Unit Cohesion Research Articles

Parametric Study of Rainfall-Induced Instability in Fine-Grained Sandy Soil

This study investigates the stability of fine-grained sandy soil slopes under varying rainfall intensities, durations, and geotechnical properties using a parametric analysis within GeoStudio. A total of 4416 unique parameter combinations were analyzed, incorporating variations in unit weight, cohesion, friction angle, slope inclination, slope height, rainfall intensity, and duration. Results reveal that rainfall intensity is the most influential variable on the factor of safety (FS), with higher intensities (e.g., 360 mm/h) on steeper slopes (e.g., 45°) leading to critical FS values below 1, indicating an imminent risk of failure. Under moderate conditions (e.g., 9 mm/h rainfall on slopes of 26.6°), the FS remains above 2. This dataset provides a valuable foundation for training machine learning models to predict slope stability under diverse environmental conditions, contributing to the development of early warning systems for rainfall-induced landslides.

The Impact of Relationships Within Combat Units on Post-Deployment Suicide Risk

Multiple deployment factors may affect suicidality in combat veterans. The relationships between combat deployments and suicidality are complex and not completely understood. Studies of stress in the military and psychological effects of military actions are mostly focused on stressors relating to combat operations. However, many studies suggest that interactions within combat units affect post-deployment psychiatric conditions, suicidal ideation, and behavior. The goal of this article is to review and discuss how relationships within combat units may influence post-deployment suicide risk. Studies of the relationships within combat units are generally focused on two aspects: unit cohesion and harassment/abuse. Considerable evidence suggests that service members who report strong unit cohesion have a lower risk of post-deployment psychiatric disorders and suicidal behavior. Studies examining deployment sexual and non-sexual harassment and abuse have found that combat veterans who experience harassment and abuse during deployment are at heightened post-deployment suicide risk. Sound post-deployment social support and the efficient treatment of psychiatric disorders may mitigate the suicide risk associated with adverse relationships within combat units. Improvements in units’ cohesion and the prevention of harassment/abuse during a military deployment are necessary to reduce post-deployment psychiatric pathology, including suicidal behavior.

SIMULATION OF DISPOSAL SLOPE DESIGN USING THE SPENCER METHOD IN THE SOFT MATERIAL AREA OF PT XYZ, BERAU, EAST KALIMANTAN

PT XYZ is a coal mining company utilizing an open-pit mining system, currently serving as the subject of this research. Every mining activity requires a disposal area to place the residual materials covering the mineral deposits. This study aims to analyze the disposal slope's stability in accordance with KEPMEN ESDM No.1827 Tahun 2018. The slope design simulations were conducted using limiting variables, like the bench angle of 35°, bench heights of 5 meters and 10 meters, and bench widths of 10 meters, 20 meters, and 30 meters. Input data comprised material properties such as unit weight, cohesion, and internal friction angle for materials including soft clay, dense clay, bund wall, and waste. The data was obtained by tests on basic physical properties and triaxial compression tests. The conditions assumed the slope was saturated groundwater level while considering the earthquake coefficient. This research employed the Spencer method for slope stability analysis, resulting in a safe and volumetrically efficient slope design with bench angle angle of 35°, bench heights of 5 meters, and bench widths of 30 meters with the safety factor 1,11.

Mineralogical and Engineering Properties of Soils Derived from In Situ Weathering of Tuff in Central Java, Indonesia

This paper presents the results of borehole investigations and laboratory tests carried out to characterize the soils derived from in situ weathering of tuff in Central Java, Indonesia. The 70 m thick weathering profile of the Quaternary tuff consisted of residual soil and completely to highly decomposed rocks. The relatively low dry unit weight and cohesion but high water content, porosity, plastic and liquid limits, and angle of internal friction of the soils in the present study were related to the dominance of halloysite clay minerals. The established relationships to predict soil shear strength parameters from the soil plasticity index and standard penetration test (SPT) N-values were examined, and linear and non-linear relationships for soils derived from in situ weathering of tuff were proposed.

