Unique Combination Of Circumstances Research Articles

The concept of a cultural heritage object (terminological overview)

Cultural heritage is a special phenomenon of human culture. There are definitions of heritage as a substratum of identity, evidence of the development of civilization, an artifact connecting the present and the past, etc. The actualization of cultural heritage, its return to spiritual and economic circulation can serve ideological tasks. Heritage can act as a symbol of the ideological foundations of society, demonstrate strategic priorities that are of particular importance for modernity. Cultural heritage, being a product of creative activity of generations, is formed by a unique combination of circumstances, and, as a result, is unique and non-renewable. All these factors demonstrate the special potential of the heritage, which should be recognized as practically inexhaustible. For this set of reasons, there is a difficulty in interpreting the concept of an object of cultural heritage. This field of scientific search remains an exclusively debatable space with many options for interpreting the key concept. The purpose of the study is to consider the interpretations of the concept of cultural heritage and to determine the specifics of its nature. Simultaneous reference to related concepts allows us to expand the idea of cultural heritage as a collective historical memory expressed in tangible and intangible artifacts. The interdisciplinary methodology based on the comparative method is designed to determine the most concise and capacious definition of heritage, which will reveal the features of its potential actualization in the interests of the state and society.

Localizing the solar value chain in Kenya?

ABSTRACT The debate on the benefits of renewable electrification in late industrializing economies has mostly focused on improved electricity access and climate mitigation arguments. The literature pays less attention to understanding the opportunities for sustainable industrialization. This paper contributes to the latter with insights from a case study of Solinc East Africa, a Kenyan solar module manufacturer that has remained in the market, despite intense competition from imports of low-cost solar panels. Drawing on in-depth fieldwork in the solar energy sector in Kenya, we apply a global value chain framework to explore how and why Solinc has been able to sustain its business. Our findings highlight the challenges of localizing solar manufacturing in Kenya and suggest it may only be possible in rare instances. Specifically, a unique combination of circumstances and factors were revealed that enabled Solinc to gain several advantages including (i) initial access to knowledge and materials from upstream linkages; (ii) downstream integration and partnerships with key distributors and customers; (iii) close proximity to customers; and (iv) provision of complementary and increasingly high value-added services. Our findings present a more positive perspective on the localization of related services, which we argue deserves more attention in the sustainable industrialization debate.

Emotional cushioning in pregnancy after perinatal loss

Women pregnant again after prior perinatal loss fear another loss and thus protect their emotions and avoid prenatal bonding. This phenomenon, emotional cushioning, appears to be a complex self‐protective mechanism and is proposed here as a unique combination of circumstances and responses used by women to cope with the anxiety, uncertainty, and sense of vulnerability experienced in these subsequent pregnancies. Related literature is reviewed to clarify and circumscribe what emotional cushioning is. In this mixed‐methods study, a convenience sample of women pregnant after perinatal loss (N=63) completed the Pregnancy Anxiety Scale during and following pregnancy and responded to questions regarding ‘holding back their emotions’ in pregnancy. The purpose was to describe the range and prevalence of emotional cushioning, to compare pre‐ and post‐natal reports of emotional cushioning, and to examine relationships between emotional cushioning and pregnancy anxiety pre‐ and post‐natally. The majority of women (58.7%) reported some emotional cushioning. Emotional cushioning questions were significantly and positively correlated with pregnancy anxiety. Clinical and research implications are discussed.

“Fishing for Stamps”: The Origins and Development of Unemployment Insurance for Canada’s Commercial Fisheries, 1941-71

Unemployment insurance (UI) benefits have had a huge impact on Canada's fishing communities since the St. Laurent government extended coverage to the industry in 1956. Nevertheless, the origins and development of this programme have not attracted much attention from historians. This paper seeks to rectify that situation and at the same time, shed some light on social policy formation at the federal level in post-war Canada. The weight of evidence indicates that influences external to the state were of great importance. A unique combination of circumstances in Newfoundland prompted that province's fishers to wage a grass roots campaign for insurance coverage, and their agitation, along with the efforts of their Cabinet representative, J.W. Pickersgill, eventually overcame significant opposition within the government. This extension of UI, despite being the subject of much criticism in recent years, was on balance, the best available short-term solution to the Newfoundland fisheries problem: the St. Laurent government's real policy failure was its conservative approach to long-term fisheries development.

