Unique Vocabulary Research Articles

Stylistic Analysis and Comparative Study Of Edward Lear’s “The Owl And The Pussy-Cat” And Lewis Carroll’s “Jabberwocky”

The present paper represents stylistic analysis and comparison of Edward Lear’s “The Owl and the Pussycat” and Lewis Carroll’s “Jabberwocky”. These poems, which are representative of Victorian literary nonsense, engage readers in a fanciful literary experience by subverting normal narrative expectations through the use of unique vocabulary, whimsical topics, and fun sound patterns. Lear’s “The Owl and the Pussycat” is distinguished by its fanciful storyline and endearing application of anapestic meter, which gives the poem a rhythmic, melodic feel. Lear creates a surreal universe where rationality is abandoned in favor of imaginative inquiry through his inventive use of neologisms and portmanteau words, mixed with a basic yet magical plot. On the other hand, Carroll’s “Jabberwocky” is renowned for its extensive use of invented language, combining nonce words and compound words to produce a rich and evocative auditorium. This research shows how the stylistic decisions made by Lear and Carroll in the two works contrast with their respective approaches to nonsense literature. This essay highlights the distinctive contributions of Lear and Carroll to the category of nonsense poetry through a thorough analysis of their stylistic methods and provides insights into the larger significance of their work for the study of literary nonsense.

HOW HUMAN THINKING IS INFLUENCED BY THE SPOKEN LANGUAGE

This paper aims to prove a deep connection between language and thought and confirm that language is a powerful tool that humans possess. It is not just a collection of words, but rather a medium of communication that has far-reaching impacts. Effective communication heavily relies on language, which serves as a vital tool for communicating with others. Although it may not determine our thought patterns, language is universally recognized as an essential component of human interaction. With over 7,000 languages spoken worldwide, each one boasts a unique vocabulary, sound, and structure. Humans possess an incredible ability to convey complex ideas and thoughts through language. Language can also impact our perception of time and color. Different languages have varying words to describe colors, with some having only a few, such as dark and light. This article explores these various aspects of language. The connection between language and thought is intricate and multi-dimensional. Language is an essential aspect of human interaction, and its structure is linked to brain processes and external factors in nature. This article intends to discuss the varying meanings of language expressions and their significance.

Demand for and training of Chinese translators in the context of the �One Belt, One Road� initiative

Relevance. The need to investigate the specifics of Chinese translator training within the framework of the global programme �One Belt, One Road� is primarily conditioned by the constant changes in various aspects, particularly in structural, semantic, and artistic aspects. Purpose. The purpose of this study was to investigate the global initiative �One Belt, One Road� in the context of training professional human resources to perform Chinese language translations. Methodology. This study analysed materials available on the websites of several higher education institutions. The analysis focused on specific parameters such as the distinct features of training students in Chinese studies, the education of translators working with Chinese, and the principles, methods, and techniques used in teaching the Chinese language. Results. Analyses of translator training have identified key skills for students: parallel language and culture study, adherence to translation norms like business etiquette, and mastery of technical translation tools. In Kyrgyz universities, methods include verbal (lectures, discussions), visual (audio and video materials), and practical (creative works, exhibitions, quizzes, conferences). For Chinese translators under the �One Belt, One Road� initiative, training spans multiple linguistic levels: phonetic (phrases, accents), grammatical (categories, meanings), lexical (vocabulary related to the initiative and various fields), syntactic (word order, links), and stylistic (business etiquette, unique vocabulary). Conclusions. The study found that the �One Belt, One Road� initiative's language policy focuses on planning Chinese language status, foreign languages, language structure, educational language use, and language services. The key challenges are the shortage of skilled professionals, intergovernmental cooperation, infrastructure standards, financial integration, and cultural exchange. In the future, this study can be used to develop technical improvements in Kyrgyz-Chinese translation, to improve the training of Chinese specialists within the framework of the global initiative �One Belt, One Road�. Keywords: lingua franca; linguistic levels; linguistic policy; linguistic parameters; terminological units