Основные направления оптимизации конфликтности управленческой среды в воинских коллективах технологиями социального регулирования

The article investigates methods for optimizing conflict management within the administrative environment of military units through social regulation technologies. It analyzes the specific features of such units, including their hierarchical structure, discipline, and the diversity of social, cultural, and educational groups. Various types of social regulation technologies are examined, including normative, realistic, and idealistic approaches, their roles in conflict resolution, and their impact on the manageability and cohesion of military units. The theoretical part examines the causes of conflicts, such as unreasonable managerial decisions, violation of social justice, excessive guardianship of superiors and insufficient prestige of command positions. The article emphasizes the importance of integrating theoretical knowledge and practical skills in conflict management to enhance the combat readiness and effectiveness of units. It also highlights the need for the systematization and dissemination of best practices in conflict resolution within military units.

Unit Support Moderates the Association Between Institutional Betrayal and Military Women’s Use of Minimization After Sexual Assault

We examined whether institutional betrayal would be associated with minimization, or the tendency to downplay sexual assault. We then examined whether unit support and years in the military moderated the association between institutional betrayal from sexual assault and minimization associated with sexual assault among 158 (M = 32.54 years; SD = 8.53) military women. All participants endorsed sexual assault while in the military with a mean of 7.29 years (SD = 7.94) since their most distressing sexual assault experience. Institutional betrayal was negatively and significantly associated with minimization. Unit support significantly moderated the association between institutional betrayal attributed to sexual assault during the military and minimization of sexual assault. Specifically, at high levels of unit support the relationship between institutional betrayal and minimization was positive, whereas when unit support was low, this relationship was negative. Years of military service did not moderate the association between institutional betrayal and minimization. Military women who report high unit support may minimize sexual assault to continue to serve in the military and maintain unit cohesion and readiness.

Assessing the psychometric properties of the Army STARRS’ vertical unit cohesion scale: A large-scale, longitudinal study

ABSTRACT Unit cohesion is the extent to which military service members feel committed to and supported by their military unit or, conversely, feel overlooked, neglected, and/or alienated. Unit cohesion reflects an important aspect of military social support and can act as a protective factor against mental health challenges, particularly in challenging situations. Theoretical suppositions and emerging evidence suggest that different types of unit support, specifically, vertical unit cohesion and horizontal unit cohesion, uniquely matter for service member well-being. Vertical unit cohesion (support from leaders in the unit and other higher-ranking positions) may be of universal importance to service members with implications for career progression and personal wellbeing, while horizontal unit cohesion (support from fellow unit members and peers) may be of importance under certain circumstances. Informed by the psychometric theory of scale development and validation, the dimensionality of unit cohesion theory, and the need for brief, sound measurement tools, this study first examined the psychometric properties of the Army STARRS four-item Vertical Unit Cohesion Scale in a longitudinal analysis with a large, diverse sample of Soldiers from the Pre/Post Deployment Study component of the Army STARRS dataset (N = 10,116). Then, exploratory analyses were conducted to examine the properties of the Horizontal Unit Cohesion Scale and understand the relationship between vertical and horizontal unit cohesion. Strong evidence for the Vertical Unit Cohesion Scale’s psychometric soundness was established regarding factor structure, measurement invariance overtime, and construct validity. Conversely, preliminary evidence suggests that the three-item measure of Horizontal Unit Cohesion should be used with caution. Implications for researchers and military leadership are provided.

Recruit Profiles Across the U.S. Armed Forces: Implications for Increasing Gender Integration in Recruit Training.

This article uses recent survey data from a study on gender integration at recruit training across the U.S. Armed Forces to examine service, gender, and training differences in recruit's gender attitudes, beliefs, and cohesion metrics. In addition to providing a descriptive understanding of our recruit sample, this article examines factors germane to gender integration at recruit training such as gender attitudes, sexist beliefs, and unit cohesion. This article uses data from a survey of U.S. Marine Corps (USMC), U.S. Army, U.S. Air Force, U.S. Navy, and U.S. Coast Guard recruits as part of a USMC-commissioned study to develop alternate models and recommendations for increasing gender integration in USMC recruit training. At all sites but the USMC, recruits completed the survey 1 to 2 weeks before graduation. At the Marine Corps Recruit Depots, recruits participated in the survey at the beginning (week 2) and end (week 11) of their 13-week training cycle. A 19-question survey captured sociodemographic information, perspectives and experiences during recruit training, and gender attitudes and beliefs. Analyses were conducted on the sample with complete data on the measures reported, including those USMC recruits observed at both week 2 and week 11 (n = 629). Descriptive statistics (percentage) were calculated for all categorical outcome variables. Outcome variables (cohesion, gender, and sexism attitudes) were compared between groups using chi-squared tests or Fisher's exact tests, as appropriate. Recruits differed significantly across services in perceptions of unit cohesion on 3 of the 4 indicators: Platoon members are cooperative, know they can depend on each other, and really respect each other (P < .05). These differences appear to be driven by female recruit difference across service. They reported significant differences in gender role attitudes across the services, with USMC recruits being most likely to endorse traditional gender roles compared to other service recruits. Male USMC recruits were significantly more likely than their female peers to agree that men should achieve outside the home and women should take care of the home and family (21.3% versus 6.3%, P < .05). The only statistical differences in attitudes about equality of treatment and opportunity among recruits were between male and female USMC recruits. All items capturing sexist attitudes elicited statistically significant differences between male USMC recruits and male recruits in other services (P < .05). There were significant differences in all sexism measures between male and female USMC recruits (P < .05). There is a significant decline in some sexist attitudes between weeks 2 and 11 of training among male USMC recruits (P < .05). Nearly one-half to three-fourths of male USMC recruits hold sexist attitudes, even near the end of recruit training. The disparate gender and sexism attitudes of male USMC recruits compared with their peers in other services, and their fellow female USMC recruits suggest efforts to increase gender integration at entry-level training are needed, but also may be challenging since male USMC recruits report the highest levels of sexist attitudes among all recruits.

