Unit 1A Research Articles

Robust cooperative of cadmium sulfide with highly ordered hollow microstructure coordination polymers for regulating the photocatalytic performance

Accurately controlling and achieving selective reactivity at difficult-to-access reaction sites in organic molecules is challenging owing to the similar local and electronic environments of multiple reaction sites. In this work, we regulated multiple reaction sites in a highly selective and active manner using cobalt coordination polymers (Co-CP) 1 and 1a with various particle sizes and morphologies ranging from large granular to ordered hollow hemispheres by introducing sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) as a surfactant. The size and morphology of the catalysts could be tuned by controlling the amount of SDS. An SDS concentration of 0.03 mmol generated 1a having a highly ordered hollow hemispherical microstructure with a well-defined platform as a pre-made building unit. Cadmium sulfide (CdS), as a typical photocatalyst, was subsequently uniformly anchored in-situ on the premade building unit 1a to produce CdS@1a composites, that inherited the originally ordered hollow hemispherical microstructure while integrating CdS as well-dispersed catalytic active sites. Furthermore, the well-established CdS@1a composites were used as photocatalysts in selective oxidation reactions under air atmosphere with blue irradiation. The CdS0.109@1a composite with unique structural characteristics, including uniformly distributed and easily accessible catalytic sites and excellent photoelectrochemical performance, served as a highly efficient heterogeneous photocatalyst for promoting the selective oxidation of sulfides to sulfoxides as the sole products. This work presents an approach for fabricating CPs as premade building units that function as well-defined platforms for integration with photocatalysts, enabling tuning of the structure-selectivity-activity relationships.

Shallow Subsurface Sediment Characteristics of Northern Obira Coastal Based on Georadar Facies Interpretation

The Georadar (GPR) as a non-destructive technique has been used extensively for geological research. The study was conducted in order to identify coastal sediment characteristics of northern Obi coastal area by performing GPR radar facies analysis. The model of GPR used was Sirveyor 20 with MLF antenna frequency 40 Mhz, penetration depth was 10 meter, and Radan 5 as processing software which include time zero correction, spatial filtering, deconvolution, migration, adjustment amplitude and signal gain. Data interpretation describes georadar image/radargram based on radar facies methodology. The result showed three differences of radar facies unit. The radar facies unit can be divided into 2 facies units in which there are 2 other sub-units, namely unit 1A, 1B, 2A and 2B. Radar facies characterized by medium-high amplitude, continuous parallel-subparallel, medium-weak reflector. At the top part down to 3.75 m is Unit 1A that intersects with 1B. Below 3.75 – 7.75 m depth interval is Unit 2A, and unit 2B is from 7.75-10 meter depth interval. Unit 1 is interpreted as Quartenary alluvium (Qa) and unit B is Woi Formation (Tmpw). Radar facies characteristic indicated the differences of the geological unit.

Chiral Cobalt(II) Complex Catalyzed Asymmetric [2,3]-Sigmatropic Rearrangement of Allylic Selenides with α-Diazo Pyrazoleamides

Organoselenium compounds, due to their high structural diversity, special function, and biological activities, have drawn attention in synthetic chemistry. Herein, a novel example of chiral N,N′-di...

Superstability and Solution of The Pexiderized Trigonometric Functional Equation

The present work continues the study for the superstability and solution of the Pexider type functional equation , which is the mixed functional equation represented by sum of the sine, cosine, tangent, hyperbolic trigonometric, and exponential functions. The stability of the cosine (d'Alembert) functional equation and the Wilson equation was researched by many authors: Baker [7], Badora [5], Kannappan [14], Kim ([16, 19]), and Fassi, etc [11]. The stability of the sine type equations was researched by Cholewa [10], Kim ([18], [20]). The stability of the difference type equation for the above equation was studied by Kim ([21], [22]). In this paper, we investigate the superstability of the sine functional equation and the Wilson equation from the Pexider type difference functional equation , which is the mixed equation represented by the sine, cosine, tangent, hyperbolic trigonometric functions, and exponential functions. Also, we obtain additionally that the Wilson equation and the cosine functional eqaution in the obtained results can be represented by the composition of a homomorphism. In here, the domain (G; +) of functions is a noncommutative semigroup (or 2-divisible Abelian group), and A is an unital commutative normed algebra with unit 1A. The obtained results can be applied and expanded to the stability for the difference type's functional equation which consists of the (hyperbolic) secant, cosecant, logarithmic functions.

