Unique Fatty Acid Composition Research Articles

The use of the principal component analysis in ranking hemp (<i>Cannabis sativa</i> L.) accessions according to the seed oil fatty acid composition for crop improvement

The use of modern methods for assessing the genotypic diversity of breeding material is effective in crop improvement. Interpretation of the results of a study of the fatty acid biochemical composition in seeds of hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) accessions is one of important stages in breeding oilseed varieties, since hemp possesses a unique fatty acid composition (FAC) among other oilseed crops in Russia. Studies of regularities in formation of seed oil FAC and the principal component analysis (PCA) of fatty acid contents have scientific significance and practical value for ensuring the acceleration of oilseed variety breeding aimed at improving quality and biological activity of oil. The use of PCA can be an effective in achieving this goal. The fatty acid profile of oil has been evaluated at the N.I. Vavilov Institute of Plant Genetic Resources in 25 hemp accessions from the VIR hemp collection. Local and industrial hemp varieties and breeding material of the Middle Russian ecotype were grown in Penza Province with a temperate continental climate on meadow-black soils of the Middle Volga Region of Russia. The seed oil FAC was studied using gas-liquid chromatography with mass spectrometry on an Agilent 6850 chromatograph. The results were processed using the UniChrom and AMDIS software. High content of omega-3 stearidonic fatty acid was found in accessions k-205 from Ukraine (1.23%) and k-168 from Russia (0.87%); that of α-linolenic acid in k-168 from Russia (0.82%) and k-224 from GDR (0.39%); of linoleic acid in k-154 (67.29%), k-360 (66.24%), and k-150 (64.58%) (all three from Russia); of γ-linolenic acid in k-88 from Russia (2.43%) and k-211 from GDR (1.92%). It has been established that the formation of hemp seed oil FAC is a multifactorial process. The main factor determined 27.8% of the variability. The presence of both positive and negative factor loadings was revealed. The highest factor loading for the variance of a complex of characters of the oil FAC is on the main factor, i.e. linoleic acid (+0.73). In relation to this acid, negative loadings were detected for myristic acid (−0.81), lauric acid (−0.78), palmitoleic acid (−0.72), and oleic acid (−0.72). The content of bioactive omega-6 diunsaturated linoleic acid was negatively associated with the content of omega-9 monounsaturated oleic acid, as well as with the content of polyunsaturated omega-6 γ-linolenic, omega-3 stearidonic, and omega-3 α-linoleic acids. The obtained information can be used for identifying accessions with the optimal FAC for their involvement in breeding oilseed hemp varieties.

Diverse impacts of red palm olein, extra virgin coconut oil and extra virgin olive oil on cardiometabolic risk markers in individuals with central obesity: a randomised trial.

Dietary fats with an abundance of phytonutrients have garnered public attention beyond fatty acids per se. This study was set to investigate the impact of consuming diets with red palm olein (RPOO), extra virgin coconut oil (EVCO) and extra virgin olive oil (EVOO, as a control) on cardiometabolic risk biomarkers and lipid profile. We recruited a total of 156 individuals with central obesity, aged 25-45years, with waist circumference ≥ 90cm for men and ≥ 80cm for women in a parallel single-blind 3-arm randomised controlled trial. The participants consumed isocaloric diets (~ 2400kcal) enriched with respective test fats (RPOO, EVCO or EVOO) for a 12-week duration. The mean of the primary outcome plasma high sensitivity C-reactive protein was statistically similar between the three diets after a 12-week intervention. EVOO resulted in significantly lower mean LDL cholesterol compared with RPOO and EVCO, despite similar effects on LDL and HDL cholesterol subfractions. The RPOO diet group showed elevated mean [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text]-carotenes levels compared with EVCO and EVOO diet groups (P < 0.05), corresponding with the rich carotenoid content in RPOO. The three oils, each of which has unique phytonutrient and fatty acid compositions, manifested statistically similar cardiometabolic effects in individuals with central obesity at risk of developing cardiovascular diseases with distinct circulating antioxidant properties. ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT05791370).

Sustenance Trial to Analyze the Effects of Black Soldier Fly Larvae Meal on the Reproductive Efficiency of Sows and the Hematological Properties of Suckling and Weaning Piglets.