Is unit cohesion a double-edged sword? A moderated mediation model of combat exposure, work stressors, and marital satisfaction

Guided by the stress process perspective, this study examined if combat exposure was indirectly associated with marital satisfaction through work performance stress. Additionally, we tested whether unit cohesion served as a moderator of this indirect effect. Data were drawn from 1,122 married Soldiers who participated in the All-Army Study component of the Army STARRS study, a probabilistic sample of Army Soldiers. Indicative of stress proliferation and spillover, our results showed that combat exposure may negatively impact marital satisfaction through work performance stress, but the pathways of this indirect effect varied as a function of unit cohesion. Consistent with the stress buffering hypothesis, unit cohesion buffered the positive association between combat exposure and work performance stress for Soldiers reporting higher levels unit cohesion, such that this association was no longer statistically significant. However, for Soldiers reporting higher levels of unit cohesion, the negative association between work performance stress and martial satisfaction was exacerbated but was not statistically significant for those reporting lower levels of unit cohesion. The results underscore the importance of understanding the contextual nature of relational resources within the stress process framework.

Cohesion, Combat Performance and Civil-Military Relations: Contextualizing “The Word of Command”

In 2006, Armed Forces &amp; Society published my article on small unit cohesion, “The Word of Command.” It has been the focus of considerable discussion since that time. This essay describes the origins and the purpose of that 2006 article, as an attempt to contribute to an emergent “practical” paradigm in the study of cohesion. Instead of focusing on interpersonal cohesion, my original article prioritized skill—task cohesion. This commentary argues that although the political implications of small unit cohesion was subordinate in 2006, that initial article—and my wider work on cohesion—speaks directly to a key theme in the journal: civil-military relations.

Deployment-related quarantining-a risk or resilience factor for German military service members? A prospective analysis during the third-fifth waves of COVID-19.

Mandatory deployment-related quarantining added further constraints on soldiers during the pandemic. Contrary to overwhelming research documenting an adverse impact of quarantining on mental health, no adverse short-term mental health effects of pre-deployment quarantining for German soldiers were identified. Therefore, we are interested in a potentially delayed onset, the impact of an additional post-deployment quarantine, and quarantine-associated risk and resilience factors predicting mental health post-deployment. In a prospective research design, 928 German soldiers enrolled in the study at the in-processing of pre-deployment quarantine between February 2021 and March 2022. Every German military service member undergoing pre-deployment quarantine could participate. The soldiers were between 18 and 64 years old; 87.5% identified as male and 12.5% as female. Self-reported mental health (Mini-SCL), perceived social support (FSozU-K22), and perceived unit cohesion were assessed three to five times: at the beginning and the end of pre-deployment quarantine (Nt1 = 928, Nt2 = 907), if still mandatory-at the beginning and the end of post-deployment quarantine (Nt3 = 143 and Nt4 = 132), and 3 months post-deployment, on average 7 to 8 months later than pre-deployment quarantine (Nt5 = 308). The analyzed quarantine-associated risk and resilience factors were informedness about COVID-19, infection risk, quarantine benefit, clarity of quarantine protocol, need for intimacy/bonding, norms, stigma, practicality, financial disadvantages, boredom, and health-promoting leadership. Despite four different mental health trajectories identified, repeated measures ANOVAs revealed a significant improvement in mental health post-deployment (F[2,265] = 21.54, p < 0.001), a small decrease in social support (F[2,266] = 16.85, p < 0.001), and no significant changes in unit cohesion (F[2,264] = 0.482, p = 0.618) 3 months post-deployment. Using stepwise regression, 24% of variance in mental health symptomatology post-deployment is predicted pre-deployment by a clear quarantine protocol, unit cohesion, intimacy/bonding, and social support (F[4,263] = 22.23, p < 0.001). In total, 30% of mental health at the end of post-deployment quarantine is predicted by stigma and a clear quarantine protocol (F[2,99] = 22.22, p < 0.001). Although no overall adverse impact of quarantining on mental health was found, it is recommended to address perceived stigma and clearly communicate the quarantine protocol, and to further follow up on the perceived decrease in social support.

