Unilateral Transfer Research Articles

DW-D3A: dynamic weighted dual-driven domain adaptation for cross-scene hyperspectral image classification

ABSTRACT Domain adaptation (DA) offers an effective way to align feature distributions of the source domain (SD) and the target domain (TD) without requiring any target label samples. As a method of DA, representation learning effectively realizes the alignment of feature distributions in different domains by transferring domain knowledge. However, existing representation learning methods often focus on unilateral representation transfer, which potentially results in transfer bias. Additionally, most methods ignore the connection between domain alignment and discrimination during the DA process, which easily causes negative transfer. This paper proposes a dynamic weighted dual-driven domain adaptation (DW-D 3 A) model that effectively addresses the aforementioned issues through bilateral feature transfer between domains and a dynamic weighted scheme. Technically, we first propose a dual-driven domain adaptation (D 3 A) model, which employs symmetrical structures to facilitate the knowledge transfer of bilateral representations between source and target domain samples, learning the subspaces of two domains and reducing distribution discrepancies between subspaces via joint distribution-driven alignment. This process mitigates transfer bias and goes beyond previous unilateral transfer methods. Then, to alleviate strong constraints on projecting SD and TD into the same subspace in existing approaches, we apply a relaxed subspace constraint to bring the projections of SD and TD closer. Furthermore, data reconstruction is incorporated to preserve discriminant information from the original data. Lastly, we expand (D 3 A) to DW-D 3 A using a dynamic weighted scheme, which adjusts the weights assigned to domain alignment and discrimination based on their significance to inhibit negative transfer. Extensive experimentation on three datasets indicates that DW-D 3 A outperforms seven other DA methods, showing its superior performance.

Fiat v European Commission: Fiat and Luxembourg’s Great Fiscal Autonomy Victory Comes at a Great Cost to the Commission

The Court of Justice of the EU (CJEU) handed the European Commission a significant defeat in its objective to stop multinational enterprises from benefitting from illegal state aid, mainly through unilateral transfer pricing agreements. The CJEU corrected the Commission’s analysis and asserted that conferring a selective advantage from a state policy was only possible by comparing inconsistencies with the Member State’s legislation rather than a harsher EU-wide OECD arm’s length principle. This article will analyse the issues caused by the case’s outcome, such as parity and uncertainty in the Commission’s analysis for future cases. Additionally, the article will analyse the mostly unsuccessful use of the state aid provision by the Commission in its other cases and how the amendment of EU laws is needed to turn the tide in the Commission’s favour.

LEGAL ANALYSIS OF THE PRACTICE OF TRANSFER OF RIGHTS BY FINANCING INSTITUTIONS THROUGH AN ABSOLUTE POWER OF POWER: A REVIEW OF VIOLATIONS OF LAW AND ITS LEGAL IMPACT

This research aims to examine unlawful practices committed by financing institutions in the process of transferring rights by using absolute power of attorney and examine the legal consequences of using absolute power of attorney against the law. The research uses a statutory approach and applicable regulations along with legal principles used to examine the problem under study. The conclusion obtained is that in practice there are still many financing institutions in collaboration with authorized officials who still practice debt and credit mixed with buying and selling, therefore the use of absolute power of attorney in the transfer process is a legal act prohibited by laws and regulations which can be canceled and null and void and is a form of abuse of circumstances and vigilante efforts. The legal consequences of the practice of unilateral transfer of rights using an absolute power of attorney are a form of legal smuggling where when the conditions for the validity of the agreement are not met, which include subjective conditions in the form of an agreement containing elements of unlawful acts and objective conditions regarding legal causes because they violate the Civil Code and Presidential Instruction Number 14 of 1982 concerning the Prohibition of the Use of Absolute Power of Attorney as a Transfer of Land Rights which was later replaced and refined in Government Regulation No. 24 of 1997 concerning Land Registration.