Stratigraphical and morphological aspects of the northern Marmara shelf based on seismic data

Recent sedimentation and Plio-Quaternary stratigraphy of northern Marmara shelf has been investigated by high-resolution seismic datasets. Seismic data indicate that a thin cover of Plio-Quaternary unit (termed Unit 1) overlies the Miocene/Oligocene age older sediments (termed Unit 2). The erosional surface between Unit 1 and Unit 2 is the regional unconformity for the shelf formed during the last sea level low stand. Unit 1 is subdivided into two sub-units as Unit 1a for Holocene deposits accumulated after the last glacial maximum (LGM) and Unit 1b for fluvial sediments deposited during the last low stand of the Marmara Sea. The thickness of the Holocene sediments is maximum at SW of Bosphorus outlet, in the Büyükçekmece Bay and along the coastal area between Silivri and Büyükçekmece reaching approximately 32 m. Mean sedimentation rate of the entire northern shelf is calculated as 0.4 m/1000 yr for the last 12,000 yr based on the Holocene sediment thickness. There are four depressions in the western part of the shelf, which correspond to palaeolakes during the LGM filled by Plio-Quaternary sediments. Transition from lacustrine to marine conditions in the palaeolakes occurred when the Marmara Sea level exceeded −62 m threshold depth during the sea level rise following the LGM at approximately 12,500–13,000 yr before present (BP).

Holocene coastal changes along the Gironde estuary (SW France): new insights from the North Médoc peninsula beach/dune system

L’Amelie beach is located near the mouth of the Gironde estuary (south-western Atlantic coast of France). It has been greatly eroded by recent storms, especially in the winter of 2013-2014. Erosion of the dune front and beach has uncovered a set of estuarine and aeolian sediment deposits containing numerous archaeological remains. A campaign of topographic surveys was undertaken with DGPS and TLS equipment during the springs of 2014 and 2015 along the 2 km length of L’Amelie beach in order to reconstruct the elevation and stratigraphy of these deposits. Sedimentological analyses (grain size, micro-faunal) were performed to better constrain the depositional environment. Archaeological remains and several radiocarbon dates obtained from sediment samples collected in the field were used to propose a consistent chronological framework for this sedimentary sequence. Ten main lithofacies were distinguished from the lower part of the beach to the top of the dune. The base of the sedimentary sequence is composed of Pleistocene deposits dating from MIS 9 (unit 1a) to MIS 2 (unit 1b) (Bosq et al., 2019). The Holocene sedimentary infilling began around 5000 BC with an accumulation of coarse marine sands, which suggests the presence of a tidal inlet. On both sides of this tidal channel, archaeological remains dating from the early Neolithic period up to the Bronze Age testify to a human occupation of the coastal area. From ca. 5000 to ca. 3500 cal. a BP, a characteristic deposit of intertidal mudflats indicates the transformation of the tidal inlet into estuarine marshes protected by a coastal dune barrier. Between ca. 3500 and ca. 3000 cal. a BP, the dune barrier records a phase of erosion resulting in the exposure of the marsh to stronger hydrodynamic conditions. From ca. 2800 to 1650 cal. a BP, a second phase of estuarine sedimentation is recognized. This period is characterized by significant human occupation as indicated by the presence of numerous archaeological remains of the Iron Age and Gallo-Roman periods, associated with the exploitation of a saltwater-to-brackish environment. From 1650 to 1250 cal. a BP, the estuarine salt marsh is gradually overrun by northward migrating coastal-dune fields. After 1250 cal. a BP, the marsh is completely covered by aeolian sands. These results are consistent with previously published data and allow us to detail the local sequence of palaeogeographic changes of the north-Medoc peninsula. Using the ‘sea-level index points’ method (Hijma et al., 2015), the analysis of radiocarbon dated levels also provides new relative sea level records for this part of the French Atlantic coast. Finally, the phases of coastal dune activity/stability recognized along L’Amelie beach are synchronous with those in the wider Aquitaine coastal region, suggesting a regional driving factor. We propose that the shared sedimentary dynamics are the consequence of the onshore migration of intertidal and subtidal sand banks distributed at the mouth of the Gironde.