Analysis of Soil Behavior by Constructing the Micro Pile

Micro piles are piles having a diameter of less than 300 millimeters. Due to small diameter piles, this may act as reinforcement in the soil. The deep foundation in places with limited access where it is impossible to utilize larger equipment, the micropile can also be deployed. Micro piles can provide tremendous support while reducing costs, environmental effects, and building vibrations. Micro piles have been widely used in a variety of engineering applications such as increasing bearing capacities, reducing settlements, underpinning, in situ soil reinforcing, seismic retrofitting, and foundation rehabilitation. The soil behavior was analyzed by using the Plaxis 2D software. The Saturated unit weight, unsaturated unit weight, friction angle, dilatancy angle, and cohesiveness are among the criteria taken into account when analyzing the behavior of the soil. The considered parameters were assigned to the software and the output will be the lateral displacement and stresses and also to know the cross-section. The micropiles Young’s modulus, diameter, and spacing are additional factors. The behavior of soil was observed by constructing the micropile.

US Soldiers' Individual andUnit-level Factors Associated with Perceptions ofDisinformation inthe Military Context.

Although the US Government considers threats of misinformation, disinformation, and mal-information to rise to the level of terrorism, little is known about service members' experiences with disinformation in the military context. We examined soldiers' perceptions of disinformation impact on the Army and their units. We also investigated associations between disinformation perceptions and soldiers' sociodemographic characteristics, reported use of fact-checking, and perceptions of unit cohesion and readiness. Active-duty soldiers (N = 19,465) across two large installations in the Southwest US completed an anonymous online survey. Sixty-six percent of soldiers agreed that disinformation has a negative impact on the Army. Thirty-three percent of soldiers perceived disinformation as a problem in their unit. Females were more likely to agree that disinformation has a negative impact on the Army and is a problem in their unit. Higher military rank was associated with lower odds of agreeing that disinformation is a problem in units. Most soldiers were confident about their ability to recognize disinformation (62%) and reported using fact-checking resources (53%), and these factors were most often endorsed by soldiers who agreed that disinformation is a problem for the Army and their unit. Soldiers' perceptions of unit cohesion and readiness were negatively associated with the perception that disinformation is a problem in their unit. While the majority of soldiers viewed disinformation as a problem across the Army, fewer perceived it as problematic within their units. Higher levels of reported fact-checking were most evident among those who perceived disinformation as a problem, suggesting that enhancing awareness of the problem of disinformation alone could help mitigate its deleterious impact. Perceptions of disinformation problems within units were associated with soldiers' perceptions of lower unit cohesion and readiness, highlighting misinformation, disinformation, and mal-information's impact on force readiness. Limitations and future directions are discussed.

Silver Lining Study: Missileer Fatigue Mitigation During 2020 Coronavirus Pandemic.

