Unique Letter Research Articles

City Font Design in Destinations Branding

Letter design plays a crucial role in establishing city branding. This letter is a representation of the appearance and nature of the city. The objective of this research is to find out how to design letters from branding in several cities worldwide. This research is vital and timely, as effective city branding relies on visual design elements, including typography. This study aims to determine the number of cities that apply branding using unique letter shapes. Additionally, it also aims to see the application of city-specific fonts in branding and determine their effect on the visual strength of branding. The study employs the Contextual Design method, using the Requirements and solutions to define and Validate Concepts and Processes. The results of this study are the letter designs used in city branding in several places in the world. These findings serve as valuable references for designers and offer insights into societal perceptions. Keywords: font design, city branding, city font

The Centrality of Christ in the Epistle to the Hebrews: Theological Themes and Their Importance for the Present Day Church

In a number of ways, the epistle to the Hebrews is a unique letter among the New Testament epistles because of its Jewish nuance and emphasis on the Mosaic Covenant. The author quotes and alludes to Old Testament texts in a variety of ways, which has aroused great interest for many theologians. The theological themes of the letter have also resulted in much study, particularly when one attempts to apply these unique themes to the present-day church. This study focuses on six of these themes (God, Christ, Priest, Covenant, Endurance, and Faith) and their significance for the current church contexts. A text analysis research method is employed to exegete various texts. In accordance with many other studies on the subject, this study also concludes that the epistle to the Hebrews is profoundly Christocentric. Christ is the primary focus in all the letter’s emphases. The writer of Hebrews seeks to explain the superiority of the New Covenant, and how the Old Testament was ultimately focused on and fulfilment through Christ.

Recognition of Studied Words in Perceptual Disfluent Sans Forgetica Font.

The new Sans Forgetica (SF) typeface creates perceptual disfluency by breaking up parts of letters vertically, horizontally, or diagonally, thereby fragmentizing them. While patterns of fragmentization are consistent for each unique letter, they are not uniform across letters. With Gestalt principles such as good continuation and perceptual completion being more difficult to implement in these settings, viewers may need to depend on context clues to identify words. This may be a desirable difficulty and improve memory for those words. Here, we investigate whether SF improves recognition of studied words. In Experiment 1, participants studied words in Arial and SF and completed old-new recognition tests where words retained their study fonts. In Experiment 2, we investigated the potential for context reinstatement—testing studied words in their studied fonts or the other font. Hit rate and discrimination sensitivities (d’) were analyzed for both experiments. Participants had significantly better recognition (hit rate) in SF than in Arial (Exp 1) and significantly higher discrimination sensitivities (d’) when words were tested in SF than in Arial (Exp 2). However, further examination of these results (e.g., marginally more response bias with SF than with Arial in Exp 1) lead us to hold reservations for the benefit of SF on word memory and conjecture that SF, at best, plays a limited role in improving recognition of studied words.

Using camera traps to estimate ungulate abundance: a comparison of mark–resight methods

AbstractMany global wildlife populations are experiencing unprecedented declines. Estimates of population abundance are needed to effectively manage common species and to conserve vulnerable species. Camera traps have advanced as wildlife monitoring tools for ungulates and can provide improved methods of estimating population abundance. Little is known, however, about how camera traps set for ungulates compare with traditional methods (e.g., ground and aerial surveys) used simultaneously. From 2012 to 2014, we captured and radio collared 34 female and 32 male bighorn sheep (Ovis canadensis) in a closed population in Utah, USA. Each collar had a unique letter and number combination. We then estimated number of young, females and yearlings, males and population abundance using multiple methods simultaneously: helicopter surveys, resight surveys performed from the ground, camera trap surveys using marked but not individually identifiable individuals and camera trap surveys using marked and individually identifiable animals. All methods estimated similar abundance. Across years, ages and sexes, however, camera trap surveys produced the most consistent and precise estimates of abundance for adult females and yearlings, lambs and the population. That method was less intrusive and safer than helicopter surveys. Our results indicate that camera trap surveys using photographs of marked animals in which the majority of the population visits a specific resource can produce precise estimates of abundance that are safer, as well as less intrusive and expensive than traditional methods. Using camera traps also creates a permanent record of photographs that can be archived and reanalyzed to answer future ecological and population questions. Finally, this method of estimating abundance can be used in other areas with ungulates that congregate around resources (e.g., watering sites or mineral licks).