The escalating demand for meat, driven by global population growth, necessitates sustainable solutions for animal feed production. This study investigated the effects of substituting conventional protein resources in sow and piglet dietary regimens with black soldier fly (BSF; Hermetia illucens) meal on reproductive efficiency, blood profile, piglet growth, and intestinal tissue morphology. The results indicate that substituting animal-derived and soy proteins with BSF meal does not compromise sow reproductive performance. Although no notable disparities were observed in piglet growth, the feed conversion ratio from the 28- to 35-day age marks were lower in the BSF-fed groups. This suggests that the animal protein-BSF substitution rate may require optimization, potentially involving chitin removal from BSF meal to enhance digestibility. Minor variations in the hematological composition and properties in piglets, with elevated high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels in the high BSF group at the 28-day mark, were potentially attributable to the unique fatty acid composition of BSF meal. Moreover, this study potentiates future exploration into the efficacy of complete animal protein substitution with BSF meals on piglet nutrition and physiology, particularly in fattening pigs. The practical implementation of BSF meals in animal feed production holds promise for enhancing the sustainability of the swine industry.

Identification and delineation of potential castor growing areas in different Agro-eco sub regions of India

Castor (Ricinus communis L.) is one of the oldest cultivated crops in the world. Castor oil is having globalimportance specially in chemical industry because it is the only commercial source of a hydroxylated fatty acid.Castor also hastremendousfuture potential as an industrial oilseed crop because of its high seed oil content, unique fatty acid composition, potentially high oil yields, and ability to be grown under drought and saline conditions. Soils and prevailing climatic conditions across different Agro-Eco Sub Regions (AESR) of India were assessed and matched with crop requirement criteria to identify the potential castor growing areas. Potential castor growing areas comprise favourable soil depth (deep soils) with longer Length of Growing Period (LGP). Among the traditional castor growing areas, AESR 5.2, 7.3, 8.2 and 8.3 have potential to grow castor whereas in non-traditional castor growing areas, AESR6.3, 6.2, 13.1, 15.4 and 17.1 are most potential for expanding castor cultivation. Relative yield and spread index of castor indicated that most of the potential areasidentified in different AESRsfall in zone II and III, need special attention to increase productivity and area expansion programme. Site specific management strategies like selection of suitable variety matching with LGP and proper adoption of nutrient management will overcome the limitations observed in these zones.

Mead acid production by disruption of Δ12-desaturase gene in Mortierella alpina 1S-4

Mead acid (MA; 20:3ω9) is one of the ω9 series of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs). MA is used to inhibit the inflammation of joints and is applied to the medicinal or health food field. We aimed to construct MA-producing strains with disruption of the Δ12-desaturase gene (Δ12ds) via an efficient gene-targeting system using the lig4-disrupted strain of Mortierella alpina 1S-4 as the host. The transformants showed a unique fatty acid composition that only comprised ω9-PUFAs and saturated fatty acids, while ω6-and ω3-PUFAs were not detected, and the total composition of ω9-PUFAs, including oleic acid (18:1ω9), 18:2ω9, 20:1ω9, 20:2ω9, and MA, was up to 68.4% of the total fatty acids. The MA production in the Δ12ds-disruptant reached 0.10g/L (8.5%), which exceeded 0.050g/L (4.6%) in the conventional Δ12ds-defective mutant JT-180.

Intra-population variability of oil content and fatty acid composition in modern hemp cultivars