The Rhetorical Colors in the Unique Vocabulary Poems in Ibn Tayfour's Anthology

Poetry is the record of the Arabs in which they recorded their history, feats and exploits, it is the ceremony to record the finer details of their social, scientific, intellectual, political and even religious life. This research tries to answer several questions, including, did poets write vocabulary poems more than the use of rhetorical devices? Can Ibn Tayfour be an example to be followed in his selections of unique poems? As well as other questions. The research adopted the descriptive and analytical approach, he mentioned the Bada'i style and then followed by explanation and analysis during the general atmosphere of the poem, domesticated by the art owners and imams of rhetoric. The research deals with the colourful rhetoric in the unique poems of Ibn Tayfour's selection and it is divided into two sections: the first section is devoted to the sense devices and the second to the verbal devices.. The study concludes that the most common devices used are assonance, parallelism, while the least used are pun, contrast, quotation and euphemism because they are suitable for certain themes and this contradict the vocabulary poems written by some poets

The Rhetorical Colors in the Unique Vocabulary Poems in Ibn Tayfour's Anthology

Poetry is the record of the Arabs in which they recorded their history, feats and exploits, it is the ceremony to record the finer details of their social, scientific, intellectual, political and even religious life. This research tries to answer several questions, including, did poets write vocabulary poems more than the use of rhetorical devices? Can Ibn Tayfour be an example to be followed in his selections of unique poems? As well as other questions. The research adopted the descriptive and analytical approach, he mentioned the Bada'i style and then followed by explanation and analysis during the general atmosphere of the poem, domesticated by the art owners and imams of rhetoric. The research deals with the colourful rhetoric in the unique poems of Ibn Tayfour's selection and it is divided into two sections: the first section is devoted to the sense devices and the second to the verbal devices.. The study concludes that the most common devices used are assonance, parallelism, while the least used are pun, contrast, quotation and euphemism because they are suitable for certain themes and this contradict the vocabulary poems written by some poets

稼亭 李穀 散文의 『孟子』 受容 樣相

The purpose of this study is to investigate Gajeong Lee Gok's acceptance patterns of The Mencius in his prose works. He quoted or altered phrases from The Mencius in various ways in many of his works, conveying the topic of his text clearly. He quoted phrases from The Mencius or added a new meaning to a phrase from the book in his poems, as well, to present his thoughts or topics effectively. Since the poem format allowed him to express his idea in short lines with a limited number of given phrases, he had to quote only essential meanings or shorten phrases from The Mencius in his poems. In his prose works, however, he faced no such limitations and enjoyed much more various forms of acceptance and alteration. The study shed light on the following aspects of his acceptance patterns of The Mencius :
 First, he urged the kings to reflect on their wrong perceptions of politics and asked the rulers to establish the rig ht social relations, quoting phrases from the scriptures. Making a distinction between the rule of right and the rule of might, he quoted phrases from The Mencius in mature ways.
 Secondly, his acceptance of vocabulary and speeches from the book usually happened in his works to send off a government official leaving for his new post or a man going on a journey. In his Wonsuhan, which is his essay-style work about the causes of droug hts, he developed his point that the temporary relief measures of the policies were useless by accepting Mencius' unique vocabulary and speech.
 Finally, he accepted Mencius' sentence and paragraph distinction and development process by taking his development methods in many of his works and altering them. He strengthened his topics and points by accepting the catechetical method, one of the major characteristics of The Mencius, and the quotation methods of the Odes and the Histories.

Jargon used by mechanic hold baggage screening in i gusti ngurah rai international airport

Jargon is a language variety containing a set of unique vocabulary that is used by the people who have the same interest, class (social status), or same position in the same area, for distance in the working area. The purpose of this study is to identify the form and the meaning of jargon used by Mechanic Hold Baggage Screening in I Gusti Ngurah Rai International Airport. This study uses qualitative methods by using field research. Descriptive study in textual analysis is applied in this study to analyze the form and meaning of jargon through the record of interview with the mechanics. It was analyzed by using the theory from Halingga (2004) that divided the form of jargon and the theory from Leech (1981) about the theory of meaning. The study concluded that there were 12 data (60%) for the word form, 3 data (15%) for the phrase form and 5 data (25%) for the abbreviated form. Acronyms are not used in this community. This percentage is proven if words, phrases and abbreviations are widely used in the data source.