The Approach to EU and EMU Membership: The Implications for Macroeconomic Policy in Applicant Countries

Many commentators have noted the fact that the so-called 'Eastern enlargement; of the EU is unique, in the sense that never before have countries which are so much poorer than the EU been admitted. Furthermore, they are being admitted to an EU which is far more internally liberalised (the single market) and intergrated (EMU) than previously. Finally, the applicant countries are far more liberalised internally and open internationally than was the case with the previous enlargement to relatively poor countries (the so-called 'Southern enlargement' of the 1980s). We believe that this unique combination of circumstances is likely to generate unanticipated problems for the applicant countries in their conduct of macroeconomic policy in the run-up to EU and later EMU accession. The problems we predict stem from the combination at one time of the following factors: 1.) Expected rapid growth in the applicant countries (far faster than the EU itself); 2.) Real appreciation resulting from the well known Harrod-Balassa Samuelson effect; 3.) Free capital movements; 4.) The need to satisfy the Maastricht criteria and join EMU within ten years. These factors are likely to lead to high current account deficits, which it will be dificult for the authorities to limit to prudent levels. We describe the underlying pressures in Section 2, discuss suitable macroeconomic policy responses in Sections 3 and 4, and conclude in Section 5. At the core of our analysis lies an attempt to combine what we know about the macroeconomics of rapidly growing poorer countries with the standard presecriptions of the Mundell-Flemming model and the institutional requirements of the pre-EU and pre-EMU accession periods.

Will the UK power pool keep the lights on?

The author is with the Science Policy Research Unit, University of Sussex. Asking whether the lights will be kept on might appear a curious question after four years of apparently successful operation of the power pool, the mechanism that, in the new privatized electricity supply industry structure, determines which power plants are used in England and Wales. Not only has this period not resulted in a shortage of plant, the new system is expected to deliver a considerable plant surplus in the next few years. However, the reality may be that this situation is the product of a unique combination of circumstances. These include buyers' markets for coal and gas, the unexpected availability of combined cycle gas turbine (CCGT) technology, and regulation that was indulgent to new entrants in order to break the effective generating duopoly structure that privatization left. The central premise on which the new system was based, that power station financiers would be willing to risk money building power stations which would sink or swim on the basis of how successful they were in half-hourly bidding contests, remains untested. In the 'dash for gas', over 10 000 MW of new gas fired plants (the equivalent of about 10 nuclear power plants) were ordered between 1990 and 1992 creating a large potential surplus of plant. In other circumstances, a shortage of plant could have as easily resulted, illustrating a key weakness of the new system: there is no explicit mechanism to balance supply and demand for power plants. However, the problem may go deeper than that. In a fully competitive electricity supply system, building a power plant may be too great a risk for the commercial market to take on.

Community, Identity, and Power: Some Thoughts on Women and Law in Central and Eastern Europe

Solidarity which is compatible with democratic self-government cannot be attained without universal justice; complex, heterogeneous societies which are increasingly becoming the norm world-wide rather than the exception cannot be based on friendship alone; only a system of egalitarian rights can create the bond of civility which is itself a precondition of solidarity; finally, communities tend to constitute themselves by excluding difference, but.., the task of a philosophical politics is to conceptualize new forms of association which let the differend appear in their midst.' The situation of many of the countries of Central and Eastern Europe has been characterised, since the revolutions of the late 1980s, by an extraordinary and perhaps unique combination of circumstances. In the first place, the restructuring of these societies spans political, economic, spatial, and cultural dimensions.

Now is the time: Book publishing in Russia

A unique combination of circumstances has created opportunities for foreign publishers to invest in Russia. A hunger for books, an unsettled distribution system, availability of publishing personnel, and low costs have created a good environment for entering the marketplace. But it is not a chance for quick profits.