Purpose and objectives. To identify new promising material with high seed productivity, oil content and optimal fatty acid composition&#x0D; Results and discussion. It was found that the variability ranges of the oil content and seed weight increased under the influence of selections. Use of distant genotypes in hybridization contributed to the generation of high-oil lines, which later become donors of this trait. High oil content was recorded in hybrids derived from crossing cultivars and self-pollinated lines of the Central European eco-geographical type with cultivars and self-pollinated lines of the southern type. In this case, cultivar-line and line-cultivar hybrids (oil content of 36−39%), rather than inter-line ones, turned out to be the most successful results.&#x0D; Family-group selection is a basis for increasing and further stabilizing the oil content in seeds. The oil content was revealed to gradually increase during the breeding for increased oil content. It was found that the population variability of the seed oil content was from 33.99% to 46.98%.&#x0D; Continuous breeding selection gradually widens the expression range of the “oil content” trait from medium to maximum. In order to increase the practical value of cultivars via breeding techniques the seed productivity was also increased. The cultivars of different genetic origins, Hlesiia and Mykolaiychyk, as well as the cultivars of hybrid origin, Artemida and Harmoniia, were considered the most promising ones. In Mykolaichyk populations, the oil content gradually increased and stabilized at a level of 33, 35, or 37.8% without changes in the fatty acid composition of oil.&#x0D; The selections stabilized the oil content in cultivar populations. This proves the high efficiency of the developed breeding methods to create cultivars with high seed productivity and of targeted selection to increase the oil content in hemp seeds. Thus, the importance of a cultivar combining high seed yield and high oil output rises. The modern cultivars were ranked in order of decreasing oil levels in seeds as follows: Mykolaichyk, Artemida, Harmoniia, Hlesiia.&#x0D; Oil of all cultivars had an optimal ratio of omega-3 to omega 6 fatty acids of 1:3.1−1:3.9 (2016−2017). In 2018−2019, the ratio of omega-6 to omega-3 fatty acids was 4.0:1− 4.8:1. The linoleic acid content ranged from 55% to 58% and the linolenic acid content – from 12.58% to 18.23%. Mykolaichyk and Artemida were noticeable for gamma-linolenic acid. These results allow us to assert that the fatty acid composition of hemp seeds is unique and immutable during the breeding for increased oil content.&#x0D; Conclusions. We believe that the Central European type is a source and donor of high oil content, while the southern type – of a longer seed formation and, accordingly, of high oil accumulation.&#x0D; The heterosis phenomenon resulted from combining distant genotypes in one organism was observed. In this case, cultivar-line and line-cultivar hybrids, but not inter-line hybrids, turned out to be the most successful ones (oil content of 36−39%).&#x0D; The new hemp cultivars, Mykolaichyk, Artemida and Harmoniia, which combine high seed productivity with high seed oil content and unique fatty acid composition, have been created.

Non-destructive Evaluation of the Quality Characteristics of Pomegranate Kernel Oil by Fourier Transform Near-Infrared and Mid-Infrared Spectroscopy.

The pomegranate kernel oil has gained global awareness due to the health benefits associated with its consumption; these benefits have been attributed to its unique fatty acid composition. For quality control of edible fats and oils, various analytical and calorimetric methods are often used, however, these methods are expensive, labor-intensive, and often require specialized sample preparation making them impractical on a commercial scale. Therefore, objective, rapid, accurate, and cost-effective methods are required. In this study, Fourier transformed near-infrared (FT-NIR) and mid-infrared (FT-MIR) spectroscopy as a fast non-destructive technique was investigated and compared to qualitatively and quantitatively predict the quality attributes of pomegranate kernel oil (cv. Wonderful, Acco, Herskawitz). For qualitative analysis, principal component analysis (PCA) and orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) was applied. Based on OPLS-DA, FT-MIR spectroscopy resulted in 100% discrimination between oil samples extracted from different cultivars. For quantitative analysis, partial least squares regression was used for model development over the NIR region of 7,498–940 and 6,102–5,774 cm−1 and provided the best prediction statistics for total carotenoid content (R2, coefficient of determination; RMSEP, root mean square error of prediction; RPD, residual prediction deviation; R2 = 0.843, RMSEP = 0.019 g β-carotene/kg, RPD = 2.28). In the MIR region of 3,996–1,118 cm−1, models developed using FT-MIR spectroscopy gave the best prediction statistics for peroxide value (R2 = 0.919, RMSEP = 1.05 meq, RPD = 3.54) and refractive index (R2 = 0.912, RMSEP = 0.0002, RPD = 3.43). These results demonstrate the potential of infrared spectroscopy combined with chemometric analysis for rapid screening of pomegranate oil quality attributes.

Metabolic routing maintains the unique fatty acid composition of phosphoinositides.