20. Implicit Bias in Letters of Recommendation for Plastic Surgery Residency Applicants

Body: Background: Implicit bias refers to a set of unconscious beliefs which affect one’s actions and decisions. The literature is fraught with examples of objective biases within the surgical discipline, however implicit biases can be more difficult to ascertain. Applications for surgical residency are primarily based on objective data, but are heavily weighted on subjective assessment through letters of recommendation. We aim to investigate the content of letters of recommendation for plastic surgery residency applicants to determine if any gender disparities exist. Methods: All letters of recommendation submitted to a single integrated plastic surgery residency program during the 2019 – 2020 academic year were included. Linguistic comparisons were performed to assess for differences in applicant characterization. Lexical analysis was used to identify specific words which associated heavily with one gender. Results: A composite of 658 letters (337 male, 51.2%; 321 female, 48.7%) written on behalf of 175 applicants (91 male, 52.0%; 84 female, 48.0%) were analyzed. A total of 57 female (12.3%) and 406 male (87.7%) unique letter writers were identified. Specific words associated with female applicants in order of frequency included “policy, media, judgement, oversight, weak, thoughtfully, domestic, resilience, precision, tough.” Words associated with male applicants in order of frequency included “reliability, gentleman, improvement, diversity, hardest, admirable, arrogant, dependability, flexible, happy, facilitator, integrates, stronger, supported, oversaw, demanding.” A machine learning model was developed with the ability to predict an applicant’s gender after removing all gender pronouns with 60.7% precision. Conclusion: The gender profile of applicants was evenly divided, however a significantly higher proportion of letter writers were male. The association between specific objective descriptors and genders does imply an element of bias. This is further reinforced by a predictive model with precision which is higher than chance alone. Further study is indicated for computational text analysis accompanied by qualitative analysis of discourse. The continued study of implicit bias is fundamental to the field of plastic surgery as we continue to overcome both objective and subjective inequalities.

A new strategy for Arabic OCR based on script analysis and synthesis

OCR has seen major improvements in recent years, even though conventional OCR strategies don’t yet exploit linguistic concepts on Arabic script analysis. We present a new, additional strategy that aims to enhance Arabic OCR. In this approach A. disambiguating dots are temporarily eliminated, which reduces classes of graphemes sharing the same base element to single archigraphemes and B. contextual behaviour of Arabic archigraphemes is redefined as fusing: archigraphemes merge unrecognizably into letter blocks according to a rule-based system called script grammar. The letter block is defined as the minimum unit of Arabic script formation. E.g., the word بحوث consists of two letter blocks, groups of fused allographs surrounded by graphic space, ٮحو and ٮ (BGW B). From an Arabic corpus of circa 85 million words we extracted a list of circa 47,000 unique archigraphemic letter blocks, which implies that we reduced the generative, dynamic Arabic writing system to proportions of a static script like Chinese. We then show how to synthesise all theoretical shapes for each letter block from computer models of specific Islamic script styles (ruqʿä, naskh, nastaʿlīq). Only in the final stage, we would need to disambiguate the archigraphemes into actual graphemes using linguistic information, part of which we already gathered from the 85 million words corpus. This approach also makes initial OCR training possible on texts rendered with the very same Islamic script models.

AB004. The dyslexia font OpenDyslexic facilitates visual processing of text and improves reading comprehension in adult dyslexia

Background: Proficient literacy skills and reading comprehension are crucial skills for participation and success in everyday life. One group that regularly falls short in demonstrating good reading skills are people with dyslexia. This group suffers from a range of visual deficits including the pattern of ocular movements, and distorted, blurred and reversed (or mirrored) vision of letters during reading. However, only recently designers started to develop affordable and easily implementable remedies that are supposed to reduce the visual symptoms of dyslexia such as specific dyslexia fonts. These fonts incorporate properties aimed at improving the visual and behavioural reading performance of people with dyslexia by using larger intra- and inter-word whitespace, unique letter shapes and no serifs. To date, empirical evidence about the efficacy of these fonts is contradictory, and their effects on adult dyslexics’ eye movements and cognitive processing during longer reading tasks remains elusive.