Bilateral co-transfer for unsupervised domain adaptation

Labeled data scarcity of an interested domain is often a serious problem in machine learning. Leveraging the labeled data from other semantic-related yet co-variate shifted source domain to facilitate the interested domain is a consensus. In order to solve the domain shift between domains and reduce the learning ambiguity, unsupervised domain adaptation (UDA) greatly promotes the transferability of model parameters. However, the dilemma of over-fitting (negative transfer) and under-fitting (under-adaptation) is always an overlooked challenge and potential risk. In this paper, we rethink the shallow learning paradigm and this intractable over/under-fitting problem, and propose a safer UDA model, coined as Bilateral Co-Transfer (BCT), which is essentially beyond previous well-known unilateral transfer. With bilateral co-transfer between domains, the risk of over/under-fitting is therefore largely reduced. Technically, the proposed BCT is a symmetrical structure, with joint distribution discrepancy (JDD) modeled for domain alignment and category discrimination. Specifically, a symmetrical bilateral transfer (SBT) loss between source and target domains is proposed under the philosophy of mutual checks and balances. First, each target sample is represented by source samples with low-rankness constraint in a common subspace, such that the most informative and transferable source data can be used to alleviate negative transfer. Second, each source sample is symmetrically and sparsely represented by target samples, such that the most reliable target samples can be exploited to tackle under-adaptation. Experiments on various benchmarks show that our BCT outperforms many previous outstanding work.

Legal Protection for Creditors Regarding Default and Unilateral Transfer of Fiduciary Guarantee Vehicles Based on the Principle of Justice

Indonesian people generally buy private vehicles by using credit facilities or making monthly payments to finance companies to own their vehicles. Vehicles purchased on credit are bound by using fiduciary guarantees prone to being pawned, rented out and transferred by the debtor unilaterally. The reason was due to default so that the fiduciary guarantee vehicle was diverted so that it could be confiscated by POLRI investigators to be used as evidence. As a result of the unilateral transfer of the debtor, the creditor suffers a loss, so that the creditor must be legally protected. The purpose of this research is to find out and analyze the legal protection for credit related to violations and diversion of vehicles based on the principle of justice. The method in this research is qualitative research with empirical and normative juridical approaches. Empirical juridical research prioritizes secondary data, books, laws and regulations and examines positive legal principles from literary data and comparative law. The fiduciary giver must be responsible, carry out his obligations and keep the collateral object under his control. However, in reality it does not rule out the possibility of the Fiduciary Guarantee object changing hands or transferring control to a third party because it is transferred by the debtor, usually due to economic factors. The existence of Law no. 42 of 1999 concerning guarantees in Indonesia which are lex specialis derogat legi general, is one of the legal principles which implies that specific legal rules will override general legal rules.

Constitutional Court’s of the Russian Federation Impact on Public Property (Part 2)

The article focuses on the main principles of public property as Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation formulates them. The author reveals actual problems of public property as a complex institution, including mainly constitutional, administrative, financial, and in a less degree civil law. There is a direct relation between public property, public finance, budget, legal regime of the territory concerned and citizens’ public rights. Establishment of a legal regime of the territory helps to preserve current public land and property usage and provides public rights. The ability of public property unilateral transfer to another level of public ownership is justified. Meantime in the context of specialized public housing stock problem the author suggests sensitive decision for the legal status of quarters as a specialized commercial housing stock. Legal positions of the Constitutional Court promote effective solution to the conflict within the community and provide guidance for the legislative and law-enforcement activity.

Constitutional Court’s of the Russian Federation Impact on Public Property (Part 1)

The article focuses on the main principles of public property as Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation formulates them. The author reveals actual problems of public property as a complex institution, including mainly constitutional, administrative, financial, and in a less degree civil law. There is a direct relation between public property, public finance, budget, legal regime of the territory concerned and citizens’ public rights. Establishment of a legal regime of the territory helps to preserve current public land and property usage and provides public rights. The ability of public property unilateral transfer to another level of public ownership is justified. Meantime in the context of specialized public housing stock problem the author suggests sensitive decision for the legal status of quarters as a specialized commercial housing stock. Legal positions of the Constitutional Court promote effective solution to the conflict within the community and provide guidance for the legislative and law-enforcement activity.