Phosphoinositide lipids (PPIn) are enriched in stearic- and arachidonic acids (38:4) but how this enrichment is established and maintained during phospholipase C (PLC) activation is unknown. Here we show that the metabolic fate of newly synthesized phosphatidic acid (PA), the lipid precursor of phosphatidylinositol (PI), is influenced by the fatty acyl-CoA used with preferential routing of the arachidonoyl-enriched species toward PI synthesis. Furthermore, during agonist stimulation the unsaturated forms of PI(4,5P)2 are replenished significantly faster than the more saturated ones, suggesting a favored recycling of the unsaturated forms of the PLC-generated hydrolytic products. Cytidine diphosphate diacylglycerol synthase 2 (CDS2) but not CDS1 was found to contribute to increased PI resynthesis during PLC activation. Lastly, while the lipid transfer protein, Nir2 is found to contribute to rapid PPIn resynthesis during PLC activation, the faster re-synthesis of the 38:4 species does not depend on Nir2. Therefore, the fatty acid side-chain composition of the lipid precursors used for PI synthesis is an important determinant of their metabolic fates, which also contributes to the maintenance of the unique fatty acid profile of PPIn lipids.

Preparation of Human Milk Fat Substitutes: A Review.

Human milk is generally regarded as the best choice for infant feeding. Human milk fat (HMF) is one of the most complex natural lipids, with a unique fatty acid composition and distribution and complex lipid composition. Lipid intake in infants not only affects their energy intake but also affects their metabolic mode and overall development. Infant formula is the best substitute for human milk when breastfeeding is not possible. As the main energy source in infant formula, human milk fat substitutes (HMFSs) should have a composition similar to that of HMF in order to meet the nutritional needs of infant growth and development. At present, HMFS preparation mainly focuses on the simulation of fatty acid composition, the application of structured lipids and the addition of milk fat globule membrane (MFGM) supplements. This paper first reviews the composition and structure of HMF, and then the preparation development of structured lipids and MFGM supplements are summarized. Additionally, the evaluation and regulation of HMFSs in infant formula are also presented.

Camelina (Camelina sativa (L.) Crantz) as Feedstuffs in Meat Type Poultry Diet: A Source of Protein and n-3 Fatty Acids.

Simple SummaryOne of the main problems in poultry production is to find more sustainable feed protein sources, other than the most widely used soya bean meal. An alternative protein source could be the underexploited oilseed crop camelina (Camelina sativa (L.) Crantz), which is mostly grown for biodiesel production, but is also characterized by disease and pest resistance, tolerance to cold weather, drought and low fertility soil. This review presents the nutritive value of camelina seeds, oil and cake (a by-product of biodiesel production), and their effect on the growth performance and fatty acid profile of muscles and liver in meat type poultry. The research results indicated that supplementation of poultry diets with camelina feedstuffs beneficially modified the fatty acid composition of meat and liver. The ratio of n-6/n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) decreased, whereas the content of α-linolenic and long-chain n-3 PUFA increased in poultry tissues.Camelina seed or seed processing derivatives, i.e., cake, are cheap alternative protein feed ingredients for meat type poultry. Camelina is an oilseed crop containing 36.8% oil in seeds, while in the cake the oil content accounts for 6.4–22.7%. If compared with other Brassicaceae family plants, camelina is distinguished by a unique fatty acid composition, because the content of α-linolenic fatty acid (C18:3n-3; ALA) varies from 25.9 to 36.7% of total fatty acids. The total tocopherol content in camelina oil and cake are, respectively, 751–900 and 687 mg/kg. Addition of camelina to poultry nutrition increases the amount of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) in poultry meat and liver. The content of ALA in chicken muscles increases by 1.3–4.4, 2.4–2.9 and 2.3–7.2 times after supplementing chicken diets with, respectively, camelina cake (8–24%), seed (10%), and oil (2.5–6.9%) in comparison with the control group. Camelina cake (5–25%), seed (10%) and oil (2.5–4%) inclusion in chicken diets results in 1.5–3.9 times higher total n-3 PUFA content in muscles and liver. Meanwhile, supplementation of chicken diets with camelina oil (4–6.9%), seed (5–10%) and cake (5–25%) results in, respectively, a 1.8–8.4, 1.6–1.9 and 1.3–2.9 times lower n-6/n-3 PUFA ratio in muscles, and 3.29 times lower n-6/n-3 PUFA ratio in the liver. After inclusion of different amounts of camelina cake in chicken diets, a healthy for human nutrition n-6/n-3 PUFA ratio from 1.6 to 2.9 was found in chicken muscles.

1,3-Dioleoyl-2-palmitoyl glycerol (OPO)-Enzymatic synthesis and use as an important supplement in infant formulas.