A delay in processing for repeated letters: Evidence from megastudies

Repetitions of letters in words are frequent in many languages. Here we explore whether these repetitions affect word recognition. Previous studies of word processing have not provided conclusive evidence of differential processing between repeated and unique letter identities. In the present study, to achieve greater power, we used regression analyses on existing mega-studies of visual word recognition latencies. In both lexical decision (in English, Dutch, and French) and word naming (in English), there was strong evidence that repeated letters delay visual word recognition after major covariates are partialed out. This delay was most robust when the repeated letters occurred in close proximity but not in immediate adjacency to each other. Simulations indicated that the observed inhibitory pattern of repeated letters was not predicted by three leading visual word recognition models. Future theorizing in visual word recognition will need to take account of this inhibitory pattern. It remains to be seen whether the appropriate adjustment should occur in the representation of letter position and identity, or in a more precise description of earlier visual processes.

Identification of Speed and Unique Letter of Handwriting Using Wavelet and Neural Networks

Identification of Speed and Unique Letter of Handwriting Using Wavelet and Neural Networks

Initiating buprenorphine maintenance for opiate-dependent hospitalized patients: A randomized trial

Initiating buprenorphine maintenance for opiate-dependent hospitalized patients: A randomized trial

The Möbius function of generalized factor order

We use discrete Morse theory to determine the Möbius function of generalized factor order. Ordinary factor order on the Kleene closure A∗ of a set A is the partial order defined by letting u≤w if w contains u as a subsequence of consecutive letters. Generalized factor order takes into account a partial order PA on the alphabet A, that is, u≤w whenever w contains a subsequence w(i+1)⋯w(i+|u|) such that for each j, u(j)≤w(i+j) in A. Using Babson and Hersh’s application of Robin Forman’s discrete Morse theory to poset order complexes, we are able to give a recursive formula for the Möbius function in the case where each element of A covers a unique letter in PA.

Ethiopia and India

IntroductionThe relationship between Ethiopia and India is characterised by close cultural affinity, economic complimentarity and cordial political ties. Ethiopia is home to a mosaic of nations, nationalities and people with more than 80 different spoken languages. The vast majority of the languages are the Semitic, Cushitic and Omotic. Semitic language speakers live predominantly in the highlands and lowlands of the south-central region as well as in the north-central area. Omotic language speakers live predominantly in the south. The Nilo-Saharan super languages family accounts for about 2 percent of the population, and these languages are spoken near the Sudanese border. Amharic is used as a working language for the last 150 years and English is used as medium of instruction in secondary schools and universities (Embassy of Ethiopia, New Delhi, 2011).Ethiopia has some of the earliest hominid populations and possibly the region where Homo erectus evolved and expanded out of Africa. The most notable pale anthropological find in the country was 'Lucky' a female Australopithecus aphaeresis discovered in 1974 and referred to as Dinqnesh (you are marvelous) by Ethiopians. The Country is one of the oldest civilizations with a rich diversity of its people and culture which includes the unique letter of the alphabet, calendar and clock. Ethiopia was ruled by successive kings, emperors until 1974 where the military took over. In 1991, the military rule was ousted by the struggle of the Ethiopian people; hence in 1994 Ethiopia ratified a new constitution and declared a Federal Democratic Republic (Pankhurst, 1997).The Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia is composed of nine Regional States that are; Tigray, Afar, Amhara, Oromia, Somali, Southern Nation Nationalities and Peoples Region (SNNPR), Benishangul-Gumuz, Gambella and Harari; and two City Administration council of Dire Dawa and Addis Ababa. The regional states and city administrations are subdivided into 817 administrative Woredas (districts). A Woreda/District is the basic decentralised administrative unit and has an administrative council composed of elected members. Following a democratic system, election is held every 5 years thus, the fourth election was held in May 2011. There are more than 50 National and Regional Political Parties as well as private media that enhances the democratisation process that is under way.As both Ethiopia and India are old civilizations with 3,000 and 5,000 years of history respectively, their relations go back to thousands of years. During the Aksumite Kingdom of Ethiopia, Indian traders used to bring to Abesenia (the former name of Ethiopia) spices and silk and take back gold and ivory (Ethiopian Embassy, UK, 2011). The present Ethiopia has embraced upon a development effort to eradicate poverty and democratise its society. In so doing it has recorded tremendous achievements in economic and social development as witnessed by the 2010 human development index.According to the 2010 Human Development Report (HDR), Ethiopia is rated among the 'top movers' at rank 11 out of the 135 which registered improvement in Human Development Index that stretched between 1970 and 2010. The achievement status of Ethiopia indicates that life expectancy at birth increased by almost 5 years, GNI per capita increased by 75 percent, expected years of schooling increased by 4 years. This progress would have been difficult if not impossible without the assistance and cooperation of friendly countries like India.RELATIONS BETWEEN ETHIOPIA AND INDIA - TODAYAccording to some historians, Indians came into direct contact with Ethiopia and exchange commodities between the two countries in ancient times. In 16th century, Indian technicians came to Ethiopia from Goa with Portuguese missionaries and contributed much in the fields of construction and craft. The influence of Indian Architecture is visible in Addis Ababa, the capital of Ethiopia (Rashidi, 2007). …

