Unipolar Factors Research Articles

Assessment of personality disorder in the ICD-11 diagnostic system: Polish validation of the Personality Inventory for ICD-11.

This paper presents results of a study on the Polish adaptation of the Personality Inventory for ICD-11 (PiCD), which was developed to measure pathological traits under a new, dimensional model of personality disorders proposed in ICD-11. The study involved a non-clinical sample of N = 597 adults (51.4% female; Mage = 30.24 years; SD = 12.07 years). For convergent and divergent validity, Personality Inventory for DSM-5 (PID-5) and Big Five Inventory-2 (BFI-2) were used. The results showed the Polish adaptation of the PiCD to be reliable and valid. Cronbach's alpha coefficient for PiCD scale scores ranged from 0.77 to 0.87 (Mα = 0.82). The four-factor structure of PiCD items with the three unipolar factors, "Negative Affectivity", "Detachment", and "Dissociality", and one bipolar "Anankastia" vs. "Disinhibition" factor was conformed. All PiCD traits are related to PID-5 pathological traits and BFI-2 normal traits in an expected way both in correlational and factor analyses. Obtained data demonstrate satisfactory internal consistency, factorial validity, and convergent-discriminant validity of the Polish adaptation of PiCD in a non-clinical sample.

Factor structure of the Indonesian version of the Parent as Social Context Questionnaire

The use of a dimensional approach in assessment tools of parenting style in Indonesia is still very limited. Parent as Social Context Questionnaire (PSCQ)-Adolescent Report is widely known as a dimensional-parenting style assessment tool. This study examined the factor structure and reliability of the Indonesian version of the PSCQ-Adolescent Report. This 24-item questionnaire measures six parenting dimensions: warmth, structure, autonomy support, rejection, chaos, and coercion, with four items in each dimension. Participants were 1476 Junior High School Students aged 11-16 years old (48% male, 52% female), recruited from six main islands in Indonesia. Our findings confirmed the original six unipolar factor structures of the Indonesian PSCQ. Of the six factors, five factors with the exception of coercion had acceptable to good reliability. The finding that coercion had no negative correlation with the positive dimensions such as warmth and autonomy support differs from findings in the West, indicating that coercion is considered negative in Western culture but is not the case in Indonesia. This study concluded that PSCQ-Adolescent Report can be used as a valid and reliable measure of the parenting style of Indonesian adolescents

Psychosemantic Reconstruction of Health Concepts in Patients with Somatogenia

The article presents the results of study of the subjective psychosemantic space of patients suffering from somatogeny. The construction of a subjective semantic space is fundamentally different from the descriptive researches because it involves an experiment that simulates the certain aspects of linguistic or cognitive activity and allows the reconstruction of the system of values. This is a study of the psychosemantic structure of those semantic structures of consciousness that create a typical conceptual system of self-regulation, forming a normative and actual subjective picture of the own ideas about the health and psychological causes of its violation.
 On the example of patients with chronic gastroenterological and cardiovascular diseases, the author used the method of semantic differential by Ch. Ozgud with the subsequent factorization of data and has established the basic psycho-semantic parameters of such patients’ consciousness, which allows to understand how people with a certain structure of consciousness fall into the number of patients suffering from psychogeny . The semantic differential method allows us to evaluate the subjective aspect of the meanings associated with content, social settings, stereotypes and other emotionally loaded, structured, and not enough apperceived forms of generalization. The study was conducted in three stages. At the first one was used the adoption of associations. At the second stage was obtained an array of data that represented the result of applying the semantic differential method to the description of the specified categories. The third stage was aimed at working out the received factual data.
 Through the study, there were obtained the results as three factors. The main factor was called “Score”. The second (partial) bipolar factor absorbed three scales and received the name – antonym to the classical scale of Ch. Osgood “Weakness”. The third (partial) unipolar factor also contains three scales. It received the name “Activity”.
 The study revealed a number of common features that characterize the partial psychosemantic space of such patients. It was found that the psychosemantic parameters of the psychosemantic space of patients differ by its cognitively-emotional simplicity, low dimensionality, inconsistency and predominance in negative connotations.
 The psychosemantic structure of consciousness of the patients suffering from psychogeny involves the special efforts of clinical psychologists and psychotherapists in providing targeted psychological support and assistance to such people.