1,3-dioleolyl-2-palmitate (OPO) is an important component of the human milk fat. Its unique fatty acid composition and distribution play an important role in proper infant growth and development. Owing to this, it has been attracting researchers and manufacturers to synthesize and commercialize OPO as an important human milk fat substitute added to infant formulas. In this review, the role of OPO in human milk, the benefits of OPO (sn-2 palmitate)-supplemented infant formulas over the conventional infant formulas on infant growth, and lipase-catalyzed synthesis of OPO are discussed. Over the last 20years of research on the benefits of OPO (sn2 palmitate)-supplemented infant formulas are summarized. Similarly, studies carried out on lipase catalyzed production of OPO for the last 21years (1999-2019) are also done focusing on the raw materials, sn1,3-regiospecific lipases, immobilization materials, and solvents used in the laboratory-scale experiments. In addition, OPO-based products currently in the market and future research trends are briefly covered in this review. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: This work focuses on lipase-catalyzed synthesis of 1,3-dioleoyl-2-palmitoylglycerol (the most abundant triacyl glycerol in human milk fat) and its benefits to infants when it is added in infant formulas. Over the last 20years of published research from the literature are summarized and future research trends for efficient OPO synthesis are also covered. This will provide current and future researchers on the field with the necessary background information on OPO synthesis and design their research plans accordingly for cost-effective production of OPO and OPO-supplemented infant formulas.

Natural sesame oil is superior to pre-digested lipid formulations and purified triglycerides in promoting the intestinal lymphatic transport and systemic bioavailability of cannabidiol

Lipid-based formulations play a significant role in oral delivery of lipophilic drugs. Previous studies have shown that natural sesame oil promotes the intestinal lymphatic transport and oral bioavailability of the highly lipophilic drug cannabidiol (CBD). However, both lymphatic transport and systemic bioavailability were also associated with considerable variability. The aim of this study was to test the hypothesis that pre-digested lipid formulations (oleic acid, linoleic acid, oleic acid with 2-oleoylglycerol, oleic acid with 2-oleoylglycerol and oleic acid with glycerol) could reduce variability and increase the extent of the intestinal lymphatic transport and oral bioavailability of CBD. The in vivo studies in rats showed that pre-digested or purified triglyceride did not improve the lymphatic transport and bioavailability of CBD in comparison to sesame oil. Moreover, the results suggest that both the absorption of lipids and the absorption of co-administered CBD were more efficient following administration of natural sesame oil vehicle compared with pre-digested lipids or purified trioleate. Although multiple small molecule constituents and unique fatty acid compositions could potentially contribute to a better performance of sesame oil in oral absorption of lipids or CBD, further investigation will be needed to identify the mechanisms involved.

Systematic Analysis of the Whole-Body Tissue Distribution and Fatty Acid Compositions of Membrane Lipids in CD1 and NMRI Mice and Wistar Rats

Understanding the tissue distribution of phospholipids and glycerolipids in animal models enables promoting the pharmacokinetic study of drugs and related PK predictions. The measurement of lipid compositions in animal models, usually mice and rats, without a standardized approach hindered the accuracy of PBPK investigation. In this work, high resolution mass spectrometry was applied to profile the tissue distribution of phospholipids and glycerolipids in 12 organs/tissues of mice and rats. Using this method, not only the amounts of phospholipids and glycerolipids in each organ/tissue but also the fatty acid compositions were acquired. In order to explore the interspecies specificity of lipid distribution in different organs/tissues, three animal species including CD1 mice, NMRI mice, and Wister rats were used in this systematic study. Globally, more organ specificity was observed. It was found that the brain is the organ containing the most abundant phosphatidylserine lipids (PSs) in all three animal models, leading to brain tissues having the most concentrated acidic phospholipids. Diverse fatty acid compositions in each lipid class were clearly revealed. Certain tissues/organs also had a specific selection of unique fatty acid compositions, for example, unreferenced FA(18 : 2) in the brain. It turned out that the access of free fatty acids affects the incorporation of acyl chain in phospholipids and glycerolipids. In the analysis, ether lipids were also profiled with the observation of dominant ePEs in brain tissues. However, little interspecies difference was found for fatty acid constituents and tissues distribution of phospholipids and glycerolipids.