The impact of negative attentional set upon target processing in RSVP: An ERP study

This study investigates whether the negative attentional set, a form of top-down attentional bias, can be set up on a trial-by-trial basis and impair online target processing in an RSVP (Rapid Serial Visual Presentation) task in which two targets are to be identified. Using the N2pc (N2 posterior contralateral) - a component in the event-related potential (ERP) evoked by lateralized targets - as an index of attentional selection, we demonstrated that the online processing of the second target (T2) can be inhibited by a category-specific negative attentional set elicited by a special distractor (D1) prior to the first target (T1) and that this attentional set can be set up at an abstract, conceptual level. A digit T2 was presented on the left or right following a central RSVP letter stream which had a unique red letter T1. Another digit or a Chinese number character was presented prior to T1 as D1, which had to be ignored. Relative to the D1 absent condition, either type of D1 impaired T2 performance and delayed the N2pc response to T2. D1 elicited a frontocentral N2 peaking at about 300 ms post-onset of D1, suggesting that D1 is indeed an inhibition-evoking stimulus. A further behavioral experiment ruled out the possibility that D1 impairs T2 performance via attentional capture or a category-unspecific, general negative attentional set.

Azimullah Khan—A Reappraisal of One of the Major Figures of the Revolt of 1857

The surviving documentation on Azimullah Khan is unreliable and fragmentary, but a survey suggests that his importance as a leader in the revolt of 1857 may have been exaggerated. His true distinction was as a consultant to the Nana Sahib. A unique personal letter from Azimullah, dating from the years that he spent in England and published here for the first time, reveals him at work behind the scenes on his master's behalf.

An Experimental Analysis of Phoneme Blending and Segmenting Skills

In this 2-experiment study, experimental analyses of phoneme blending and segmenting skills were conducted with four-first grade students. Intraindividual analyses were conducted to identify the effects of classroom-based instruction on blending phonemes in Experiment 1. In Experiment 2, the effects of an individualized intervention for the student who failed to improve in the first experiment were examined. Stimulus materials were drawn directly from the classroom curriculum, making it possible to monitor students’ response to classroom instruction and intervention over time. Generalization of responding to unique letter combinations was measured. A multiple-probe across tasks designs was used in both studies. Results indicated that all students improved their phoneme blending skills and are discussed in terms of the need for evaluation methods that are sensitive enough to identify individual differences in responding between students and to detect within-student performance increases in critical early literacy skills.