Deepwater sedimentation and Cenozoic deformation in the Southern New Caledonia Trough (Northern Zealandia, SW Pacific)

Abstract The New Caledonia Trough (NCT) is a 2000–3000 m deep bathymetric feature that extends 2500 km from Taranaki, New Zealand, to the western margin of New Caledonia (Northern Zealandia, SW Pacific). The underlying sedimentary basin originates from Cretaceous extension, but underwent a significant Eocene tectonic event that shaped its present physiography. We present an analysis of the basin based on multibeam data, seismic profiles and rock samples collected on the TAN1312 and TAN1409 Expeditions onboard R/V Tangaroa, combined with legacy data. We focus on the southern part of the basin, where new data reveal a link between compressive deformation of Paleocene strata and their potential reworking into the basin. On the western basin side, Upper Cretaceous to Paleocene strata were deformed by local reverse faults and folds that created a sub-circular bathymetric ridge and seabed exposure. This folded unit (seismic Unit 2) is sharply overlain by a restricted interval imaged as chaotic high-amplitude reflections that are interpreted as syntectonic mass-transport deposits due to slope oversteepening (seismic Unit 1b). This unit is stratigraphically below the main basin onlap surface and seismic mapping revealed that it rapidly thins away from the mouth of a present day submarine canyon imaged on the western slope of the basin, and that is diverted by exposures of Unit 2 deformed strata. Deformed and syntectonic intervals are in turn overlain by a flat-lying unit (seismic Unit 1a) we interpret as reflecting a passive basin fill. Our new data provide insight into an extensive deep-water basin that is remote from terrigenous sediment sources, and new constraints on its Cenozoic tectonic history. Stratigraphic ages are constrained by seismic ties to Taranaki basin petroleum wells and biostratigraphic dating of dredged samples. This specific site has particular significance for understanding tectonic events in the southwest Pacific. Indeed, our observations show that deformation is younger than the Paleocene and is envisaged to be a local expression of a widespread Cenozoic compressive event (called “TECTA”, Tectonic Event of the Cenozoic in the Tasman Area), which affected the region after the Mesozoic rifting. On a regional perspective, this study provides new insights on the evolution of the submerged Zealandia continent and associated geodynamic processes such as Gondwana break-up and initiation of the Tonga-Kermadec subduction.

Design and synthesis of efficient blue thermally activated delayed fluorescence molecules bearing triarylborane and 10,10-dimethyl-5,10-dihydrophenazasiline moieties

With the aim of tuning and generating blue emission from boron-based thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) molecules, new luminescent molecules having an electron-donating 10,10-dimethyl-5,10-dihydrophenazasiline unit and an electron-accepting 10H-phenoxaborin unit (1a) or dimesitylborane unit (1b) were designed and synthesized. Compounds 1a and 1b in toluene solution showed deep blue and pure blue emissions at 296K. The investigation of the photoluminescence properties revealed that the molecules possessed intramolecular charge transfer and TADF characteristics. Compounds 1a and 1b also exhibited high photoluminescence quantum yields of 81%.

SIFAT FISIKA KIMIA TANAH ORDO VERTISOL PADA PENGGUNAAN LAHAN PERTANIAN

This research aims to know the physical and chemical properties of Ordo Vertisol soil in agriculture land used (paddy fields, dry fields, and farms). This research uses survey method that is implemented in the field and laboratory. Samples were obtained by overlaying two maps using Arc-GIS 10.1 software to produce the Land Unit Map, then the sample was taken by using purposive sampling method which consider the land was planted and has decreased of harvested area, or in productivity or the amount of crop production. Descriptive analysis is used to explain the results of the research and the discussion. The results showed that each land unit has high value of COLE and has properties that are supportive and unsupportive for the cultivation of plants, but each land unit has its differences. Land Unit 1A has the highest/fastest permeability because management is done more intensively, by constantly adding organic matter content that makes the soil density low. Land Unit 1B has higher organic matter because when taking the sample, there is still a part of crop residues and grasses on the surface than any other land units. The land management and irrigation also affect the content of organic matter in terms of its preservation. The lowest CEC contained in Land Unit 2 is caused by the content of the clay fraction is lower than other land units. Low organic matter content in Land Unit 2 also affect the low value of CEC, and the density becomes higher. The permeability in Land Unit 2 is also slower because of no management activities in this land. Land Unit 3A has the lowest pH due to the given of ZA which produces Acid Sulphur on the land. Land Unit 3B have the highest CEC values for the content of the clay fraction is higher and the Montmorillonite mineral on this land has a per- manent charge. Organic materials in Land Unit 3B is also the lowest since the land is left empty before planted with soybeans. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.17977/um017v21i12016p001