СТВОРЕННЯ ВЛАСНИХ ЛІНГВІСТИЧНИХ КОРПУСІВ

The problem of creation of own corpora of parallel texts of large volumes is investigated in the article. The technique and criteria of construction of parallel linguistic corpora are offered. As a result of our research, we created a combined corpus of 3,850,000 pairs of sentences or 65 million words of the English part, which is 10 % of the known COCA corpus or GRAC corpus. Methods for downloading material for the corpus based on the frequency list, terminological dictionaries, as well as frequency lists of words of previously self-created corpora proved to be effective. Theoretical investigations and practical researches for normalization of the corpus are carried out. The type / token ratio, the automatic readability index ARI, the average sentence length ASL, etc. were effective for the study of the corpus. The construction of graphs of the distribution of vocabulary by frequency and length of sentences in the corpus clearly illustrates the results of our research, effectively represents the material. We can also talk about the successful experience of creating narrow specialized terminological corpora as opposed to terminological dictionaries for further research of functional features, sentence models of a particular terminological system. Medical and biological corpora (about 500 thousand pairs of sentences each), as well as a polytechnic corpora for 1.3 million were compiled. A total of eight corpora were compiled, for five of them the total number of characters, words and sentences in the corpus with the corresponding summary table was calculated; the average length of sentences ASL was determined, the automatic readability index ARI were determined, the ratio type/token ratio TTR was calculated. For each corpora frequency lists of vocabulary are made, the total amount of unique vocabulary is calculated and the corresponding logarithmic graphs are constructed; proposed method of analysis of the distribution of vocabulary of the frequency dictionary of the text on the basis of graphs by dividing them into three parts: initial, middle and tail – is considered promising for us.

Animal Protectionist or Animal Anti-protectionist? : Towards a Liberation of Animals from Human Oppression/ Patriarchy: A Textual Reading of Benjamin Zephaniah’s

The purpose of this paper is to examine whether Benjamin Zephaniah’s famous poem “Talking Turkeys” can be labeled an animal protectionist or an animal anti-protectionist poem. Using natural and utilitarian theories of animal rights defenders, the paper argues that in the human animal relationship, the humans are the cause of the problem in the relationship not the animals and that they will benefit more if they make animals their friends. At the end of the study it has been found out that when one reads the poem Talking Turkeys’, one unique vocabulary labels Benjamin Zephaniah as an animal protectionist who shows his admiration for animals which prompts his anthropomorphism towards them as well as his pointing of accusing fingers at us humans/patriarchy for being the cause of the animal suffering and killing. The poet advocates friendship with animals to replace our killing and eating their flesh/meat. On the contrary he advocates we become vegans/vegetarians implicitly when he urges us to feed turkeys with green and beans. He reminds us that turkeys have rights, feel pain and have mums, associations which we should join and they should not be artificially manufactured and should also be allowed to enjoy Christmas like receiving gifts and listening to good music. Humans we are told spoiled Christmas.

Perceptual mapping of linguistic variation in Saudi Arabic dialects

Abstract This article provides a perceptual dialectology account of linguistic diversity in Saudi Arabia. Using the map-drawing and labeling task, the study examined the perceptions and ideologies of 674 speakers of Saudi Arabic dialects about the perceived boundaries of regional dialect varieties, as well as their social evaluation of and beliefs about the dialects. The analysis of the results as displayed in composite maps using a Geographic Information System (GIS) mapping program revealed that respondents identified five major dialect areas as having the most distinct features: the Najdi, Hijazi, southern, eastern, and northern regions. Ten categories of respondents’ labels emerged out of the qualitative analysis: style, influence, Bedouin/urban, fast, open/closed, vowel lengthening, unique vocabulary, alternation of /k/ and /g/, attraction, and social media. The present findings show the salience of certain linguistic and social features that respondents associate with certain dialect areas. Such perceptions can ultimately guide and enhance future descriptions and analyses of actual linguistic variation in Saudi Arabia.

Stilistic analysis and social value in andrea hirata's novel ordinary people (review through a literature sociology approach)

