4 emissions from zebu steers. Five treatments (diets) were evaluated: Cay1: Urochloa hybrid cv. Cayman (harvested after 65 days of regrowth: low quality); Cay2: cv. Cayman harvested after 45 days of regrowth; CayLl: cv. Cayman + Leucaena leucocephala; CayLd: cv. Cayman + Leucaena diversifolia; Hay: Dichantium aristatum hay as a comparator of common naturalized pasture. For each diet representing different levels of intensification (naturalized pasture, improved pasture, and silvopastoral systems), CH4 emissions were measured using the polytunnel technique with four zebu steers housed in individual chambers. The CH4 accumulated was monitored using an infrared multigas analyzer, and the voluntary forage intake of each animal was calculated. Dry matter intake (DMI, % of body weight) ranged between 0.77 and 2.94 among diets offered. Emissions of CH4 per kg of DMI were significantly higher (P < 0.0001) in Cay1 (60.4 g), compared to other treatments. Diets that included Leucaena forage legumes had generally higher crude protein contents and higher DMI. Cay1 and Hay which had low protein content and digestibility had a higher CH4 emission intensity (per unit live weight gain) compared to Cay2, CayLl and CayLd. Our results suggest that grass consumed after a regrowth period of 45 days results in lower CH4 emissions intensities compared to those observed following a regrowth period of 65 days. Diets with Leucaena inclusion showed advantages in nutrient intake that are reflected in greater live weight gains of cattle. Consequently, the intensity of the emissions generated in the legume-based systems were lower suggesting that they are a good option for achieving the emission reduction goals of sustainable tropical cattle production.

The use of whole wheat grain in feeding of broiler chickens

An experiment has been conducted to determine the effectiveness of growing broiler chickens when whole wheat grain has been included in the compound feed. The purpose of the research was to develop an appropriate scheme and dose for feeding whole wheat grain depending on the age of broilers, while observing the normative content of metabolic energy and nutrients in the diets, and to determine the economic effectiveness of rearing of broilers. To determine the effectiveness, data on live weight, growth rate, livability, uniformity of broiler population by live weight and variability of live weight of chickens have been studied. In the course of the work, the livability, average daily gain, feed conversion, homogeneity and variability coefficients, and the productivity index have been calculated. An increase in the live weight of broilers, as well as the rate of growth in pre-slaughter age when using whole grains in poultry diets, as well as a decrease in feed consumption per unit of live weight gain has been revealed. In conclusion, the economic effectiveness of broiler meat production has determined when whole grain has been included in diets. The use of whole wheat grain as an additive to the main diet in broiler feeding allowed to increase profits and increase the level of profitability. It has been found as a result of research that it is advisable to add whole wheat grain to the main diet for broilers at the age of 8–14 days in an amount of 5 % of the feed weight, at the age of 15–21 days – 15 %, at the age of 22–28 days – 20 %, at the age of 21–29 days – 30 % of grain without reducing the overall nutritional value of the diet.

Sorption-probiotic supplement in the diet of calves and its effect on the functional maturity of their rumen, morpho-biochemical blood status and productivity

This research considers the use of the sorption-probiotic supplement Biopinnular in the amount of 0.5 and 1.0 % of the dry matter in the diets of calves of the dairy period. The results allows us to correct the microbiocenosis in the in the digestive tract by suppressing the development of pathogenic microflora and increased reproduction of Lacto- and Bifido bacteria. The studied supplement also contributes to deeper fermentation of fodder mass during digestion in the rumen, which is manifested in an increase in active acidity (pH), cellulolytic activity of bacteria, VFA content as the main product of carbohydrate fermentation, as well as enhanced ammonia-binding function of microflora, which led to better energy and protein availability of their body. This is confirmed by indicators of the morphological and biochemical status of the blood of calves, manifested in a real increase in their red blood cells, hemoglobin, protein and protein fractions. All this was confirmed by the intensity of their live weight gain, accompanied by large average daily (by 8.83 and 23.70 %, respectively) and relative (by 1.63 and 3.86 %) weight gains and smaller (by 0.44 and 0.64) EFU costs per unit of live weight gain. A more pronounced biological effect is observed when using a feed supplement at a dose of 1.0 % of the dry matter of the diet.