Activity-based protein profiling of rice (Oryza sativa L.) bran serine hydrolases

Rice bran is an underutilized agricultural by-product with economic importance. The unique phytochemicals and fatty acid compositions of bran have been targeted for nutraceutical development. The endogenous lipases and hydrolases are responsible for the rapid deterioration of rice bran. Hence, we attempted to provide the first comprehensive profiling of active serine hydrolases (SHs) present in rice bran proteome by activity-based protein profiling (ABPP) strategy. The active site-directed fluorophosphonate probe (rhodamine and biotin-conjugated) was used for the detection and identification of active SHs. ABPP revealed 55 uncharacterized active-SHs and are representing five different known enzyme families. Based on motif and domain analyses, one of the uncharacterized and miss annotated SHs (Os12Ssp, storage protein) was selected for biochemical characterization by overexpressing in yeast. The purified recombinant protein authenticated the serine protease activity in time and protein-dependent studies. Os12Ssp exhibited the maximum activity at a pH between 7.0 and 8.0. The protease activity was inhibited by the covalent serine protease inhibitor, which suggests that the ABPP approach is indeed reliable than the sequence-based annotations. Collectively, the comprehensive knowledge generated from this study would be useful in expanding the current understanding of rice bran SHs and paves the way for better utilization/stabilization of rice bran.

Chemical characterization of unconventional palm oils from Hyophorbe indica and two other endemic Arecaceae species from Reunion Island

Chemical characteristics of novel seed oils, yet not investigated, from three endemic Arecaceae (palm) species from Reunion Island are described. Fatty acid profiles are performed using two-dimensional gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Carotenoid contents are determined by high performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. The results of the investigations emphasize the particular composition of the unconventional red seed oil from Hyophorbe indica. Characteristic features of this oil reveal a high degree of unsaturation (50% of polyunsaturated fatty acids, with a high content (17%) of omega-3), which is possibly a unique fatty acid composition in the Arecaceae family. The two other palm oils from Dictyosperma album and Latania lontaroides contain high level of saturated fatty acids very similar to that of the edible palm oil. H. indica oil is also very rich in valuable carotenoids; in particular, lutein, β-carotene and lycopene are detected in a high content (respectively 45, 23 and 35 mg.kg−1 in oil).

Comparison Of Fatty Acid Compositions In Different Goat Breeds: A Study In Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia

The aim of this study is to determine the influence of goat breeds (Saanen, Jamnapari and Boer) on the biological quality of milk in Malaysia and to compare the chemical composition of SFAs, MUFAs and PUFAs concentration of milk across the three breeds. Nine milk samples were collected from three different breeds of goats namely Saanen, Jamnapari and Boer. All samples were taken in triplicate and analysed for fatty acid composition of the milk using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). According to the GC-MS results, 13 fatty acids were identified and expressed relatively in the percentage of peak areas (%) and evaluated in three types of fatty acid groups, which are saturated fatty acid (SFA), monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA), and polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA). The total of SFA varies from 57.48% to 66.10% and is the most abundant fatty acid group in each of the samples. In addition, the total of MUFA was also found ranging from 22.07% to 39.06%, while the total of PUFA is from 0% to 4.06%. 13-octadecenoic acid was detected as the highest concentration for each of the Saanen and Jamnapari breed samples, and hexadecanoic acid for the Boer breed samples. These results have confirmed that each individual species have their own unique fatty acid composition that can contribute as part of complete nutrition for the well-being of the ummah.

Substrate Specificity of Acyl-Lipid Δ9-Desaturase from Cyanobacterium sp. IPPAS B-1200, a Cyanobacterium with Unique Fatty Acid Composition

Cyanobacterium sp. IPPAS B-1200 is characterized by a high content of rare fatty acids (FAs), both myristic (14:0–30%) and myristoleic (14:1Δ9–10%) in the membrane lipids. Thus, short-chain FAs reach 40% of the sum of all FAs in cells, which is unusual for Cyanobacteria. Monounsaturated palmitoleic acids (16:1Δ9) also reach 40% of the sum of the FAs. We determined the complete nucleotide sequence of the genome of this cyanobacterium and found the only gene for the acyl-lipid Δ9-desaturase, desC1. We cloned this gene and characterized its specificity to the length of the substrate using heterologous expression in Escheriсhia coli. The results show that DesC1 nonspecifically generates olefin bond in FAs with a length of 14, 16, and 18 carbon atoms. This finding confirms that all monoesterifed FAs in Cyanobacterium sp. IPPAS B-1200 are generated by one acyl-lipid Δ9-desaturase.