The U.S. Air Force's Intercontinental Ballistic Missile (ICBM) force stands ready to launch weapons 365 days per year. Since its inception, missileers vigilantly operate launch consoles on a 3-day cycle: minimum 24-hour alert-shift/24-hour travel-admin/24-hour off, leading to concerns that health, morale, and alertness are chronically impacted. In 2020, a Missileer Occupational Health Assessment (OHA) revealed 76% of respondents struggle with being rested for duty and 29% of respondents never feel adequately rested for duty. Later that year, 20th Air Force initiated long-duration operations to safeguard from the SARS CoV-2 (COVID-19) Pandemic, resulting in increased operations tempo, and exacerbating crew fatigue.341st Operations Group and 341st Medical Group at Malmstrom Air Force Base enacted interventions to mitigate crew fatigue and support continued readiness during pandemic operations. They recorded, analyzed, and compiled findings in this report, including recommendations for long-term ICBM operations at Missile Wings. All participants were Nuclear and Missile Operations Officers, or missileers, were continuously evaluated with qualitative and quantitative measures to ensure safety of the force during a period of unprecedented change. Interventions implemented and evaluated during the 9-month period included: environmental modifications, scheduling changes, and crew education on fatigue management, nutrition, anticipatory sleep preparation, and fitness. Most notably, the 341st Operations Group examined various 3-person and 4-person shift-length and alert duration schedules. Psychomotor vigilance testing results validated safety of operators and delta between pre- and post-shift measurements. Crew force readiness trends were analyzed for force-health awareness. Pre- and post-OHA results were compared for subjective changes. Fatigue and health-related outcomes were collected from a safety monitoring effort during standard and COVID-19 operations at 341st Missile Wing. Findings from qualitative and quantitative data indicate the optimal schedule is a 3-week cycle:7-day alert/7-day recovery/7-day training-administrative utilizing 4-member or 3-member crews for low tempo operations. Crews experimented with shift-lengths of 24hrs-on/24hrs-off, 16hrs-on/8hrs-off, and 12hrs-on/12hrs-off. Maximum safe alert duration is 7 days due to task fatigue onset between 8 and 10 days. Short and long duration Duties Not to Include Flight (DNIF) (also known as Duties Not to Include Alert (DNIA) among missileers) rates decreased from the first to last month of the period by 74.6% and 79.2%, respectively. The number of alerts missed per month decreased 86% from baseline. The 2021 OHA found a 7% decline in members seeking separation, and absence of sleep, fatigue, and physical or mental health as missileer concerns. This analysis has identified a sustainable alert rotation of 7/7/7 with emphasis on protected recovery and training time and has been continued after concluding pandemic operations, creating consistent schedule stability where there once was none. If executed properly, this alert rotation, regardless of shift-length selected, has potential to improve trust between crews and leadership, provides adequate recovery time between alerts to maintain health, and improves wellness, family stability, morale, unit cohesion, and crew force retention. Notably, all Air Force Global Strike Missile Operations Groups adjusted scheduling practices to align with these findings.

Psychological and spiritual factors affecting well-being among military personnel engaged in remote combat.

Remotely piloted aircraft (RPA) require multiple crewmembers to successfully operate the aircraft. RPAs shape modern warfare and pose challenges for the spiritual-emotional health of RPA personnel. This study explored whether (a) RPA crewmembers could be separated into groups based on their experiences, (b) the groups differed in psychological health outcomes, and (c) they differed in aspects of spiritual well-being. Participants included 354 United States Air Force personnel involved in RPA duty. Participants provided demographic information and completed the Work Role Strain Scale as a predictor. Outcome measures included job satisfaction, the Maslach Burnout Inventory, Outcome Questionnaire-45.2, Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Checklist for Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th edition (DSM-5), and medical complaints and psychosocial services indices. The Spiritual Well-Being Scale and Unit Cohesion Scale were assessed as moderating factors. Cluster analysis identified two groups of crewmembers. Psychologically healthy participants included 73.4% of crewmembers (n = 260); the remaining 26.6% (n = 94) were distressed. The distressed group included more imagery analysts, weapon-strike pilots, and females, and fewer sensor operators and males compared with the healthy group. Symptoms among the distressed group included more psychological difficulties and PTSD symptoms, more medical complaints, and greater use of psychosocial services. The distressed group reported greater work-role conflict, role ambiguity, work overload, relationship stress, emotional exhaustion, and cynicism as well as lower job satisfaction, unit cohesion, professional efficacy, and existential well-being. The strongest predictors of distress were lack of meaning and feeling overextended at work. Emotional exhaustion and low existential well-being identified distressed crewmembers. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).