Sealed and Delivered: A Theory of Unilateral Transfer at Common Law

Some view the sealed instrument as a relic of the common law that is incompatible with modern contract law theory. However, the fact remains that the seal is a valid method to create a binding agreement in Canadian law. This article proposes a theoretical justification of the seal that better places it within contract theory. The author argues that instead of understanding seals as analogous to a consideration-based promise, we should understand seals as analogous to an executed gift. Through this analogy, the seal can be understood as an agreement that creates an immediate and unilateral transfer of rights.

Conceptualization of Higher Education Institutions (HEI) as a Service System Using S-D Logic Lens

This qualitative study provides a tentative theory of university as a service system using the S-D logic lens. Presently, the universities are working under G-D logic, where the networks & entities are performing under the different agendas to contribute to the whole ecology with the approach of unilateral transfer of services/resources. However, the organizational effectiveness highly depends on actively interacting with its internal and external networks to seek valuable resources to ensure its functioning through a shared worldview. Therefore, universities need to develop an architecture of participation where actors connect and collaborate through a shared vision. The results of G-D logic-based university system revealed the dominant factors; “the behaviour of people” which is opportunistic, and “dealings” have been done in self-interest, as the system is complex and based on indirect interactions. This study presents a solution by the conceptualization of universities as service system; the propositions reveal a mechanism of resource integration through which entities and networks link resources through forming the value proposition for mutual benefits. Thereby, this mechanism may be used as “transparent check of governance” in which all the public and private university system’s constraints may be mitigated by the application of S-D logic.

Inside the incubator – business relationship creations among incubated firms

Purpose Incubators, as providers of advice and resources, suggest fostering the development of early-idea firms. Literature and practice seem to suggest an ever-increasing amount of incubator support. The creation of business relationships is at the heart of any business development, and this paper addresses whether a laissez-faire incubator fosters the creation of business relationships. The purpose of this paper is to explore the creation of business relationships among incubated firms during and after their time in the incubator along with the roles that these relationships play for the incubated firms. Design/methodology/approach Empirically, the paper is based on retrospective interviews with representatives of all incubated firms in a university incubator. A total of fifteen interviews were conducted with representatives of the incubated firms, the incubator and its owners, complemented by secondary data sources. Findings The paper points out three antecedents for business relationship creation: the lack of experience and connections; convenience; and trust based on the interactions with others in the incubator. These antecedents are connected to the roles of transforming businesses and of adaptation in the dyadic relationships. The laissez-faire incubator helped through the learning-by-doing among the incubated firms, which made them focus on business relationship creation from early on. Originality/value Most incubator research portrays the unilateral transfer of knowledge from the incubator to the incubated firm, with the latter being a service taker rather than a co-producer. The paper adds knowledge about business relationships among firms in incubators and the roles that these business relationships could play for the firms. The focus on an incubator providing limited support is of high practical relevance, given the trend of incubators facilitating more and more services.

The promise of proximity: The politics of knowledge and learning in South–South cooperation between water operators

This paper seeks to illuminate the multiple ways in which South–South collaboration may reorganize knowledge production and learning processes across scales and beyond the unilateral transfer of expertise. Drawing on empirical evidence from a knowledge exchange partnership between water and sanitation operators in Salta, Argentina, and Brasília, Brazil, we provide a grounded, contextual account of the partnership to examine what was learned, under what circumstances, and with what potential effects. We contend that common claims by proponents of South–South cooperation around the centrality of shared geopolitical history are not enough to understand South–South cooperation at the project level. At this scale, we find that other forms of proximity, including organizational, linguistic, technological, and cultural, also matter in shaping the constitution of collaborative partnerships and the forms of learning that occur through them. In the case that we examine, partners’ multiple shared proximities resulted in a subversion of traditional mentor–mentee relations and emergence of a process of mutual learning. Further, we suggest that flows of knowledge in the partnership can be characterized across a learning spectrum, from technical and processual learning to experiential understanding and self-reflection, each with different consequences for institutional and material change at different scales. Crucially, such forms of learning bolstered participants’ bargaining power for implementing improvements at home and fostered advances in operators’ tactical thinking.