Quantifying Medical Resident Perceptions Regarding the Utility of High‐fidelity Patient Simulation using Q‐methodology

High‐fidelity patient simulation (HFPS) combines sophisticated patient manikins and realistic, immersive environments to safely train physicians at an early stage of their medical careers. However, little is known about the distinct patterns of medical resident perceptions who experienced HFPS during their undergraduate medical education (UME). Q‐methodology obtains first‐person, qualitative viewpoints from participants about a specific topic of interest using a quantitative inverted factor procedure and was used to answer the research question: How do medical residents perceive the utility of, and satisfaction with, HFPS experienced during their UME? Since Q‐methodology is an exploratory, systematic research technique that does not attempt to hypothesize existing relationships, a priori hypotheses were not developed for this research question. Graduates were sampled from Indiana University Bloomington School of Medicine (IUSM‐B) classes of 2015, 2016, and 2017 because HFPS was integrated into their UME. Of the 58 medical residents contacted, 12 were recruited for this study. The residents were asked to electronically sort 37 validated statements relative to each other into a bipolar, inverted quasi‐normal distribution based on their subjective opinions. Two open‐ended questions at the end of the sorting procedure allowed participants to elaborate on their choice of the highest and lowest ranked statements. The final solution consisted of three factors, one unipolar factor (Factor 1) and one bipolar factor (Factor 2a and Factor 2b), that explained 45% of the total variance in the data, with eleven participants (91.7%) mapping onto one of the three factors. Seven residents were grouped into Factor 1 and were labeled ‘Practical Skeptics' given their pattern of finding value in the pragmatic relevance of HFPS, but had difficulty suspending their disbelief of the simulated patient manikin. Three residents were clustered into Factor 2a characterized as ‘Simulation Enthusiasts' and demonstrated a pattern of embracing the HFPS experience, could suspend their disbelief, and found value in interprofessional education simulations with nursing students. Factor 2b included one resident described as an ‘Anxious Supporter’ because this individual embraced the use of HFPS but captured the stress and anxiety that some feel while participating in simulations that was not seen with the other two factors. This study discovered three distinct perceptions regarding HFPS among residents who attended IUSM‐B and may aid in tailoring HFPS strategies to more fully meet the needs and expectations of future physicians.This abstract is from the Experimental Biology 2019 Meeting. There is no full text article associated with this abstract published in The FASEB Journal.

Broadening Humor: Comic Styles Differentially Tap into Temperament, Character, and Ability.

The present study introduces eight comic styles (i.e., fun, humor, nonsense, wit, irony, satire, sarcasm, and cynicism) and examines the validity of a set of 48 marker items for their assessment, the Comic Style Markers (CSM). These styles were originally developed to describe literary work and are used here to describe individual differences. Study 1 examines whether the eight styles can be distinguished empirically, in self- and other-reports, and in two languages. In different samples of altogether more than 1500 adult participants, the CSM was developed and evaluated with respect to internal consistency, homogeneity, test–retest reliability, factorial validity, and construct and criterion validity. Internal consistency was sufficiently high, and the median test-retest reliability over a period of 1–2 weeks was 0.86 (N = 148). Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses showed that the eight styles could be distinguished in both English- (N = 303) and German-speaking samples (N = 1018 and 368). Comparing self- and other-reports (N = 210) supported both convergent and discriminant validity. The intercorrelations among the eight scales ranged from close to zero (between humor and sarcasm/cynicism) to large and positive (between sarcasm and cynicism). Consequently, second-order factor analyses revealed either two bipolar factors (based on ipsative data) or three unipolar factors (based on normative data). Study 2 related the CSM to instruments measuring personality (N = 999), intelligence (N = 214), and character strengths (N = 252), showing that (a) wit was the only style correlated with (verbal) intelligence, (b) fun was related to indicators of vitality and extraversion, (c) humor was related to character strengths of the heart, and (d) comic styles related to mock/ridicule (i.e., sarcasm, cynicism, but also irony) correlated negatively with character strengths of the virtues temperance, transcendence, and humanity. By contrast, satire had a moral goodness that was lacking in sarcasm and cynicism. Most importantly, the two studies revealed that humor might be related to a variety of character strengths depending on the comic style utilized, and that more styles may be distinguished than has been done in the past. The CSM is recommended for future explorations and refinements of comic styles.