Gender Microaggressions That Target Women in the U.S. Military: Examining Links with Depression and the Moderating Role of Rank and Coping

In this study, we examined active-duty women's experiences with gender microaggressions in the U.S. military and their associations with depressive symptoms. We also tested if rank and coping strategies would moderate the link between gender microaggressions and depressive symptoms. Participants comprised 682 self-identified women from the U.S. Air Force, Army, and Navy. Results from an online survey indicated that active-duty women's experiences with gender microaggressions were positively and significantly associated with their scores on a measure of depressive symptoms. Military rank moderated this association but coping strategies did not. Specifically, among those in lower military ranks (i.e., enlisted service members) we found a stronger association between gender microaggressions and depressive symptoms, whereas higher rank (i.e., officers) served as a buffer. Our results suggest that clinicians should be aware of the potential effects of gender microaggressions on active-duty women's mental health, especially among enlisted women. Commanding officers and military policymakers should consider potential implications of gender microaggressions on unit cohesion, unit performance, and mission effectiveness.

Serving with Transgender Service Members

Several studies focusing on public attitudes toward transgender people have been conducted, but there has been minimal research on how heteronormativity might influence military-affiliated respondents’ attitudes toward transgender service members. In this qualitative study, seven United States veterans participated in phone interviews from July 2020 to January 2021, in which they shared their thoughts about working with transgender service members. Findings also included their opinions regarding transgender service as it relates to unit cohesion, military effectiveness, and national security. Overall, this study uniquely contributes to the scholarly literature by providing a firsthand account of transgender military service from the service members themselves. The findings also lay the groundwork for future and more extensive studies related to the current integration of transgender service members as they workalongside their cisgender colleagues.

Identifying factors related to stigma toward psychiatric illness and mental health services and attitudes of help-seeking among Japan Ground Self-Defense Force members

The stigma that military personnel feel toward mental illness and mental healthcare hinders their access to mental health services. Stigma is influenced by culture—specifically, that held by military personnel is closely related to military culture. To our knowledge, this is the first large-scale investigation aimed at identifying the factors, including demographic factors and elements of military culture, related to stigma among members of the Japan Ground Self-Defense Force. An anonymous questionnaire was administered to 4754 members. The questionnaire included items regarding demographic factors, history of psychiatric visits, military rank, overseas deployment experience, disaster relief experience, supervisor leadership, unit cohesion, general psychological distress, stigma toward perceived mental illness, and attitudes toward help-seeking. Multiple regression analysis was used to identify the various factors related to stigma. Responses were obtained from 4305 (90.5%) participants, among which 3723 (78.3%) were valid. Multiple regression analyses revealed that a variety of factors including age, psychiatric consultation, leadership, and cohesiveness were markedly associated with stigma and attitudes toward help-seeking. This study revealed that various factors including demographic factors and military culture factors such as supervisor leadership and unit cohesion are related to stigma and attitudes toward mental health services among Japan Ground Self-Defense Force personnel. Further studies are needed to examine the results in depth.

Who Supports the Troops? Social Support Domains and Sources in Active Duty Army Networks

Social support is a critical determinant of military service members’ mental and behavioral health outcomes, but few studies have investigated social support types and sources in the mixed family and military social networks in which service members are embedded. We applied multilevel logistic regression modeling to investigate links between active-duty Army Soldiers’ individual demographic and military characteristics, relational characteristics, and social support outcomes, in sample of 241 active-duty U.S. Army personnel. Results showed that participants who rated unit cohesion higher were more likely to report receiving informational, emotional, and mental health help-seeking support. Participants were more likely to receive informational, emotional, and help-seeking support from a romantic partner or deployment buddy than a relative and less likely to receive help-seeking support from males than females. Findings highlight the critical importance of both unit level and external relationships in meeting Soldiers’ social support needs.

Burnout in Academic Medicine: A Peripandemic Assessment

The impact of burnout on academic medicine has affected its 3 major missions-education, patient care, and research-in ways both similar to and dissimilar from the community practice of medicine. The authors have assessed major themes in the literature regarding burnout in health care professionals in academic medicine in the peripandemic periods-pre-, intra-, and postpandemic-to gain information on the impact of the pandemic on these perspectives. Additionally, burnout in military physicians, particularly in the military medicine academic community, was assessed to provide comparative perspectives on the factors of military training, personal resiliency, and unit cohesiveness on the development of, or resistance to, professional burnout. Overall, there are data to indicate an aggravation of burnout during the pandemic, but currently no long-term data to indicate a persistence of its effects over time on health care professionals beyond baseline prevalence identified prepandemic. Based on the assessments, recommendations are provided for future research, including clarification and standardization of the concepts of burnout, developing longitudinal studies on health care practitioner burnout status with preventive and/or mitigating interventions, and the special protection of certain professionals, including female physicians, physicians in training, and early-career faculty, including nonclinical researchers.