Stylistic Analysis and Social Values in Andrea Hirata's novel Orang-Orang Asli (Review Through the Sociology of Literature Approach) is an analysis of the use of language and the relationship between literary works and society in the novel. This research is a descriptive qualitative study with the aim of describing the uniqueness and selection of vocabulary, particularly the use of diction (choice of words), figurative meaning (figurative meaning) and social values contained in the novel Orang-Orang Asli by Andrea Hirata. The data of this research are in the form of lingual units which contain unique vocabulary and morphosyntax as well as uniqueness of language style and social values. Data collection techniques using library techniques, observe and take notes. Data analysis techniques are flow analysis which consists of four activities that occur simultaneously, namely data collection and classification, data reduction, data presentation, and drawing conclusions. Furthermore, this study uses the theoretical triangulation method, meaning that the discussion of the problem is the discussion of the problem by using some data to obtain the same data. The results of this study indicate that the use of diction or choice of words in Andrea Hirata's novel Orang-Orang Asli is (1) denotation meaning, (2) connotation meaning, (3) synonymous words (4) antonyms (5) concrete words, (6) Abstract, (7) general words (8) special words (9) straightforward words, (10) narrowing and broadening of the meaning (11) active words and (12) amelioration and peryorasi words. Utilization of a figurative language style that is unique and creates aesthetic effects on readers, namely metaphor, simile, metonemia, synekdoke, allegory, climax and correction. The social values contained in the novel Orang-Orang Asli by Andrea Hirata are the social values of love which include love and affection, help to help, devotion, care. The value of responsibility includes empathy, discipline. Life harmony values include obligation, tolerance and cooperation. The analysis above shows that the writer is able to highlight the uniqueness of the selection and use of specific vocabulary and figurative language which is aesthetically pleasing and has social values. This uniqueness is motivated by social and educational factors of the author. This has resulted in a distinctive style that has become a special characteristic of Andrea Hirata in expressing his ideas through the novel Orang-Orang Asli.

Sawako Nakayasu Eats Sagawa Chika: Translation, Poetry, and (Post)Modernism

ABSTRACT This article examines the works of modernist poet Sagawa Chika (1911–1936) and her translator Sawako Nakayasu (b.1975), analyzing how they both intersect translation and creation, problematizing issues of gender. Sawako Nakayasu’s Mouth: Eats color (2011) is a collection mixing English, Japanese, French, and Spanish ‘translations, anti-translations, and originals’, which have as a starting point Sagawa Chika’s poems. I first discuss Sagawa’s work translating writers such as James Joyce, Charles Reznikoff, and others, focusing on the way in which she develops a unique poetic vocabulary through translation, setting her apart within the (male-centered) modernist movement. Next, I analyze the way Nakayasu approaches Sagawa’s texts when rendering them into English, making the translation process visible and positioning some of the results as nijisōsaku (spin-offs), or ‘transcreations’. My analysis of the above-mentioned texts will shed light on translation, self-translation, and anti-translation as methods through which the woman poet-translator explores unique ways of being and writing in the world. Special attention will be paid to translation as anthropophagy from the margins, that is, as a process of consuming and metabolizing central discourses, sometimes beyond recognition.

LEARNING MODULES FOR TRAINING MUTUAL FUND TO INVESTORS

Financial Education is an essential life skill and is a specialization module in adult education and training. Within the financial education domain, a sub-module would be on financial instruments, such as Mutual Funds. Mutual Funds are small retail investor-friendly investment tools. They are increasingly getting investor interest worldwide because they can provide potential solutions for short- and long-term investing. However, like any other financial/investing topic, teaching mutual fund concepts is challenging because of its unique vocabulary, jargon, and investment processes. The paper highlights broad modules that can be part of a typical mutual fund curriculum. Pedagogical Action Research is used to build the teaching modules focusing on narrativity, pupil's agency, curriculum development, practical theories, and ethics. Findings from this work can help teachers and trainers in the financial domain, mutual fund distributors, asset management companies, and the capital market regulators in building financial products that are easier to understand and invest in by small retail investors.

Toward a Precision Science of Word Learning: Understanding Individual Vocabulary Pathways.

Toddlers vary widely in the rate at which they develop vocabulary. This variation predicts later language development and school success at the group level; however, we cannot determine which children with slower vocabulary development in the second year will continue to have difficulty. In this article, I argue that this is because we lack theoretical understanding of how multiple processes operate as a system to create individual children's pathways to word learning. I discuss the difficulties children face when learning even a single concrete noun, the multiple general cognitive processes that support word learning, and some evidence of rapid development in the second year. I present work toward a formal model of the word learning system and how this system changes over time. The long-term goal of this work is to understand how individual children's strengths and weaknesses create unique vocabulary pathways that enable us to predict outcomes and identify effective interventions.