Computer-generated tailored feedback letters for smoking cessation: Theoretical and empirical variability of tailoring

Purpose This study examines tailored feedback letters of a smoking cessation intervention that is conceptually based on the transtheoretical model, from a content-based perspective. Methods Data of 2 population-based intervention studies, both randomized controlled trials, with total N = 1044 were used. The procedure of the intervention, the tailoring principle for the feedback letters, and the content of the intervention materials are described in detail. Theoretical and empirical frequencies of unique feedback letters are presented. Results The intervention system was able to generate a total of 1040 unique letters with normative feedback only, and almost half a million unique letters with normative and ipsative feedback. Almost every single smoker in contemplation, preparation, action, and maintenance had an empirically unique combination of tailoring variables and received a unique letter. In contrast, many smokers in precontemplation shared a combination of tailoring variables and received identical letters. Conclusion The transtheoretical model provides an enormous theoretical and empirical variability of tailoring. However, tailoring for a major subgroup of smokers, i.e. those who do not intend to quit, needs improvement. Conceptual ideas for additional tailoring variables are discussed.

La "Carta pras icamiabas": o la falta de carácter de un héroe imperial

In Mário de Andrade's second novel, Macunaíma (1928), one comes across a very unique and dissonant letter addressed to the Icamiabas, or Amazon women; the letter is, signed by the hero of the saga, the "hero without any character". Transformed into the Emperor of the Virgin Jungle, Macunaíma addresses his subjects in a letter in which Andrade parodies the written discourse and postcolonial rhetoric of national lettered elites. That epistolary text might be constructively read as an example of the type of "writing" that "emerges between mimesis and mimicry", to say it with Homi Bhabha; a writing that defies the "the epic intention of the civilizing mission". In Andrade's novel-rhapsody, the letter constitutes, in addition, a moment of the hero's metamorphoses, the first of a linguistic nature, and an enthronization, that is to say, a moment previous to the carnivalesque desenthronization.

Temporal dynamics of parietal cortex involvement in visual search

The functional–neuroanatomic relationship that describes the involvement of the parietal cortex in visual search was investigated using repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS; 10 Hz, 500 ms in duration). Twelve adult participants performed feature-based visual search for a unique letter—without eye movements—under conditions that involved manipulations of search efficiency (efficient versus inefficient) and target-selection demands (set-size: 4 versus 10). rTMS was applied over the right posterior parietal cortex at the onset of the search array for all factorial conditions (0–500 ms); stimulation was additionally administered at 500 ms post-array onset (500–1000 ms) during inefficient search (set-size 10). Stimulation over the primary sensorimotor cortex served as a within-subjects control condition, and eye movements were monitored continuously. Significant increases in reaction time were restricted to parietal stimulation during inefficient search (set-size 10), with interference observed when rTMS was administered at the onset of the search array and at 500 ms post-array onset. The early effect was confined to target-present trials and the late effect was confined to target-absent trials, which may indicate temporally dissociable parietal involvement in target detection and response-based selection and/or search termination, respectively. Error rates did not vary significantly as a function of any of the independent variables. Taken together, these results are consistent with evidence from functional magnetic resonance studies indicating that inefficient feature-based visual search requires an intact parietal cortex, and also indicate that the parietal cortex is involved in inefficient search later than has been previously reported.

Words, univalent factors, and boxes

A factor u of a word w is (right) univalent if there exists a unique letter a such that ua is still a factor of w. A univalent factor is minimal if none of its proper suffixes is univalent. The starting block of w is the shortest prefix \(\overline{h}_w\) of w such that all proper prefixes of w of length \(\geq |\overline{h}_w|\) are univalent. We study univalent factors of a word and their relationship with the well known notions of boxes, superboxes, and minimal forbidden factors. Moreover, we prove some new uniqueness conditions for words based on univalent factors. In particular, we show that a word is uniquely determined by its starting block, the set of the extensions of its minimal univalent factors, and its length or its terminal box. Finally, we show how the results and techniques presented can be used to solve the problem of sequence assembly for DNA molecules, under reasonable assumptions on the repetitive structure of the considered molecule and on the set of known fragments.

FROM THE ARCHIVES EARLY CORPORATE ESPIONAGE AMID WORLD WAR I CENSORSHIP

A unique letter from the archives of Cable and Wireless hints that British submarine telegraph cable company officials could and did read commercial traffic passing over their network during World War One. It raises questions about wartime censorship, telegraphic espionage and the use of information contained within cable messages to the commercial advantage of Great Britain.