Quadratic Extension Field Codes for Free Space Optical Intensity Communications

In this paper, we propose a space time code construction with a symbol rate of two for free space optical multiple input multiple output (FSO-MIMO) communication systems. Unlike the radio-frequency space time coding design that deals with complex symbols holding phase and magnitude information, the phase detection in wireless optical communications remains very challenging. This restricts optical MIMO codes to carry positive magnitude information belonging to a finite range. To meet these requirements, we propose to design the FSO-MIMO codes considering first the whole real space $\mathbb {R}$ , followed by a bipolar to unipolar conversion to fit in the intensity margin. We consider the MIMO configurations with two or four transmitters (lasers). We base our shape-preserving construction on quadratic extension fields that linearly combine the real symbols to form a full diversity space time code with a symbol rate equal to two. For each configuration, we show how to optimize the choice of the algebraic field numbers to jointly optimize the non-vanishing code determinant and the bipolar to unipolar attenuation factor.

Measurement properties of the chinese weinstein noise sensitivity scale.

Context:Noise sensitivity may mediate or moderate the influences of noise exposure on health, and it needs to be reliably evaluated. The 21-item Weinstein’s noise sensitivity scale (WNSS) has been the most popular scale for assessing noise sensitivity, but it is not yet available in traditional Chinese.Aims:This study aimed to conduct linguistic and psychometric performance of WNSS in Hong Kong (HK) Chinese.Settings and Design:A population-based telephone survey with 1-week follow-up.Materials and Methods:The HK Chinese WNSS was obtained after forward–backward translation from the original English version and cognitive debriefing in five Chinese adults. Its measurement properties were assessed in 569 Chinese adults aged 18 years or above.Statistical Analysis Used:The sample was randomly split into two halves. The first half was used to explore a scale structure of the WNSS by exploratory factor analysis (EFA) with the number of factors determined by the optimal comparison data technique and tested for being artifactual. The second half was used for confirmatory factor analysis. Convergent validity and test–retest validity were also assessed.Results:EFA identified two unipolar factors and removed three items poorly associated with the factors. The factors were likely artifactual and a unidimensional structure was assessed in CFA, which showed a satisfactory fit (root mean square error of approximation = 0.055; comparative fit index = 0.904; standardized root mean square residual = 0.061). The HK Chinese WNSS had good internal consistency (Cronbach’s α = 0.83) and test–retest reliability (intraclass correlation coefficient = 0.87). Furthermore, it confirmed the expected association with extraversion (r = −0.14, P < 0.001) and neuroticism (r = 0.28, P < 0.001).Conclusion:The 18-item HK Chinese WNSS was reliable and valid for assessing noise sensitivity in the Chinese population.

Relational models theory: A confirmatory factor analysis

AbstractDescriptive taxonomies of social relationships typically propose independent, bipolar dimensions, such as warmth/hostility, equality/inequality, and formality/informality. Relational models theory (Fiske, 1991), in contrast, proposes four potentially correlated, unipolar relational models. Features of the four models were subjected to confirmatory factor analyses that tested the unipolarity and non‐independence assumptions on a large sample of social relationships. Findings supported the hypothesis that the models correspond to coherent, correlated, and unipolar factors.

Demographic Correlates of Individualism and Collectivism

The demographic correlates of idiocentrism and allocentrism (the within-culture measures of individualism and collectivism) were investigated in Sri Lanka. A sample of 438 Sri Lankan respondents, from a wide variety of demographic contexts, provided data for the study. Factor analysis revealed that idiocentrism and allocentrism in Sri Lanka are independent, unipolar factors, rather than opposites on a single, bipolar dimension. Socioeconomic status was a strong negative correlate of allocentrism, and urban residence was a strong positive correlate of idiocentrism; English language fluency, overseas experience, age, occupational status, and educational level were also correlated with the value syndromes. The findings were discussed both within the context of Sri Lankan culture and in terms of their applicability to other cultural settings.