Risk Shift: An Institutional Logics Perspective

This study uses the concept of institutional logics and the framing processes emanating from these guiding logics to understand how risk is shifted through public policies. The study concludes that Hacker’s argument that public policies have reconstructed markets to aid the privileged by shifting risk onto the less privileged may have underestimated some of the complexities driving the phenomenon, particularly those stemming from actors having to cope with conflicting logics and ambiguity concerning policy solutions to seemingly intractable challenges. Risk shift does not necessarily involve unilateral transfer of risk from policy makers to risk bearers. Risk shift can emerge out of the complex microinteractions among relevant actors and the framing processes guided by competing logics or belief systems in which the collaborating actors are embedded.

102 UNILATERAL AND BILATERAL TRANSFER OF 2IN VITRO-PRODUCED EMBRYOS INCREASES PREGNANCY LOSS BETWEEN 30 AND 60 DAYS

Fertility of in vitro-produced embryos is affected by embryo stage and quality. Embryos quality 1 and stage 7 result in higher fertility than embryos of earlier stages and/or lower quality. The objective was to evaluate the effect of unilateral and bilateral transfer of 2 in vitro-produced embryos of earlier stages and/or poor quality on fertility. Heifers were synchronized using a 5-day CIDR Synch or 2 prostaglandin F2α injections 14 days apart followed by oestrus detection. Embryo transfer was performed 7 ± 1 day after gonadotropin-releasing hormone/oestrus and heifers were assigned randomly to 1 of 3 groups: single embryo ipsilateral to the corpus luteum (single; n = 188); 2 embryos in the uterine horn ipsilateral to the corpus luteum (unilateral; n = 138); 2 embryos bilaterally (bilateral; n = 128). Embryos stage 4 to 8 and quality 1 or 2 were randomly assigned to treatment groups. All embryos were 7-day fresh in vitro-produced embryos, and pregnancy diagnosis was performed by ultrasonography on Days 32 and 60. Data were analysed by logistic regression. Conception rates on Days 32 and 60 were not different (P > 0.10) between heifers receiving a single embryo [Day 32 = 30.9% (58/188) and Day 60 = 25% (47/188)] or those receiving 2 embryos [Day 32 = 36.5% (97/266) and Day 60 = 22.2% (59/266)]. However, pregnancy loss between Days 32 and 60 was greater (P < 0.01) in heifers with 2 embryos (39.2%; 38/97) than in those with a single embryo (18.9%; 11/58). Conception rate on Day 32 was not different between groups (P = 0.4) and was 30.9% (58/188) for single, 36.9% (51/138) for unilateral, and 35.9% (46/128) for bilateral. Similarly, there was no difference (P = 0.8) in conception rates on Day 60, single = 25% (47/188), unilateral = 23.9% (33/138), and bilateral= 20.3% (26/128). However, there was an effect of group on pregnancy loss between Days 32 and 60 (P = 0.04). Losses were higher (P = 0.01) in the bilateral group [43.5% (20/46)] compared with the single group [18.9% (11/58)], and the unilateral group was intermediate [35.3% (18/51)] and tended to be different from the single group (P = 0.1). Interestingly, when pregnancy loss was compared between heifers with twin or single pregnancies, as determined by ultrasonography, and regardless of the number of embryos transferred or their location, twin pregnancies had a greater pregnancy loss [62.1% (18/29)] compared with single pregnancies [24.6% (31/126); P < 0.01]. For twin bearing heifers, as determined by ultrasonography on Day 32, pregnancy loss did not differ between unilateral (62.5%; 10/16) and bilateral (61.5%; 8/13) transfers (P = 0.9). Similarly, there was no difference (P = 0.2) for heifers with single embryo pregnancies: single (18.9%; 11/58), unilateral (22.9%; 8/35), bilateral (36.4%; 12/33), although bilateral transfer of 2 embryos tended to be higher than single (P = 0.07). Transfer of 2 low quality in vitro-produced embryos results in similar conception rates, although pregnancy losses are greater. Interestingly, only 30% (29/97) of the pregnancies from heifers that received 2 embryos contained twins, indicating the loss of one of the embryos before Day 32. Furthermore, the increased losses observed with the transfer of 2 embryos were attributed to those heifers in which twin pregnancies were diagnosed on Day 32 regardless of distribution.