Nitrogen use efficiency in industrial livestock of Ukraine

The current state of nitrogen flows in the process of industrial production of livestock products at the level of the administrative regions of Ukraine has been investigated, namely input of nitrogen with animal feeds, nitrogen deposition in milk, meat and eggs, nitrogen release from manure and nitrogen emission with ammonia. It was found that in 2016, the largest amount of N animal feeds — 45% came on feeding of cattle, 29% on feeding poultry and 26% on feeding pigs from total consumption of nitrogen from animal feeds in livestock. In 2016, 45.73 thousand tonnes of N/year were deposited as a part of livestock production, including poultry products — 22.51 thousand tonnes N /year, cattle breeding — 15.38 and swine breeding — 7.84 thousand tonnes N/year. It is estimated that 43.3 thousand tonnes of N/year has been output from the poultry litter in Ukraine, which is 41.8% of the nitrogen from animal feeds. It is established that 67.0 thousand tonnes of N/year (or 41.6% of nitrogen from animal feeds) was released from cattle manure and 27.4 thousand tonnes of N per year — from pig manure (or 30.0% of nitrogen from animal feeds). Taking into account the widespread in Ukraine systems of storage and use of manure in livestock enterprises of different specialization, it is established that the largest amount of ammonia is allocated per unit live weight gain of cattle — 150.1 kg NH3/t/year, per unit live weight gain of pigs — 26.0 kg NH3/t /year and for egg production — 55.8 kg NH3/t/year, and the least amount of ammonia is allocated from cattle milk production — 8.6 kg NH3/t /year and per unit live weight gain of poultry — 18.9 kg NH3/t/year. In Ukraine, in animal husbandry enterprises (2016), manure is the source of emissions of 63.1 thousand tons of ammonia or losses of 52.1 thousand tons of nitrogen, including in poultry farming — 39.2%, in animal husbandry — 36.9 and pig production — 23.9%. Depending on the species of farm animals, only 8.6–21.7% of the nitrogen of animal feeds is deposited in foods products, and the rest of the nitrogen is released as by-products into the environment. According to the literature, for comparison, the efficiency of nitrogen use in EU livestock is 21–27%. In recent years, there has been a trend in Ukraine of an intensive increase in the number of poultry, which has a higher rate of nutrient absorption from feeds in comparing with cattle or pigs

Enzyme Supplementation of Commercial Feed Diluted with Copra Meal for Growing Pullets

Two hundred 42 days old Shaver Star-cross pullets were subjected to five dietary treatments comprising of a commercial pullet feed alone and commercial pullet feed diluted with two levels of copra meal (CM) at two levels ( 200 and 300g/kg) with or without Challenzyme. Data were collected on growth performance (feed intake, weight gain and feed conversion ratio) for a period of 84 days (42-126 days). Results showed no significant difference between supplemented and control groups in growth performance across the dietary treatments at (P > 0.05). Cost of the kg feed was linearly reduced on the dilution diets but feed cost per unit live weight gain was not different among the treatments (P > 0.05). In conclusion, diluting commercial feed with CM up to 300g/kg does not compromise pullet performance during the growing period. These findings will reduce cost of pullet rearing and add value to copra meal in coconut producing regions. There is need for more research into higher rates of dilution, composition of basal diet, enzyme source and inclusion level.

The effective use of biologically active substance that belongs to hydrolyse class “Lysozyme G3” in the composition of pigs premix

This article presents the results of the effective use of biologically active substance that belongs to hydrolyse class “Lysozyme G3” in the composition of pigs premix. New premix that can balance the main grains in pigs feeding has been developed. The main grains are wheat, corn, barley. These compounds are included into pigs feeding ration and they are the main crops in the South of Ukraine. The effect of using this new premix that contains the enzyme preparation “Lysozyme G3” for fattening pigs was also investigated. The productive effect of enzyme preparation in the rations with the same nutritional value for fattening pigs and its effect on the nutrients digestibility were studied. Experimental research activities were conducted at the agricultural enterprise “Avangard-D” LLC, Ovidiopol District, Odessa Oblast. The changes in live weight, as well as gains of fattening pigs at the age of 4, 5, 6 and 7 months were studied in the scientific and economical experience. During the main period (120 days), the increase in pigs live weight was observed in all groups. Thus, in the control group, this indicator changed from 27.8 to 107 kg; in II experimental group – from 28.1 to 109.2; in III experimental group – from 28.0 to 111.7 kg. When removing animals from fattening, the difference in live weight between the III experimental and control groups was 4.4% and it was statistically significant (P &gt; 0.95). The average daily gains in piglets of II and III experimental groups significantly exceeded the indices of control one by 2.4% and 5.7%, respectively. The nutrients digestibility in animals of all experimental groups was studied to analyze more carefully. The analysis of digestibility indices in pigs rations during experiment (when pigs are fed with premix that contains biologically active substance Lysozyme G3), and its content in the ration indicated that nutrient digestibility indices had changed into the direction of increase. Feed consumption was calculated after analyzing these indices. Thus, the smallest feed consumption per unit of live weight gain was established in the third experimental group, where it was 3.2 feed units and was less in comparison with animals of the control group by 3.4%. During scientific and economical researches, blood samples were taken from animals of the first control group and the third experimental one for morphological and biochemical studies. It was found that the blood parameters of experimental animals during the entire period of fattening were within the physiological norm. The amount of protein in the blood indicates that animals of experimental group have higher growth rate by 10.9%. The economic indicators directly reflected above mentioned facts when the calculation of the economic part of the research were carried out. Thus, we got 1870.5 UAH from the first group, 1934.3 UAH from the second group, 1989.4 UAH from the third group, selling products from one head. Accordingly, the level of profitability of pork production was: in the first group (control) – 13.5; in the second (1 kg/ton of premix) – 16.5%; in the third (2 kg/ton of premix) – 19.8%.