A new Cambrian black pigment used during the late Middle Palaeolithic discovered at Scladina Cave (Andenne, Belgium)

Sedimentary Unit 1A at Scladina Cave, Belgium has yielded archaeological material from a Middle Palaeolithic occupation dating to between 40,210 + 400/−350 BP and 37,300 + 370/−320 BP. Fifty-one fragments of a black, friable rock with a black streak were found in association with 194 burned bone fragments and several thousand lithic artefacts. This black material is interpreted as a pigment brought to the site by Neandertals.The pigment was analysed by petrography, XRD, Raman microspectroscopy, and other geochemical methods. It was identified as a highly siliceous graphitic siltstone. This is a very unique discovery, as European archaeological research has so far only recorded black pigments comprised of manganese oxides from the Middle Palaeolithic. Raman microspectroscopy is a non-destructive method able to distinguish the attributes of black siliceous materials that originate from different tectono-sedimentary contexts. By measuring the degree of alteration of the carbonaceous material, this method allowed for the determination of its geographical and geological origins: a Cambrian formation of very limited extent located near Ottignies, about 40 kilometres north-west of Scladina Cave. The absence of a drainage network connecting the two locations eliminates the possibility of natural transport, and supports its anthropogenic origin.

Absolute structure of shoreaketone: a rotational isomeric resveratrol tetramer in Dipterocarpaceaeous plants

A rotational isomeric shoreaketone (1), identified as a skeletal member of resveratrol tetramers, was isolated from three species of Dipterocarpaceaeous plants: Shorea uliginosa, Shorea hemsleyana, and Vateria indica. The structure was elucidated by spectroscopic analysis including NMR experiments and their absolute configurations determined based on circular dichroism data. Shoreaketone has 10 asymmetric carbons and a framework of fused heptacyclic ring system including a spiro ring and an α,β-unsaturated carbonyl group that has not been reported in any other natural product. NMR experiments using shoreaketone indicate the presence of two conformers due to restricted rotation of a C–C bond in solution. The complex stereochemistry is due to its skeleton, 10 asymmetric carbons, and a chiral axis. The conformations of rotational isomeric stilbenoid were studied by variable-temperature NMR, ROESY, a skeletal conversion. The coexistence of two conformers for shoreaketone (1) was confirmed to be 1a and 1b, in which the diaryl-dihydrobenzofuran moiety (unit 1B) is extended below or above the plane of the cyclopentane ring (unit 1A), respectively.

Dihydropyrene annelated with dihydrothieno[3.4-b]pyrazine: synthesis and photoswitching property

Abstract In this study, 9,10-diacetoxyl-2,7-di- tert -butyl- trans -10b,10c-dimethyl-10b,10c-dihydropyrene annelated with a dihydrothieno[3.4- b ]pyrazine unit ( 1a ) was prepared, for the first time, from 5,13-di- tert -butyl-8,16-dimethyl-1,2,9,10-tetrahydroxy[2.2]metacyclophane and 3,4-diaminothiophene in two steps. The photoisomerization property of 1 was investigated by UV and 1 H NMR spectroscopies, and the quantitative isomerization between the more stable dihydropyrene (DHP) form and the less stable metacyclophane-diene (MCPD) form was observed. A thermally induced return reaction from the MCPD to the DHP form was examined at various temperatures, and the reaction rate was 0.0049 min −1 at 45 °C, which is slower than that of the parent MCPD.

Photochromic diarylethene for reversible holographic recording

A novel photochromic diarylethene with 2,5-dihydrothiophene bridging unit 1a was synthesized, and the photochromic properties of 1 were also investigated. It showed that 1 exhibited excellent ring-open and ring-closed photochromism with UV/vis light irradiation. Holographic recording was measured by employing the thin film of PMMA–diarylethene 1 as recording media. It showed that six different images were recorded in the same place on the sample with the dimension of 64 μm × 42 μm by the intersecting of the object beam and a reference beam with an intensity of 15 mW/cm 2, and the stored information was readout by the attenuated reference beam with an intensity of 0.5 mW/cm 2. In addition, preliminary investigations showed that the material was thermally stable and fatigue resistant.