Factorial Structure of Individualism-Collectivism in Sri Lanka

This study investigated the dimensionality of a 21-item questionnaire measure of idiocentrism-allocentrism (the within-culture measure of individualism-collectivism) within the context of Sri Lankan culture. A survey of 438 Sri Lankan respondents, sampled from a wide variety of demographic contexts, provided data. Factor analysis indicated that idiocentrism and allocentrism are two independent, unipolar factors, rather than opposite poles of a single, bipolar dimension. The implications are discussed in the context of existing and future cross-cultural (etic) and within-cultural (emic) research on individualism-collectivism.

Gender‐schematic processing: An extended replication of the Larsen and Seidman study

This study is an extended replication of the Larsen and Seidman study (1986) on the Bem Sex‐Role Inventory (BSRI) as a measurement instrument for gender‐schematic processing. Using a Dutch sample and the GRAS (Groninger Androgyny Scale)—a Dutch sex‐role inventory—responses to this inventory were factor‐analysed separately for sex‐typed and non‐sex‐typed groups. The extremity of response style on GRAS items and the degree of self‐indicated cross‐situational variability on GRAS items were used as additional indices for gender‐schematic processing. Similar to Larsen and Seidman's (1986) study, bipolar factors were found for the sex‐typed groups and unipolar factors for the non‐sex‐typed groups. Similar to a study conducted by Bem (1981) into differences among the sex‐types in their response latencies to the attributes of the BSRI, sex‐typed subjects showed more extremity of response style on attributes of the GRAS when making schema‐consistent judgements about themselves, and showed less extremity of response style when making schema‐inconsistent judgements about themselves. The data on cross‐situational variability were less equivocal. It is concluded that the degree of gender‐schematic processing in individuals can be well measured by means of a sex‐role inventory.

Measuring affect at work: confirmatory analyses of competing mood structures with conceptual linkage to cortical regulatory systems.

Twenty so-called clear markers of positive and negative mood (Watson & Tellegen, 1985) were applied in the current study to measure affect at work. Confirmatory factor analyses of a bipolar Two-Factor (i.e., positive and negative affect) Model and a competing multifactor model were conducted with three samples: managerial and professional workers in an insurance firm, retail sales personnel, and a heterogeneous group of students who were employed. The first-order Two-Factor Model (i.e., descriptively bipolar positive and negative affect factors) hypothesized to underlie the 20 affect items did not provide a strong fit to the data in the three samples. A first-order Four-Factor Model with descriptively unipolar factors labeled as Positive Arousal (Enthusiasm), Negative Activation (Nervousness), Low Arousal (Fatigue), and Low Activation (Relaxation) provided a better fit across the samples. These results support the measurement of positive and negative mood as descriptively unipolar factors. The measurement implications of these results as well as conceptual linkages between the four mood factors and the two major cortical regulatory systems, left-lateralized dopaminergic activation and right-lateralized noradrenergic arousal, are discussed.

The organization of taste sensibilities in hamster chorda tympani nerve fibers.

Electrophysiological measurements of nerve impulse frequencies were used to explore the organization of taste sensibilities in single fibers of the hamster chorda tympani nerve. Moderately intense taste solutions that are either very similar or easily discriminated were applied to the anterior lingual surface. 40 response profiles or 13 stimulus activation patterns were considered variables and examined with multivariate statistical techniques. Three kinds of response profiles were seen in fibers that varied in their overall sensitivity to taste solutions. One profile (S) showed selectivity for sweeteners, a second (N) showed selectivity for sodium salts, and a third (H) showed sensitivity to salts, acids, and other compounds. Hierarchical cluster analysis indicated that profiles fell into discrete classes. Responses to many pairs of effective stimuli were covariant across profiles within a class, but some acidic stimuli had more idiosyncratic effects. Factor analysis of profiles identified two common factors, accounting for 77% of the variance. A unipolar factor was identified with the N profile, and a bipolar factor was identified with the S profile and its opposite, the H profile. Three stimulus activation patterns were elicited by taste solutions that varied in intensity of effect. Hierarchical cluster analysis indicated that the patterns fell into discrete classes. Factor analysis of patterns identified three common unipolar factors accounting for 82% of the variance. Eight stimuli (MgSO4, NH4Cl, KCl, citric acid, acetic acid, urea, quinine HCl, HCl) selectively activated fibers with H profiles, three stimuli (fructose, Na saccharin, sucrose) selectively activated fibers with S profiles, and two stimuli (NaNO3, NaCl) activated fibers with N profiles more strongly than fibers with H profiles. Stimuli that evoke different patterns taste distinct to hamsters. Stimuli that evoke the same pattern taste more similar. It was concluded that the hundreds of peripheral taste neurons that innervate the anterior tongue play one of three functional roles, providing information about one of three features that are shared by different chemical solutions.