Turbulent Convective Heat Transfer in a Transversely Grooved Tube with Natural Convection Effect

The turbulent convective heat transfer in a transversely grooved tube of molten salt with natural convection effect has been numerically investigated. In general, the average Nusselt number with and without considering natural convection in transversely grooved tube was almost equal. According to the simulated results, the heat transfer coefficient of transversely grooved tube in upside region was lower than that of downside region. The effect of natural convection on unilateral heat transfer in transversely grooved tube was more obvious with lower Reynolds number and higher inlet temperature, and the effect of natural convection on unilateral heat transfer was lower with bigger groove deep.

Sustainability of The Current Account In Bangladesh: An Intertemporal and Cointegration Analysis

This paper aims to assess the sustainability of the current account of Bangladesh over the period of 1982–2012 using the intertemporal solvency model of Hakkio and Rush (1991) and Husted (1992). This approach examines the relationship between exports and imports plus unilateral transfer payments. We apply Johansen cointegration test and Dynamic Ordinary Least Square (DOLS) to evaluate the sustainability. Cointegration between inflows and outflows of current account implies that the intertemporal budget constraint is satisfied. Results of the Johansen cointegration test imply that there is a cointegrating relationship between exports and imports plus unilateral transfer payments. This indicates that Bangladesh’s current account is sustainable but result of DOLS estimation reveals that it is weakly sustainable.

Bedside handover of critically ill patients

Cohen and colleagues' recent viewpoint emphasised that handover is not a unilateral transfer of information and that when poorly conducted it can degrade quality of care [1]. A key feature of handover required by clinicians is the big picture, which shapes the viewpoint of the receiving party [1]. Frequently this is obscured in critically ill patients by a surfeit of physiological variables or results, and this 'noise' denigrates the handover process. Such a scenario is often observed with less experienced clinicians, who are also the most frequently studied group. Only one investigation has described handover by experienced full-time faculty physicians in critical care [2]. Unsurprisingly, handover between these individuals did not conform to widely promoted communication schemes but did commonly include questions allowing two physicians to jointly construct a picture of the patient. Our institution operates a unique staffing model for the United Kingdom, with a resident senior clinician (consultant) shift pattern [3]. Handover is performed on 19 occasions throughout the week (three times on week-days and twice daily at weekends) and is undertaken by the senior clinician. In contrast to how handover is performed in most institutions [2], this occurs at the bedside twice daily. Although not without challenges (including respecting the patient's dignity), performing handover at the bedside has several advantages - which include promoting a two-way dialogue between handover provider and recipient, and, most importantly, a visual reference of the patient between individuals participating in the transfer of care. This model of handover was also found to be more effective in other emergency settings [4].

Policy challenges for the pediatric rheumatology workforce: Part II. Health care system delivery and workforce supply