Drawing infertility: an interview with Paula Knight, Jenell Johnson, Emily Steinberg, and Phoebe Potts

ABSTRACT Although infertility is a gender-neutral health quandary, women are often blamed and stigmatised for the couple’s failure to reproduce. The valorisation of the maternal within the discursive constructions of womanhood engenders severe psychic harm to childless women. In such a context, the recent proliferation of graphic memoirs on infertility, where women recount the affective perceptions and sensed realities of their infertility experiences attains special significance. In this email interview, four graphic memoirists, Paula Knight, Jenell Johnson, Emily Steinberg, and Phoebe Potts, reflect on a wide range of issues centred on female infertility including the social pressures surrounding motherhood, liberative potential of comics and graphic medicine, readership and community building, and the significance of creating art and telling stories. The conversation illustrates how these graphic artists create contexts and generate a unique visual-verbal vocabulary to visibilize and thereby destigmatise female infertility. The interview is divided into two sections: in Part A titled Of Comics and Infertility, the authors respond to generic questions related to infertility, graphic memoirs among others and, in Part B titled Storytelling is my contribution. Otherwise, why am I here? Each of the authors responds to questions related to their respective infertility memoir.

JOY OF LEARNING OF MALAY VOCABULARY USING UNIQUE VOCABULARY APP: SINGAPORE EXPEREINCE

In the 21st Century, students are more enthuse to explore and enhane their learning using Information and Communication Technology (ICT). Learning aproaches that utilise ICT usually motivate learners to participate actively is learning amongst students. This paper explains the experience of Singapore leveraging on ICT in Malay language (ML) teaching and learning in particular in the learning of ML vocabulary. Students like the element of games in learning. For this purposes, Malay Language Centre of Singapore (MLCS) developed Bitara Kata or Unique Vocabulary App to motivate learners in the learning of ML vocabulary. Five schoools and 89 students were involved in the trialling of the App to investigae the effectiveness of the App in enhancing the learning of ML vocabulary among students. The findings of the trialling showed that students’ vocabulary increased. Students could learn and assess the App anytime and anywhere according to students’ pace of learning and comforts. This App be accessed and downloaded for free by students, teachers, parents and anyone. Thus far, the App has been downloaded more than 15,500 users from all over the world.

The Rhetorical Colors in the Unique Vocabulary Poems in Ibn Tayfour's Anthology

Poetry is the record of the Arabs in which they recorded their history, feats and exploits, it is the ceremony to record the finer details of their social, scientific, intellectual, political and even religious life. This research tries to answer several questions, including, did poets write vocabulary poems more than the use of rhetorical devices? Can Ibn Tayfour be an example to be followed in his selections of unique poems? As well as other questions. The research adopted the descriptive and analytical approach, he mentioned the Bada'i style and then followed by explanation and analysis during the general atmosphere of the poem, domesticated by the art owners and imams of rhetoric. The research deals with the colourful rhetoric in the unique poems of Ibn Tayfour's selection and it is divided into two sections: the first section is devoted to the sense devices and the second to the verbal devices. . The study concludes that the most common devices used are assonance, parallelism, while the least used are pun, contrast, quotation and euphemism because they are suitable for certain themes and this contradict the vocabulary poems written by some poets

Illness as Metaphor

The late British artist Donald Rodney (1961–98) developed a unique vocabulary critiquing wider representations of the black male body that extended beyond his status as a person living with sickle cell disease to the lives of others with a shared racial background. Critical yet full of wit, Rodney was, until his death in 1998 from complications related to sickle cell disease, one of the most compelling artists to come out of the Black Arts Movement of 1980s Britain. From X-rays of his cells to tiny sculptures made from his own skin, Rodney created conceptual self-portraits of his life as a young black man. This article considers illness, art, and activism while reflecting on the effects of living with sickle cell disease and the continued invisibility around this illness, both on the African continent and beyond for the very reasons Rodney’s works highlight. In focusing on the notion of illness as metaphor in art and analyzing the metaphorical tropes of illness present in Rodney’s artworks produced during the late 1980s to early 1990s, the author’s intention is to think through the entangled understandings of illness and masculinity to seek new readings of Rodney’s works. The artist’s deeply moving, conceptual, and critically engaging oeuvre not only confronts the viewer with both the presence and absence of the black male body, but also presents the spectator with the realities of the artist’s daily negotiations living with sickle cell disease. This disease affects people of African, Caribbean, Eastern Mediterranean, Middle Eastern, and Asian descent, and there is still no cure for it. It is a “black” disease that raises polemics of care toward black bodies and the invisibility of sufferers within the wider medical discourse. Rodney’s works form a compelling case for an artist’s dedication to making both him and his works visible while simultaneously acting as a form of resistance against marginalization and oppression on the basis of both race and gender. Rodney’s practice is considered here within wider discourses dealing with a postcolonial reading of pain, aesthetics of illness, and representations of the male body.