Конструирование рекомбинантных продуцентов ферментных препаратов для кормопроизводства с помощью экспрессионной системы на основе гриба Penicillium verruculosum

Using the expression system based on the recipient strain Penicillium verruculosum 537 (ΔniaD) and promoter of the cellobiohydrolase 1 gene, producing strains were created. That made it possible to obtain new enzyme preparations (EP) for feed production, which are characterized by a high content of exodepolymerases (endo-β-l,4-glucanases and endo-β-l,4-xylanase), degrading non-starch polysaccharides (NSP) of grain cereals used in feed. The content of the endodepolymerases in new EP was 44-68% of the total protein content (compared with 15% in the case of the recipient strain), the content of exodepolymerases (cellobiohydrolases) fell to 8-26% compared to 60% in the case of the EP, obtained using recipient strain. New EP had high specific activity of endodepolymerases, which is 1.8-4.6 times higher than for the EP obtained with the recipient strain; the specific activity of exodepolymerases decreased in 2,0-3,7 times. New EP showed endoglucanase and xylanase activity in a wide range of pH and temperature, including the physiological value of these parameters (pH 3 and 7 and Г=37-38 °C); characterized by a high stability of endodepolymerases under the influence of digestive proteases (pepsin and trypsin), as well as the stability of ndodepolymerases under granulation conditions of animal feed (80 °C). The xylanase of the new EP was not inhibited by the inhibitors of cereal proteins. An experimental batch of new EP was manufactured by the enzyme-producing plant "Agroferment" and tested in broiler and pig feeding. The input of new commercial EP into broiler diets has had a positive impact on the safety of chickens, increasing their live weight and reducing feed cost. The supplementation of commercial EP into pig ration also led to positive results during feeding, contributed to the increase in the average daily growth of pig biomass, reduced feed consumption, protein and metabolic energy per unit of live weight gain, improved digestibility and assimilability of feed nutrients, especially of raw fiber and NSP. Feed enzyme preparation, xylanase, endoglucanase, non-starch polysaccharides, Penicillium verruculosum Funding-The work was done with the financial support of the Ministry of Science and Higher Education (State Task 0104-2019-0009).

Post-weaning and whole-of-life performance of pigs is determined by live weight at weaning and the complexity of the diet fed after weaning.

The production performance and financial outcomes associated with weaner diet complexity for pigs of different weight classes at weaning were examined in this experiment. A total of 720 weaner pigs (360 entire males and 360 females) were selected at weaning (27 ± 3 d) and allocated to pens of 10 based on individual weaning weight (light weaning weight: pigs below 6.5 kg; medium weaning weight: 6.5 to 8 kg; heavy weaning weight: above 8.5 kg). Pens were then allocated in a 3 × 2 × 2 factorial arrangement of treatments with the respective factors being weaning weight (heavy, medium and light; H, M and L, respectively), weaner diet complexity (high complexity/cost, HC; low complexity/cost, LC), and gender (male and female). Common diets were fed to both treatment groups during the final 4 weeks of the weaner period (a period of 39 days). In the first 6 d after weaning, pigs offered the HC diets gained weight faster and used feed more efficiently than those offered the LC diets (P = 0.031). Pigs fed a HC diet after weaning tended to be heavier at the sale live weight of 123 d of age compared with pigs fed the LC diet (P = 0.056). There were no other main effects of the feeding program on growth performance through to slaughter. Weaning weight had a profound influence on lifetime growth performance and weight at 123 d of age, with H pigs at weaning increasing their weight advantage over the M and L pigs (101.3, 97.1, 89.6 kg respectively, P < 0.001). Cost-benefit analyses suggested there was a minimal benefit in terms of cost per unit live weight gain over lifetime when pigs were offered a HC feeding program to L, with a lower feed cost/kg gain. The results from this investigation confirm the impact of weaning weight on lifetime growth performance, and suggest that a HC feeding program should be focused on L weaner pigs (i.e., weaning weight less than 6.5 kg at 27 d of age) in order to maximise financial returns.