Factor analysis of the Multiple Affect Adjective Check List: A separation of positive and negative affect.

The Multiple Affect Adjective Check List (MAACL) is one of the most widely used instruments research in olving the assessment of emotional states. We examined the factor structure of the MAACL. When it was administered a large sample of undergraduate students, the correlations among the MAACL Anxiety. Depression, and Hostility scales ranged from .72 .82. Principal-components factor analysis of the MAACL adjectives yielded two large unipolar factors. Factor I was defined by negative adjectives and Factor 2 by positive adjectives from all three MAACL scales. Possible explanations for the emergence of these two factors involved both the independence of positive and negative affect and the differential effects of response set on endorsement of positive and negative adjectives. These findings are discussed terms of the discriminant validity of the MAACL and the appropriateness of its use current research. The Multiple Affect Adjective Check List (MAACL: Zuckerman & Lubin. 1965) is one of the most widely used instruments research involving the assessment of emotional states. This 132item measure was originally designed to fill the need for a selfadministered test which would provide valid measures of three of the clinically relevant negative affects: anxiety, depression, and hostility'' (Zuckerman & Lubin. 1965. p. 3). In the development of the MAACL. adjectives for each of the three scales were retained for use if they differentiated between anxious psychiatric patients and nonanxious normals. between depressed and nondepressed men and women, and between normal and hypnotically induced hostility states, respectively. The Anxiety scale of the MAACL comprises 21 adjectives, the Depression scale is made up of 40 adjectives, and the Hostility scale contains 28 adjectives. The three scales contain both positive and negative adjectives, and the total score for each scale is obtained by means of summing the number of negative adjectives checked and positive adjectives not endorsed. Since its publication 1965. the MAACL has been used several hundred investigations assess the effects of a wide variety of experimental treatments samples of student, community, and psychiatric populations. For example, the MAACL

Dimensionality of the repression sensitization scale

Study of the internal structure of the R-S Scale failed to support a finding of unidimensionality or bipolarity, as theory suggests. A factor analysis of the item matrix revealed a poorly defined multifactor structure that contained five relatively weak unipolar factors (N = 200). Guttman's Reproducibility and the Kuder-Richardson Coefficient adjusted for test length similarly failed to support the presence of a unifactor structure. The relatively high Coefficient of Dimensionality was rejected as evidence of unidimensionality given the uncertainty over what psychometric properties this index reflects. The high proportion of S-item interaction variance showed considerable equivocal item content, which suggested marked error factors due to Ss' idiosyncratic interpretation of items.

Attitudes Toward Aging and Toward the Needs of Older People

In order to explore the underlying dimensionality of beliefs about aging, two sets of opinion statements (one dealing with general attitudes toward aging and the other with programmatic issues) were factor analyzed for two age groups: persons under 60 (N = 290) and persons 60 and older (N = 181). For the first set of social-psychological belief statements, a common factor structure was found for the two age groups. For the second set of programmatic statements, there was some communality between age groups, but most of the items loading on the factors tended to be age-specific. The belief structure of the older group was generally more complex and variegated than was the case with the younger group. Except where the items were personal relevance, positive and negative items tended to load on separate, unipolar factors.

Dimensions of temperament: an analysis.

The TDOT recast into a single stimulus format was administered to 150 college Ss. A factor analysis of the items followed by an analysis of item clusters that define each factor indicated the presence of 14 dimensions. Of the 10 bipolar scales of the TDOT, 3 were confirmed as independent dimensions, and 5 were confirmed in part or split into unipolar factors.