Biological and Clinical Aspects of an Olive Oil-Based Lipid Emulsion-A Review.

Intravenous lipid emulsions (ILEs) have been an integral component of parenteral nutrition for more than 50 years. Numerous formulations are available and are based on vegetable (soybean, olive, coconut) and animal (fish) oils. Therefore, each of these formulations has a unique fatty acid composition that offers both benefits and limitations. As clinical experience and our understanding of the effects of fatty acids on various physiological processes has grown, there is evidence to suggest that some ILEs may have benefits compared with others. Current evidence suggests that olive oil-based ILE may preserve immune, hepatobiliary, and endothelial cell function, and may reduce lipid peroxidation and plasma lipid levels. There is good evidence from a large randomized controlled study to support a benefit of olive oil-based ILE over soybean oil-based ILE on reducing infections in critically ill patients. At present there is limited evidence to demonstrate a benefit of olive oil-based ILE over other ILEs on glucose metabolism, and few data exist to demonstrate a benefit on clinical outcomes such as hospital or intensive care unit stay, duration of mechanical ventilation, or mortality. We review the current research and clinical evidence supporting the potential positive biological and clinical aspects of olive oil-based ILE and conclude that olive oil-based ILE is well tolerated and provides effective nutritional support to various PN-requiring patient populations. Olive oil-based ILE appears to support the innate immune system, is associated with fewer infections, induces less lipid peroxidation, and is not associated with increased hepatobiliary or lipid disturbances. These data would suggest that olive oil-based ILE is a valuable option in various PN-requiring patient populations.

Gas chromatographic analysis of fatty acid composition in the fresh water fishes in North Sulawesi

Fresh water fish is one of the nutritious food sources for the people in Indonesia including in North Sulawesi. Other than its protein, the fish oil has an important source of energy as well as nutraceutical of the people. Some fatty acids, especially omega three fatty acids have been known for their function in prevention of some artery diseases. There is not so much information available about the fatty acid composition in the fresh water fishes. Therefore, the purposes of this research are to determine the present of fatty acids and their composition in the fresh water fishes. The fish samples including, tilapia (mujair), carp (ikan mas), catfish (lele), snakehead (gabus) have been collected from various parts in North Sulawesi. Fatty acids were identified using standard fatty acid mix and measured for their concentration using gas chromatographic technique. The main fatty acids are following to their abundancy: oleic acid varies from 27.24 % for snakehead to 42.22 % for catfish; palmitic acid varies from 22.32 % for carp to 26.91 % for snakehead fish; and linolenic acid varies from 11.89 % for snakehead to 22.46 % for carp. Among the fresh water fishes, the snakehead fish has a unique fatty acid composition, it has high concentration of docosahexaenoic acid (C22:6, DHA).

Effect of Hazelnut Oil on Muscle Cell Signalling and Differentiation.

Nuts-enriched diets were shown to bear beneficial effects for human's health. Among nuts, hazelnut plays a major role in human nutrition and health because of its unique fatty acid composition (predominantly MUFA), fat soluble bioactives (tocopherols and phytosterols), vitamins (vitamin E), essential minerals (selenium), essential amino acids, antioxidant phenolics (caffeic acid), dietary fiber (soluble form), and bioactive phtytochemicals. The current study was designed to explore the cellular effects of two particular hazelnut strains (Ordu and Tonda).Four hazelnut oils were obtained from 2 common strains (Ordu hazelnut oil, Ordu cuticle oil, Tonda "gentile" hazelnut oil, Tonda "gentile" cuticle oil). The metabolic and nutritional effects of the four hazelnut oils were assessed using an in vitro model of mouse myoblasts, identifying the intracellular mechanisms involved in muscle differentiation and in the modulation of specific muscle genes.We demonstrated that hazelnut oils induced morphological changes in neo-formed myotubes increasing myotubes size. In particular, the diversified effects of the hazelnuts and cuticle oils on muscle fibres shape (on length and diameter respectively) determine a diversified pattern of action on elongation or hypertrophy of the muscle fibres. Furthermore, hazelnut oils regulate different pathways associated with myoblasts growth and development, stimulate signal transduction, and activate cell commitment and differentiation. The present results provide evidence that hazelnut oils may affect skeletal muscle growth and differentiation, constituting the proof of principle for the future development of novel foods and integrators.