Variasi Kata “Bagaimana” dalam Bahasa Jawa di Wilayah Perbatasan Kabupaten Malang dan Blitar

The aim of this article is to describe the variation of the word “Bagaimana” in Javanese which is spoken by the society in the border area of Malang and Blitar Regency. The theories contained in this article are sociolinguistic, dialectology, and dialect. The method used is descriptive qualitative and with unstructured interviews with eighteen informants. The result is the variation word “Bagaimana” in Javanese in the border area has three variations, namely “piye”, “yo’opo” and “yo’piye”. The word “yo’piye” is a unique vocabulary for the term “Bagaimana” in Javanese in this area, because the word “Yo’piye” comes from the word “yo’opo” which is spoken by the people in Malang Regency and the word “piye” spoken by the people in Blitar.

A Fur Trader on the Upper Missouri: The Journal and Description of Jean-Baptiste Truteau, 1794–1796 ed. by Raymond J. DeMallie, Douglas R. Parks, and Robert Vézina

Reviewed by: A Fur Trader on the Upper Missouri: The Journal and Description of Jean-Baptiste Truteau, 1794–1796 ed. by Raymond J. DeMallie, Douglas R. Parks, and Robert Vézina Eileen M. Angelini DeMallie, Raymond J., Douglas R. Parks, and Robert Vézina, eds. A Fur Trader on the Upper Missouri: The Journal and Description of Jean-Baptiste Truteau, 1794–1796. UP of Nebraska, 2017. ISBN 978-0-8032-4427-6. Pp. 752. As part of the University of Nebraska's Studies in the Anthropology of North American Indian series, A Fur Trader on the Upper Missouri is the first annotated edition of the 1794–1796 travel journal of Jean-Baptiste Truteau, the voyageur who explored the central and northern Plains prior to the explorations of Lewis and Clark. This work features side-by-side French and English pages, colored illustrations, such as Figure 1, "James de Berty Trudeau, wearing clothing given to him by the Osages upon his departure," a painting by John Woodhouse Audubon, younger son of naturalist John Hames Audubon, and Figure 5, "Certificate given to Omaha Chief Blackbird (L'oiseau noir) on May 12, 1796, by Baron Francisco de Carondelet, the Spanish governor of Louisiana, to accompany a medal given to him." The reader is provided with a thorough analysis of the expedition of the voyageur who set out from St. Lewis with an eight-man crew and two-year supply of trade goods to go up the Missouri River and build a fort in the village of Mandan Indians. Figures, maps, and tables compare, for example, versions of the journal (44) and initial-vowel masculine nouns feminized in Truteau's writing (435). Literally no stone is left unturned in this detailed volume, which includes the Company of the Upper Missouri instructions to be followed by Truteau and the diagram of the fort he was to build upon his arrival at the Mandans (367), made even more compelling when one sees the original drawing of the plan for the fort in Figure 6. While it is fascinating enough to consider Truteau's journal as a primary source on the late-eighteenth-century fur trade, his journal not only provides a detailed description of the Upper Missouri but also an intriguing firsthand look into the culture, customs, traditions, beliefs, and ritualistic ceremonies of the region's Native Americans, such as the Arikaras, Cheyennes, Lakotas-Dakotas-Nakotas, Omahas, and Pawnees. Some Native American topics covered are beaver hunting, first contacts with Europeans, perceptions of white men, folklore, gifts, peace talks, mourning practices, warfare, and social stratification. Particularly useful for understanding Truteau's journal is the glossary of "Voyageur French" prepared by Robert Vézina that helps the reader to become more familiar with the unique vocabulary used by the voyageurs, thereby aiding the reader to recognize the significance of this specific vocabulary as it relates to the history of the French language spoken in North America. Especially notable is the analysis of animal names, such as "Belette f. [End Page 219] n. 'weasel'"—Truteau probably referred to the long-tailed weasel (Mustela frenata), a species found only in the New World" (511)—or "Biche f. n. 'cow elk'" (514). Equally intriguing are terms that are made up of words that one would not expect to be used to describe a voyageur's equipment: "Berceau de nuit m. n. 'covered outdoor bed providing protection against mosquitoes and other stinging insects'" (511). In sum, this book is a reference resource that will satisfy the needs of historians and linguists alike. Eileen M. Angelini East Carolina University (NC) Copyright © 2019 American Association of Teachers of French