Real-time data transfer to 3D model—maximizing wellbore value

Editor's note: Most of the material in this article was presented at the 10th Abu Dhabi International Petroleum Exhibition and Conference in 2002 and originally published as SPE paper 78526. It is under copyright by SPE and is reprinted here with permission. Ula, a mature water-flooded oil field in block 7/12 of the Norwegian sector of the North Sea (Figure 1), is operated by BP Norge AS on behalf of partners DONG Norge AS and Svenska Petroleum AS. The oil accumulation is moderately deep (3350–3800 m TVDSS) and hot (150° C). The reservoir consists of upper Jurassic shallow marine sediments in a four-way dip closure above a salt structure (Figure 2). The field was discovered in 1976, and first oil was produced in 1986. Plateau oil production of 100–150 mbd was maintained until late 1993. Subsequent production has been about 25 mbd, sustained by infill drilling in the upper unit 1A reservoir and by injecting water and gas. A water-alternating gas (WAG) scheme has recently commenced. Figure 1. Location of Ula Field in the Norwegian sector of the North Sea. Figure 2. Cross-section through Ula Field. Vertical exaggeration approximately two-fold. Main reservoir (units 2,3) shaded in gray. Unit 1 reservoir is below the dashed line and above the gray shaded area. This paper describes recent experience on the last two unit 1A infill wells, which were geosteered, near-horizontal wells on the crest of the field structure. During the drilling of these wells, a real-time data link connected the Ula platform with BP's offices in Stavanger. This link enabled data from a directional drilling/LWD vendor and a mudlogging company to be loaded directly into BP's corporate subsurface database on a regular and automatic basis. The drilling and LWD data were also available to the entire drilling and completions team through a Web-based browser. The real-time …

伊豆・小笠原弧北部域の明神海丘における海底カルデラの形成機構

Myojin Knoll Caldera is located on the broad volcanic edifice of Myojin Knoll and is one of the twelve calderas along the front of the Izu-Ogasawara (Bonin) Arc. The caldera floor is about 3×4 km in diameter and lies at a depth of about 1, 400 m.Myojin Knoll is composed of three acoustically defined stratigraphic units, 1A, 1B, and 1C. These are correlated respectively with three lithologic units : stratified volcanic breccia, massive volcanic breccia and rhyolitic lava. These same lithologies were observed during submersible dives using Shinkai 2000. The volume of these units making up Myojin Knoll is Unit1A, 17.5 km3; Unit 1B, 64 km3; and Unit 1C, 48.3 km3.The mean density of Myojin Knoll is about 1.84 g/cm3, based on the calculated volumes and assumed densities of Unit 1A, 1B, and 1C. Using this density for Bouguer corrections, there is neither a high nor a low Bouguer anomaly associated with the caldera. This pattern is more typical of anomalies associated with volcanic craters rather than with Krakatau-type calderas. Three dipole type magnetic anomalies have been recognized, one on the north caldera rim, another on the west rim, and a third on the central cone. The anomaliy associated with the central cone is small, reflecting its relatively small volume.Three mechanisms are suggested for the formation of the Myojin Knoll Caldera : (1) the caldera formed as a pumice cone, (2) it formed by collapse of the pre-caldera stratovolcano that formed Units 1B and 1C, and (3) it formed by the destruction of the pre-caldera stratovolcano as a result of the explosive eruption of the huge volume of pumice associated with Unit 1A. The gravity and magnetic data presented here suggest that the models of the pumice cone and the explosive destruction of the pre-caldera stratovolcano are preferable to the model of a collapsing stratovolcano.

Mutations in the glucose-6-phosphatase gene are associated with glycogen storage disease types 1a and 1aSP but not 1b and 1c.