Performance and carcass characteristics of Australian purebred and crossbred lambs supplemented with Rice Bran.

BackgroundThis study examined the effects of dietary supplementation with rice bran, sire breed and gender on live animal performance and carcass characteristics in Australian crossbred and purebred Merino lambs.MethodsForty-eight lambs balanced by sire breed (Dorset, White Suffolk, Merino) and gender (ewe, wether) were randomly allocated into three dietary supplementation groups (Control- 24 lambs fed wheat/barley-based pellets, Low- 12 animals fed a 50/50 ratio of wheat-based/rice bran pellets, and High- 12 lambs fed rice bran pellets). The Rice bran pellets replaced 19 % of the barley component of the feed. Animals were group-fed at the rate of 1000 g of the supplement per head per day with ad libitum access to lucerne hay as the basal diet and water. The duration of the feeding trial was 49 days with an initial 21-day adjustment period.ResultsSire breed differences were evident for initial (p < 0.0002) and final (p < 0.0016) liveweights, hot carcass (p < 0.0030) and cold carcass (p < 0.0031) weights, as well as dressing percentage (p < 0.0078), fat thickness (p < 0.0467), yield grade (p < 0.0470) and rib eye area (p < 0.0022) with purebred Merino under-performing compared to the crossbreds. Concentrate feed conversion efficiency, costs per unit of liveweight gain and over the hooks income were comparable between treatments regardless of the observed trend where the high supplementation group tended to show lower feed intake (745.8 g/day) compared to both the control (939.9 g/day) and low supplementation groups (909.6 g/day). No significant differences (p > 0.05) were observed between treatments for live animal performance, carcass characteristics, gender and their second-order interactions.ConclusionsResults indicate that Rice bran can be utilised as a cost-effective supplementary feed source in genetically divergent sheep over a 49-day feeding period without detrimental effects on overall live animal performance or carcass characteristics.

Traditional vs modern: role of breed type in determining enteric methane emissions from cattle grazing as part of contrasting grassland-based systems.

Ruminant livestock turn forages and poor-quality feeds into human edible products, but enteric methane (CH4) emissions from ruminants are a significant contributor to greenhouse gases (GHGs) and hence to climate change. Despite the predominance of pasture-based beef production systems in many parts of Europe there are little data available regarding enteric CH4 emissions from free-ranging grazing cattle. It is possible that differences in physiology or behaviour could influence comparative emissions intensities for traditional and modern breed types depending on the nutritional characteristics of the herbage grazed. This study investigated the role of breed type in influencing CH4 emissions from growing beef steers managed on contrasting grasslands typical of intensive (lowland) and extensive (upland) production systems. Using the SF6 dilution technique CH4 emissions were estimated for a modern, fast-growing crossbred (Limousin cross) and a smaller and hardier native breed (Welsh Black) when grazing lowland perennial ryegrass (high nutritional density, low sward heterogeneity) and semi-improved upland pasture (low/medium nutritional density, high sward heterogeneity). Live-weight gain was substantially lower for steers on the upland system compared to the lowland system (0.31 vs. 1.04 kg d−1; s.e.d. = 0.085 kg d−1; P<0.001), leading to significant differences in estimated dry matter intakes (8.0 vs. 11.1 kg DM d−1 for upland and lowland respectively; s.e.d. = 0.68 kg DM d−1; P<0.001). While emissions per unit feed intake were similar for the lowland and upland systems, CH4 emissions per unit of live-weight gain (LWG) were substantially higher when the steers grazed the poorer quality hill pasture (760 vs 214 g kg−1 LWG; s.e.d. = 133.5 g kg−1 LWG; P<0.001). Overall any effects of breed type were relatively small relative to the combined influence of pasture type and location.