The United States pediatric population with chronic health conditions is expanding. Currently, this demographic comprises 12-18% of the American child and youth population. Affected children often receive fragmented, uncoordinated care. Overall, the American health care delivery system produces modest outcomes for this population. Poor, uninsured and minority children may be at increased risk for inferior coordination of services. Further, the United States health care delivery system is primarily organized for the diagnosis and treatment of acute conditions. For pediatric patients with chronic health conditions, the typical acute problem-oriented visit actually serves as a barrier to care. The biomedical model of patient education prevails, characterized by unilateral transfer of medical information. However, the evidence basis for improvement in disease outcomes supports the use of the chronic care model, initially proposed by Dr. Edward Wagner. Six inter-related elements distinguish the success of the chronic care model, which include self-management support and care coordination by a prepared, proactive team.United States health care lacks a coherent policy direction for the management of high cost chronic conditions, including rheumatic diseases. A fundamental restructure of United States health care delivery must urgently occur which places the patient at the center of care. For the pediatric rheumatology workforce, reimbursement policies and the actions of health plans and insurers are consistent barriers to chronic disease improvement. United States reimbursement policy and overall fragmentation of health care services pose specific challenges for widespread implementation of the chronic care model. Team-based multidisciplinary care, care coordination and self-management are integral to improve outcomes.Pediatric rheumatology demand in the United States far exceeds available workforce supply. This article reviews the career choice decision-making process at each medical trainee level to determine best recruitment strategies. Educational debt is an unexpectedly minor determinant for pediatric residents and subspecialty fellows. A two-year fellowship training option may retain the mandatory scholarship component and attract an increasing number of candidate trainees. Diversity, work-life balance, scheduling flexibility to accommodate part-time employment, and reform of conditions for academic promotion all need to be addressed to ensure future growth of the pediatric rheumatology workforce.

The contribution of the Medicines Use Review (MUR) consultation to counseling practice in community pharmacies

ObjectiveTo understand the contribution of the Medicines Use Review consultation to counseling practice in community pharmacies. MethodsQualitative study involving ten weeks of observations in two community pharmacies and interviews with patients and pharmacy staff. Results‘Traditional’ counseling on prescription medicines involved the unilateral transfer of information from pharmacist to patient. Over-the-counter discussions were initiated by patients and offered more scope for patient participation. The recently introduced MUR service offers new opportunities for pharmacists’ role development in counseling patients about their medicines use. However, the study findings revealed that MUR consultations were brief encounters dominated by closed questions, enabling quick and easy completion of the MUR form. Interactions resembled counseling when handing out prescription medicines. Patients rarely asked questions and indeterminate issues were often circumvented by the pharmacist when they did. MURs did little to increase patients’ knowledge and rarely affected medicine use, although some felt reassured about their medicines. Pragmatic constraints of workload and pharmacy organisation undermined pharmacists’ capacity to implement the MUR service effectively. ConclusionPharmacists failed to fully realise the opportunity offered by MURs being constrained by situational pressures. Practice implicationsPharmacist consultation skills need to be reviewed if MURs are to realise their intended aims.

From unilateral transfer to bilateral transition: Towards an integrated model for language management in the MNE

Abstract In this theory building paper, I propose a framework for analyzing language transition in the MNE. The paper suggests the application of the institutional theory of practice transfer to language transition. The adaption of the practice transfer model to language transition takes account of the evolutionary context-oriented nature of language processes in the MNE, the impact of the characteristics of the parent company, and the activist role of language management programs as institutional agents.

Shoulder function after latissimus dorsi transfer in breast reconstruction

Latissimus dorsi (LD) transfer in the case of breast reconstruction remains frequently used because this muscle provides a good size source of tissue in reconstructive surgery. Given that, the consequences of the LD removal on shoulder function and the actual loss of maximal strength developed must be investigated. Twenty women (50 ± 7.5 years old) were evaluated before surgery, 3 and 6 months after an unilateral transfer of a pedicle flap of LD muscle used for breast reconstruction. Women performed a bilateral shoulder isokinetic assessment [for the internal rotators (IRs) and external rotators and for the abductor and adductor (ADD) muscles] allowing the establishment of bilateral muscular deficit status and the study of agonist/antagonist muscle ratios. The algofunctional and clinical status of the shoulders was analysed by the means of Constant score and specific shoulder clinical tests. The women did not perform any specific strengthening of muscle shoulder after surgery. The isokinetic assessment showed a muscle weakness 3 and 6 months after LD transfer, mainly on the ADDs (33 ± 9% at 6 months) and on the IRs (16 ± 11% at 6 months). The Constant score significantly decreased after surgery on the operated shoulder. Women with a Constant score impairment showed pain during specific shoulder clinical tests. We also found a correlation between Constant score impairment and internal rotators weakness or rotator muscle imbalance. Given those results, we could advocate a specific shoulder strengthening after LD transfer, focused mainly on the IRs and ADDs.