Glycogen storage disease (GSD) type 1, which is caused by the deficiency of glucose-6-phosphatase (G6Pase), is an autosomal recessive disease with heterogenous symptoms. Two models of G6Pase catalysis have been proposed to explain the observed heterogeneities. The translocase-catalytic unit model proposes that five GSD type 1 subgroups exist which correspond to defects in the G6Pase catalytic unit (1a), a stabilizing protein (1aSP), the glucose-6-P (1b), phosphate/pyrophosphate (1c), and glucose (1d) translocases. Conversely, the conformation-substrate-transport model suggests that G6Pase is a single multifunctional membrane channel protein possessing both catalytic and substrate (or product) transport activities. We have recently demonstrated that mutations in the G6Pase catalytic unit cause GSD type 1a. To elucidate whether mutations in the G6Pase gene are responsible for other GSD type 1 subgroups, we characterized the G6Pase gene of GSD type 1b, 1c, and 1aSP patients. Our results show that the G6Pase gene of GSD type 1b and 1c patients is normal, consistent with the translocase-catalytic unit model of G6Pase catalysis. However, a mutation in exon 2 that converts an Arg at codon 83 to a Cys (R83C) was identified in both G6Pase alleles of the type 1aSP patient. The R83C mutation was also demonstrated in one homozygous and five heterogenous GSD type 1a patients, indicating that type 1aSP is a misclassification of GSD type 1a. We have also analyzed the G6Pase gene of seven additional type 1a patients and uncovered two new mutations that cause GSD type 1a.

Adenovirus Type 12 Early Region 1A Expresses a 52R Protein Repressing the trans-Activating Activity of Transcription Factor c-Jun/AP-1

Oncoproteins of the early transcription unit 1A (E1A) of adenoviruses (Ad) are known to modulate the expression of all viral and of a variety of cellular genes. In this communication we present data demonstrating for the first time an activity associated with a protein (the 52R protein) expressed exclusively from E1A of the highly oncogenic subtype Ad 12. The 52 R protein, which does not contain any of the conserved regions (CR1-CR3) necessary for the trans -regulatory functions of the larger E1A proteins (266R, 235R), represses the trans-activating activity of the transcription factor cJun/AP-1. The repression of c-Jun/AP-1 activity is neither due to a down-regulation of the c-jun transcription rate nor due to an inhibition of binding of the transcription factor complex to its target sequence, at least under the conditions of in vitro band shift assays. As the 52R protein is most probably not associated with DNA-bound c-Jun/AP-1, we suppose that it represses c-Jun activity either by a squelching mechanism sequestering a cofactor, which is an essential link between c-Jun/AP-1 and the components of the basal transcriptional machinery or by modifying post-translational modifications necessary for the trans-activation function of c-Jun.

Crystal and molecular structure of a segment of a stacked face-to-face ferrocene polymer

The crystal and molecular structure of a fragment of a face-to-face metallocene polymer, the [2,3]-oligomer( 2a, n = 2) of 1,8-diferrocenylnaphthalene( 1a), has been determined in order to better define the structural features of the polymer. The molecular structure of this compound shows the same form and magnitude of molecular distortions as those found in the monomeric unit 1a. An unusual feature of the oligomer is the cis arrangement of the two naphthalene nuclei, which brings several of the carbon centers on each naphthalene ring in close proximity. These structural aspects are discussed in the context of possible structures for the related polymer.

Immortalization of early embryonic cell derivatives after the transfer of the early region of simian virus 40 into F9 teratocarcinoma cells

F9 embryonal carcinoma (EC) cells were transformed using a recombinant plasmid carrying simian virus 40 (SV40) early genes linked to the promoter-enhancer region of the early transcription unit 1A (E1A) of adenovirus type 5. One clone of transformed cells, F9-K4B2, contained several integrated copies of the plasmid and expressed SV40 early genes (T antigens) only when it was induced to differentiate in vitro by the addition of retinoic acid and dibutyryl-cAMP. From the cell population positive for T antigen, it is possible to isolate permanent cell lines with high efficiency. Most of these cells exhibit stable traits that are characteristic of parietal endoderm. We also obtained another cell type which did not express the specific markers of either undifferentiated EC cells or endoderm cells; this type might represent a different stage of commitment in the differentiation of F9 cells. All clones are tumorigenic when injected into irradiated syngeneic mice, and they maintain their phenotype after successive passages in vivo as well as in vitro. The introduction of SV40 early genes into other EC cell lines and early mouse embryos appears to be a promising approach for the immortalization of early embryonic cells.