WASTE WATER REUSE IN PHOENIX‐HOW VIABLE IS IT?1

ABSTRACT: The Phoenix metropolitan area has a unique combination of circumstances which makes it one of the prime areas in the Nation for waste water reuse. Overriding all of these conditions is the long‐term inadequacy of the existing water supplies. The Salt River Valley has a ground water overdraft of about 700,000 acre feet per year. To help alleviate this situation, the Corps of Engineers in conjunction with the MAG 208 is looking at ways to reuse a projected 2020 waste water flow of 340,000 acre feet per year. Reuse options identified include ground water recharge, agricultural irrigation, turf irrigation, recreational lakes, fish and wildlife habitats, and industrial cooling. These look nice on paper but before they can be implemented, some hard questions have to be answered, such as: How acceptable are local treatment plants when 15 years ago there was a major push to eliminate local plants; is the Phoenix area ready for reuse in urban areas; what are people willing to pay for water; who benefits if a city goes to ground water recharge; how much agriculture will be left in the area by 2020? These and other questions must be resolved if reuse is to become a viable option in water resource planning in the Phoenix area.Summary. Large scale reuse of waste water conforms with the national goal of better resource management through recycling. The Phoenix metropolitan area has a unique combination of circumstances which makes it one of the prime areas in the nation for waste water reuse. Some of the most notable conditions are: the existence of a large and rapidly growing urban area which is in the process of planning for future waste water management systems; the existence of agricultural areas which are projected to be farmed well into the future, and the existence of constructed and planned major recreational systems such as Indian Bend Wash which can use recycled waste water; the existence of extensive depleted ground water aquifers; the need for a dependable source for the cooling of the Palo Verde Nuclear reactors; and finally, overriding all of this, the long‐term inadequacy of the existing water supplies.Given this, one would expect to find total reuse within the Phoenix metropolitan area. Reuse is taking place with irrigation and nuclear power cooling to the west but there is no long term plan which looks at the Valley as a whole and considers waste water as part of the Valley's water resources.The Corps 208 plan is looking at waste water in this manner but initial analysis shows that although reuse is technically feasible there are many financial, social, institutional, and political questions still to be answered. These include: determining the value of existing diminishing water sources and what people are willing to pay for the next source of water; are people willing to identify priority uses of water for the area so that water of varying quality is put to its highest and best use; will the present institutional boundaries remain to create water‐rich and water‐poor areas; and will legislation be forthcoming to simplify the complex surface and ground water laws that presently exist?The Corps 208 study will not be able to answer these questions, but the goal at the moment is to identify feasible reuse systems along with decisions the public, owners, agencies, and politicians must make to select and implement them. If some sort of logical process is not developed and public awareness not increased, the chance for a long‐term plan to utilize waste water as a major element in the Phoenix area water resource picture, may be missed.

Economic Limits of International Resettlement

AMONG the endless postwar projects now 4 germinating are many looking to IL planned migration arranged by bilateral agreement or an international agency. The attempt to plan population mobility reflects a general conviction that unrestricted migration, a free trade in peoples, is politically and perhaps even economically impossible. The spontaneous movement of individuals or families seeking greater opportunities, which reached the proportions of a mass movement in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, was made possible by a unique combination of circumstances that certainly will not recur. Briefly stated, those circumstances were rapid industrial and demographic growth in Western Europe, together with the opening up and industrialization of thinly settled areas rich in resources and not too different in climate, soil, or agricultural potentialities from the migrant's area of origin. The many remaining areas of the world that await transition to a modem economy appear to be less favorably situated with respect to lands and other resources, and some of them already support a dense agricultural population. Those that are not closely settled constitute the remaining open spaces that figure in many of the proposals to provide new opportunities for the potentially large number of economic and political refugees from crowded agrarian regions and urban slums. The present paper is limited to a narrow aspect of international migration. It deals only with the planned migration of groups and their resettlement on agricultural lands, and especially with a rather general consideration of such questions as resources, capital, and markets.